Polar plotter

A polar plotter also known as polargraph or Kritzler is a plotter

which uses two-center bipolar coordinates to produce vector drawings
using a pen suspended from strings connected to two pulleys at the top of
the plotting surface. This gives it two degrees of freedom and allows it to
scale to fairly large drawings simply by moving the motors further apart
and using longer strings. Some polar plotters will integrate a raising
mechanism for the pen which allows lines to be broken while drawing.

The system has been used by a number of artists and makers, including:
A fourth stage Gosper curve plotted
Jürg Lehni & Uli Franke (2002) [1] on a whiteboard polargraph.
Ben Leduc-Mills (2010) [2]
Alex Weber (2011) [3]
Harvey Moon[4]
Sandy Nobel (2012) [5]
Maslow CNC

References
1. Lehni, Jurg. "Hektor is a portable spray paint output device for computers" (http://juerglehni.com/works/he
ktor/).
2. Leduc-Mills, Ben. "HSADbot (The Seasonally Affected Drawing Robot)" (http://benatwork.cc/sadbot/).
3. Weber, Alex. "Der Kritzler" (http://tinkerlog.com/2011/09/02/der-kritzler/). Tinkerlog. Retrieved 29 June
2015.
4. Holmes, Kevin. "Robots That Create Art: Harvey Moon's Drawing Machines" (http://thecreatorsproject.vic
e.com/blog/harvey-moons-drawing-machines). Vice. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
5. Nobel, Sandy. "What's a polargraph" (http://www.polargraph.co.uk/whats-a-polargraph/). Polargraph.
Retrieved 29 June 2015.

External links
Polargraph Drawing Machine (http://www.instructables.com/id/Polargraph-Drawing-Machine/)
Der Kritzler (http://tinkerlog.com/2011/09/02/der-kritzler/)
polargraph.co.uk (http://www.polargraph.co.uk/whats-a-polargraph/)
Melt (Open Source Polargraph Controller) (https://github.com/gonzam88/melt-app/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polar_plotter&oldid=1139542485"

Two-center bipolar coordinates
In mathematics, two-center bipolar coordinates is
a coordinate system based on two coordinates which
give distances from two fixed centers and .[1] This
system is very useful in some scientific applications
(e.g. calculating the electric field of a dipole on a
plane).[2][3]

Transformation to Cartesian
coordinates
When the centers are at and , the
transformation to Cartesian coordinates from
two-center bipolar coordinates is Two-center bipolar coordinates.

[1]

Transformation to polar coordinates

When x > 0, the transformation to polar coordinates from two-center bipolar coordinates is

where is the distance between the poles (coordinate system centers).

Applications
Polar plotters use two-center bipolar coordinates to describe the drawing paths required to draw a target
image.

See also
Bipolar coordinates
Biangular coordinates
Lemniscate of Bernoulli
Oval of Cassini
Cartesian oval
 Ellipse

References
1. Weisstein, Eric W. "Bipolar coordinates" (https://mathworld.wolfram.com/BipolarCoordinates.html).
MathWorld.
2. R. Price, The Periodic Standing Wave Approximation: Adapted coordinates and spectral methods. (http://
www.physics.utah.edu/~rprice/AREA51DOCS/paperIIa.pdf)
3. The periodic standing-wave approximation: nonlinear scalar fields, adapted coordinates, and the
eigenspectral method. (https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0502034v1)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-center_bipolar_coordinates&oldid=1139542218"

Biangular coordinates
In mathematics, biangular coordinates are a
coordinate system for the plane where and are
two fixed points, and the position of a point P not on
the line is determined by the angles
and [1]

The sine rule can be used to convert from biangular

coordinates to two-center bipolar coordinates.

Applications
Biangular coordinates can be used in geometric
modelling and CAD. [2] [3]
Biangular coordinates

See also
Two-center bipolar coordinates
Bipolar coordinates
Sectrix of Maclaurin

References
1. Naylor, Michael; Winkel, Brian (2010), "Biangular Coordinates Redux: Discovering a New Kind of
Geometry", The College Mathematics Journal, 41 (1): 29–41
2. Ziatdinov, R.; Kim, T. W.; Nabiyev, R. I. (2015), "Two-point G1 Hermite interpolation in biangular
coordinates" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377042715001107), Journal of
Computational and Applied Mathematics, 287: 1–11
3. Ziatdinov, R.; Yoshida, N.; Kim, T. W. (2017), "Visualization and analysis of regions of monotonic
curvature for interpolating segments of extended sectrices of Maclaurin" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/s
cience/article/pii/S0167839617301206), Computer Aided Geometric Design, 56: 35–47

External links
G. B. M. Zerr Biangular Coordinates (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2972096), American Mathematical
Monthly 17 (2), February 1910
J. C. L. Fish, Coordinates Of Elementary Surveying (https://archive.org/details/coordinatesofele00fishric
h/)
George Shoobridge Carr, A synopsis of elementary results in pure mathematics (https://archive.org/detail
s/synopsisofelemen00carrrich/page/742) (see page 742)

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