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DESIGN OF A SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
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Olumide Adewole Towoju Benedict Arebanmen

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:03/March-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
DESIGN OF A SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
,O , ,
,
*1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lead City University, P.M.B 1023, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
*2Department of Operations, Pacific Energy Company Limited, P.M.B 1017, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
*3Department of Operations, Pacific Energy Company Limited, P.M.B 1017, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
*4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adeleke University P.M.B 250, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
*5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adeleke University P.M.B 250, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a centrifugal pump is analyzed by using a single-stage end suction centrifugal pump. A design of
centrifugal pump is carried out and analyzed to get the best performance point. The centrifugal pump was
chosen for design and performance study because it is the most versatile mechanical rotodynamic equipment in
fluid operations, with applications ranging from residential to agricultural to industrial. As a result, the design
parameter, operating circumstances, and maximum efficiency with the least amount of power consumption
must all be determined. This project work presents the design and model of a single stage centrifugal pump. An
electric motor powers the centrifugal pump, and does the function of transferring fluid to a storage above tank
via a flow control valve. The pump was designed for a head, (H) of 10 m, flow rate, (Q) of 0.00083 ⁄ and
velocity of 2800 rpm for an input power of 1.0 HP
Keywords: Centrifugal Pump, Impeller, Flowrate, Head.
I. INTRODUCTION
Pumps are utilized in a variety of industrial and domestic settings. Pumping equipment comes in a wide range
of types, sizes, and construction materials. There have been significant new developments in the area of
pumping equipment. The increased pressure and flow rate required to transport fluids over a height is made
available with the use of a pump. Pumps play a critical part in our daily lives and are used in the delivery of
water to point of use from different sources. Pumps of various sizes are used in irrigation and firefighting
services. A centrifugal pump is a rotor dynamic device that employs a spinning impeller to increase the
pressure of a fluid; the fluid enters the pump near the moving axis and flows into the revolving impeller. The
impeller is a rotating disc with vanes having an angle to align with the direction of rotation. It is one of the most
important components of a centrifugal pump; the impeller diameter and design determine the pump's
performance. Impellers for aggressive fluids and slurries are often built of cast iron or carbon steel, although
special materials are required to ensure a lengthy pump life.
SYMBOLS
Q – Flow rate m3/s
H - Head, Height m
N - Power J/S, W, KW
M - Mass discharge (capacity)
- Specific speed
- Pump shaft diameter
- Impeller eye diameter
Z - Vane number
D - Outlet diameter of impeller
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Centrifugal pumps are commonly utilized to move water across short to medium distances via pipelines with
modest head and discharge requirements. The goal of this project is to improve the performance of a
centrifugal pump
Progressive by modifying
Academic the impeller design.Page
Publishing, This study is about the design and analysis of centrifugal
www.idpublications.org
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pumps for improving performance within pump parameters. [1].
An impeller imparts centrifugal forces to the producing fluid, while a diffuser is the permanent element that
directs the flow to the discharge in centrifugal pumps. The shape of the impeller impacts on the pump's
performance. As a result, the impeller geometry characteristics to achieve pump performance are of critical
importance to the pump design [2]. Because of its versatility, centrifugal pumps are commonly employed in
water supply plants, steam power plants, sewage, oil refineries, chemical industries, and food processing plants.
As a result, the design parameter, operating circumstances, and maximum efficiency with the least amount of
power consumption must all be determined. [3].
The design procedure of a single stage centrifugal pump closed impeller type is presented in this study. It
develops a head of 10 m while delivering 0.00083 m3/sec of water. The designed impeller has 26.2 mm,
114.59 [4].
There are two classes of pumps: (Positive displacement and non-positive displacement pumps). A positive-
displacement pump works by pushing a set amount of fluid from the pump's input pressure region into the
discharge zone. The resistance to flow is a determinant of the liquid volume delivered per cycle in the case of
non - positive displacement pump. A pump produces a force on the liquid that is constant for each particular
speed of the pump. If the outlet of a non-positive displacement pump is completely closed, the discharge
pressure will rise to maximum for a pump operating at a maximum speed [5]. Another classification criteria of
centrifugal pumps are on the manner of fluid flow through the pump. The fluid flow through the pump is a
reflection of the casing and impeller design. The centrifugal pump can support radial flow, axial flow, and mixed
flow. For the radial flow pumps, fluid is admitted in at the centre of the impeller and is directed out along the
impeller blades through its circumference. The liquid is propelled in a parallel direction to the shaft in the case
an axial flow pump and are sometimes referred to as propeller pumps because of the similarity in functions to a
boat's propeller. The characteristics of the radial and axial flow pumps is seen in the mixed flow pumps [6].
The operation of centrifugal pumps is dependent on the whether or not the casing is liquid filled at start-up or
not. The absence of liquid at start-up makes the pump impeller to be gas-bound and incapable of pumping
when the casing is filled with vapours or gases. Most centrifugal pumps are situated below the level of the
source from which the pump will draw its suction to ensure that it remains primed and does not become gas-
bound. The similar effect may be achieved by feeding liquid to the pump suction under the pressure of another
pump in the suction line. [7]
Pump performance is affected by the failure of any of its components, just as any other devices, and one
important factor which pump designers put into consideration during pump design is to avoid failure during
service is cavitation. Cavitation results in vapour bubbles formation in fluid due to pressure reduction below
that of its vapour pressure. Cavitation is caused by a decrease in suction pressure, a rise in suction
temperature, or a flow rate greater than that for which the pump was designed [8]. During cavitation, the
cavities collapse under high pressure which generates sharp cracking sound generally referred to as noise. The
severity of cavitation is determined by the degree of noise produced by cavitation. The noise may be heard in
and around the pump suction. To avoid cavitation, the fluid pressure must maintain above saturation pressure
throughout the pump. The net positive suction head is a measurement used to see if the pressure of the liquid
being pushed is sufficient to avoid cavitation. [5].
The reliability and effectiveness of centrifugal pumps is hinged its mechanical and hydraulic suitability. Out-of-
spec designs can affect its lifespan. The pumping conditions, sealing, and impeller geometry are mechanical
characteristics while the flow rate, fluid characteristics, and duty points are some of the hydraulic
considerations. Suction conditions are vital for the design and installation of centrifugal pumps [9].
The pump discharge is immensely affected by the design of the suction side of the pump. Some methodologies
relate to the change in design of the suction side and some related to change in design of pump [10].
Pump failure also arise from overheating, overheating in a pump can result from a number of things.
Overheating might be caused by a lubrication issue in the bearing frequently as a result of leakages along the
shaft from damaged seals and improper oils. [5][11].
Starting overheating of electric motors is a typical problem in numerous businesses that employ centrifugal
pumps. Overheating
Progressive can cause
Academic motor failure, especially
Publishing, Pagewhen the centrifugal pumpwww.idpublications.org
is started on the open valve.
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Because the initial current is several times more than the rated current, and the rated current with an open
valve is generally considerably higher, this occurs [12].
Impeller outlet diameter, blade angle, and blade number are all factors that influence pump performance and
energy consumption, and impeller performance has been analysed [13]. When constructing a pump, the
number of blades plays a crucial part in determining the pump's properties. As the number of blades increases,
the area of low-pressure zone at the suction of the blade inlet expands, and the uniformity of static pressure
distribution at the screw section deteriorates, while it improves at the diffusion section. [14][15].
Any change in the shape and design arrangement of the blades in centrifugal pumps affects the flow physics and
dynamic performance. Numerical simulation is the most common verification approach utilized to investigate
these aspects at the moment. Even with differing crucial design parameters, the pump volute design can be
made to accommodate radial impellers with the same outlet diameter [16].
III. METHODOLOGY
Design analysis (preliminary data):
The task for the pump is to transfer a certain quantity of water (Q) to a head (H) in duration of time (t). The size
of the storage tank to be used is taken into consideration as there are various sizes commonly in use for
domestic purpose, of about 1500 litres. The pump model in view is to be designed to pump water into 1500
litres (1.5 water storage tank positioned at a height 10 metre above the source in 30 minutes. Selected
speed for the pump is 2800 rpm.
Head H = 10 meters, Pump speed = 2800 rpm, Volume = 1500 litres = 1.5 ⁄
Since, Q = ;Q= (1)
Q= = = 0.00083
The power output (WHP) required of a pump is = WHQ
S w h W= f w h fw ; W = ρ × ɡ (ρ f w =1 k / and ɡ = 9 81 /s)
Thus, w = 1000 × 9.81; = 1000 × 9.81 × 10.0 × 0.00083= 81.4 W
Shaft power,
= = = 101.79 W
Electric motor power consumption, ; =
Where; is the electric motor efficiency, is the transmission efficiency (motor to pump)
Progressive Academic
Figure 1:Publishing, Page
Head against the flow rate www.idpublications.org
which can give the volumetric efficiency.
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= = 254.475 W
Motor generating capacity,
Table 1: Power safety margin
Under From From
Pkw Over50
1 1-5 5-50
1.5- 1.2-
B 2-1.5 1.1
1.2 1.15
=B = 1.7 × 254.47 = 432.61KW
A 1HP electric motor was then selected based on the required power to meet the additional pumping system
requirements which will include the pipe length and friction, and pipe bends.
Specific speed,
= (2)
Where N = motor speed, H = Head, (m)

√
=
= = 14.35
Design of shaft:
Th ff ƞ be 80 %
pump input (BMP) = ; where is power output required of the pump? is overall efficiency
= = 101.75 W
The shaft radial velocity; = = = 293.22 rad/s
Since power = Torque (radian) i.e., p =T ; Thus T = = = 0.35 N/m

Pump shaft diameter
Because the shaft of the pump is mostly susceptible to torsion, the pump shaft diameter (ds) can be calculated
using the relationship.
= √ (3)
Where = combined shock and fatigue factor applied to torsional moment (1-1.5)
Mt = torsional moment Nm
Shaft material, steel purchased under definite specific elastic limit 165 , safety factor 2.5 (for aluminium
factor of safety ranges between 2-2.5)
Working stress = = 66 M ⁄
Design under maximum shear stress
= = 33 M ⁄
Due to key way to shaft, the is reduced by 25
= 25 M ⁄
If = 1.3 Nm and = 1.4 Nm
= √ = √ = 9.33 mm ≈ 10 mm
Therefore = 10 mm used for design purpose
Design of impeller:
Impeller hub ( ) is assumed to be (1.2 to 1.4)
Progressive Academic Publishing, Page www.idpublications.org
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= 1.4 = 1.4 1.0 = 1.4;
= 14 mm (4)
Impeller eye diameter ( )
= , = =
Since = √ (Actual velocity of flow through the orifice.) (5)
where = 1.2 (coefficient of velocity)
= 1.2√ = 1.2√ \ = 16.8 ⁄
Velocity of inlet = × 16.8 ( is assumed to be two third of the velocity at outlet ) Thus, = 11.2 ⁄
=√ + ; =√ + 0.014 = 25.87 mm (0.0173 m) (6)
Inlet and Outlet Width of the Impeller

Tangent Inlet velocity, = (7) = = 3.797 ⁄
NOTE: The eye diameter, is the inlet diameter.
The tangent inlet angle is assumed to be absolute i.e., =
Radial inlet velocity; is usually slightly greater than
Thus, is taken to be 2.6 m/s; Since Q = ×ᴫ×
Inlet width, = = (8)
= 26.2 mm
= = = 1.026 (9)
Vane inlet angle; = 1.026 =

Radial outlet velocity, is ordinarily made slightly less (about 12% less) than the radial inlet velocity,
Therefore, = 3.42 ⁄
Outlet velocity, = (10)
Outlet diameter of impeller, D = (11)
Where = √ ; taking to be 0.8

= 1.2 √ = ⁄ D= = 0.1146 m = 11.46 mm
By design condition outlet diameter of impeller, D = 114.59 mm
Outlet width, = (12)
= = = 0.0006742 m;
= 0.674 mm
Vane outlet angle is determined as thus. Due to backward curved blades, the vane outlet angle will be greater
than that of the inlet. (By standard, is chosen to be to more than ).
Thus, =
Tangential velocity at outlet ( ):
= - (13)
= 16.8 – 3.42cot60.74 = 15.58 ⁄
Design of vanes:
Mean vane angle, = =
= (14)
Vane number, Z = 6.5

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Recall that impeller inlet diameter, d = 114.59 mm
Z = 6.5 = 8.22
= 8 vanes.
Design of volute casing:
Suction approach: generally, the approach is made slightly larger than the diameter eye. Choosing a 2.5 mm
radial clearance, the suction approach has a diameter of
= + 2.5 = = 19.78 mm
Casing width: The width of the casing is approximately to a constant width rectangular section; consisting of
the impeller outlet width ( ), the thickness of the shroud material ( ), the axial clearance ( )
X= = 1.86 + 2(0.3) + 2(0.75); X = 30.96 mm
Discharge flange:
Discharge area, A throat = =
Thus, the radius at the throat, is determined as follows:

= = (16)
=√ = 0.00794 m
Volute casing distance, ( )
=R+C+ (17)
R is the impeller radius, and C is clearance between the impeller and the casing (choosing a clearance of 10
mm),
C = 10 mm
Therefore: = 57.3 + 10 + 0.00794 = 132.53 mm = 0.13253 mm
IV. RESULTS
From the design analysis, the shaft thickness was determined to be 10 mm because it was being designed to
withstand maximum shear stress of 33 M ⁄ which would be impacted on it by the electric motor when in
use. The selected material for the design of the shaft is mild steel because of its weld ability and machine ability,
and also because of its high strength. The designed shaft length is 82 mm, with diameter of 15 mm through 50
mm length and stepped to diameter of 13 mm at 32 mm length.
A centrifugal pumps impeller is a revolving component that transmits energy from the motor driving the pump
to the fluid being pumped by accelerating the fluid outwards from the centre of rotation. From the design
calculation, the impeller vane angle of with 8 vanes was used and an impeller eye diameter of 17.28
mm and outlet dimeter of impeller of 114.59 mm.
The volute was designed to capture the velocity of liquid as it enters the outermost diameter of the impeller and
convert the velocity of the liquid into pressure. The casing width, discharge flange and casing distance were
calculated for and the respective values gotten are 30.96 mm, 7.94 mm and 132.53 mm.
With the above results gotten from the design analysis, the values obtained was used to design the pump
impeller, shaft, volute casing, and volute cover using solid works software.

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Figure 2: Dimensioned Isometric drawing of the Volute Cover
Figure 3: Dimensioned Isometric drawing of the Volute
Figure 4: Dimensioned Isometric drawing of the Closed Impeller

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Figure 5: 3D Isometric drawing of the Pump Casing
Figure 6: Exploded view of the Pump Model

V. CONCLUSION
With the many varieties of the pumps that are available, proper design is the most important requirement for
any facility. Generally ensuring the absence of cavitation and a proper flow. A single stage centrifugal pump
design is analysed in this paper, the numerical relationship between head H, flow rate Q, rotational speed and
power P has been successfully achieved. The pump can be considered as a viable option for different pumps
required in application like homes and stores etc. this project is designed with the hope that is very much
economical and will help obtain variable rate of discharge in variable speed when fabricated and tested in
further research.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] S F E”D A fC f P I f P f E h J
of Mechanical Engineering vol.5, 36-45
[2] M k M E (2 19) “I f h f f f ”
procedia Manufacturing, 35, 197-206.
[3] Bh z A S (2 18) ” A R wP I fI D C f P
FEM and CFD. International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, 4, 6-8.
[4] Aung K w S N (2 19) “D F b f f S S C f
P ”I J fS f R hP b (IJSRP) 9 92-110.
[5] Karassik, I. J., J., P. M., P., C., & C., C. H. (2001). Pump Handbook. New York: McGrawHill.
[6] Cheremisinoff, N. P. (1982). Fluid Flow, Pumps, Pipes and Channels. Ann Arbor Science.
[7] Stewart, H. L. (1994). Pneumatics & Hydraulic. Theodore Audel & Company .
[8] Shiels S. (1998). How Centriugal Pump Hydraulics affect rolling element bearing life. World Pumps, 32-
35.
[9] Araner. (2021). Retrieved from Araner: https://www.araner.com/blog/centrifugal-pump-design-and-
Progressive Academic Publishing,
applications Page www.idpublications.org
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[10] Sumit, N. G., Prashant, D. D., & Swapnil, S. K. (2014, January). A Technique to Enhance the Discharge of a
Multi Intake Centrifugal Pump. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, 3.
[11] Rayner (1995). Pumps Users Handbook. Oxford: Elsevier Advanced Technology.
[12] Protopopov, A B (2 19) “O h f -up overheating of electric motors of centrifugal
” IOP C f S :M S E 92
[13] Bacharoudis E, F. A. (2008). Parametric study of a centrifugal pump impeller. The Open Mechanical
Engineering Journal.
[14] Liu, Houlin., Wang, Y., Yuan, S., Tan, M., & Wang, K. (2010). Effects of Blade Numbers on Characteristics
of Centrifugal Pump. Chines Journal of Mechanical Engineering.
[15] Malik H, A. A. (2019). Improving the efficiency and performance of centrifugal pump through model
development and numerical analysis for the pump impeller. international journal of mechanical
engineering and robotics research, 9, 60-65.
[16] Perissinotto RM, V. W. (2020). Experimental analysis on the behavior of water drops dispersed in oil
within a centrifugal pump impeller. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 112.

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DESIGN OF A SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Article · April 2022

Olumide Adewole Towoju Benedict Arebanmen

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Electric motor power consumption, ; =

Where N = motor speed, H = Head, (m)

The shaft radial velocity; = = = 293.22 rad/s

Since power = Torque (radian) i.e., p =T ; Thus T = = = 0.35 N/m

=√ + ; =√ + 0.014 = 25.87 mm (0.0173 m) (6)

Inlet and Outlet Width of the Impeller

Vane inlet angle; = 1.026 =

Outlet diameter of impeller, D = (11)

Where = √ ; taking to be 0.8

Vane number, Z = 6.5

Thus, the radius at the throat, is determined as follows:

Progressive Academic Publishing, Page www.idpublications.org

Figure 2: Dimensioned Isometric drawing of the Volute Cover

Figure 3: Dimensioned Isometric drawing of the Volute

Figure 4: Dimensioned Isometric drawing of the Closed Impeller

Progressive Academic Publishing, Page www.idpublications.org

Figure 5: 3D Isometric drawing of the Pump Casing

Figure 6: Exploded view of the Pump Model

Progressive Academic Publishing, Page www.idpublications.org

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