Nile University of Nigeria

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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100lvl
Software Engineering
Android Operating System

What is the operating system's architecture?

Android is built on a Linux kernel that has been tweaked. The Linux kernel serves as the
foundation, and various libraries and frameworks are built on top of it, creating a multilayered
architecture. The Android runtime, which is in charge of running Android applications, and the
Android application framework, which provides a set of APIs that developers can use to create
Android apps, are both parts of the Android framework. The Android software stack typically
consists of a Linux kernel and a collection of C/C++ libraries that are accessible through an
application framework that offers services and manages the run time and applications.

Linux's core:

Android was developed using Linux's open-source kernel. The fact that this kernel offered tried-
and-true core features on which the Android operating system could be built was one major factor
in our decision. The Linux kernel has the following features:

1. Security: Security between the system and the application is handled by the Linux kernel.

2. Management of Memory: It handles memory management effectively, giving us the freedom to

create our apps.

3. Process Control: It effectively manages the process and provides processes with resources
whenever they require them.

4. Stack of Networks: It handles network communication well.

5. Driver Design: It guarantees the application's functionality. Drivers for hardware can be
integrated into the Linux build.

Libraries:

The Android framework was developed with a variety of features and sits atop the kernel. It
includes numerous open-source tools and various C/C++ core libraries. Some examples include:

1. The Runtime for Android: Core Java libraries and ART (the Android RunTime) make up the
Android runtime. Dalvik runtime was present in earlier versions of Android (4.x and earlier).
2. Graphics library called Open GL: 2D and 3D computer graphics can be created using this
application program interface (API), which can be used on any language and platform.

3. WebKit: All of the features necessary to display web content and speed up page loading are
provided by this open-source web browser engine.

4. Media structures: You can listen to and record audio and video with these libraries.

5. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer): Internet safety is the purpose of these libraries.

The Android Runtime is the third architectural component. Dalvik Virtual Machine, one of the
essential components, is provided by it. It operates similarly to the Android-specific Java Virtual
Machine. Android makes use of its own bespoke virtual machine (VM) that was developed with
the intention of ensuring that multiple instances function effectively on a single device.

Low-level functions like security, threading, and memory management are handled by the Dalvik
Virtual Machine (VM) by utilizing the device's underlying Linux kernel.

Android supports both the exFAT and F2FS file systems in addition to the ext4 file system as its
primary filesystem.

Although many file systems have Linux Kernel implementations, many have not been approved
for Android production use and are not supported by Android.

Specific file system support is required for Android's test infrastructure, OTA mechanisms, update
processes, and privacy requirements. On Android devices, not all file systems work well.

File systems that do not support fscrypt or fsverity are not suitable for production use, as Android
requires support for file-based encryption through fscrypt and file-based authentication through
fsverity.

Support for low-level file systems Userspace can only work with file systems that are built into
the GKI starting with Android 13. It is not recommended to distribute a file system that does not
receive support from the Google kernel team because doing so could expose users to security risks.
By snapping to upstream Long Term Support (LTS) kernels, the Android kernel team continues to
take care of fixes for all file systems. However, the Android security patch release schedule
prioritizes patching the following file systems:

The following file systems are no longer supported and have limited support:

• exfat (supported in kernel 5.10 and later);

• ext4;

• f2fs;

• fuse;

• incfs;

• Vfat;

• EROFS

• sdcardfs (just upheld in portion 4.14 and prior)

Virtual document framework support

As a rule, virtual document frameworks, including coming up next, are upheld.

• debugfs • overlayfs • procfs • sysfs • tmpfs • tracefs Is the software open source?

Android is, in fact, open source. Anybody is free to modify and distribute the Android source
code, which is made available under the Apache License.

What advantages does it offer over other operating systems?

Android outperforms other operating systems in a number of ways. Its extensive user base and
app ecosystem are among its primary advantages. Over 2.9 million apps are available for download
from the Google Play Store, and Android has more than 2 billion active users. Additionally,
Android has a large and active developer community, resulting in a wide range of applications and
features. In addition, Android is extremely adaptable, allowing users to personalize their devices
to suit their requirements. In addition, Android is accessible to users with a variety of requirements
and financial resources thanks to its extensive hardware selection, which ranges from high-end
flagship devices to budget devices. Android is no longer merely an operating system. Due to its
widespread availability across platforms and widespread popularity, it has evolved into a way of
life. There is an Android operating system included in all of your devices. The experience that its
end users get from using it is the reason why it is accepted. In addition, the Android operating
system is extremely customizable and easy to use. Because of these features, it has become so
popular all over the world. Today, we'll talk about Android OS's main benefits. We will also
investigate the factors that contributed to its incredible success.

1. Open Biological system

The Android operating system provides you with a great deal of decisions for introducing your
most loved applications. Android comes with the Google Play Store built in. It is Google's official
app store for downloading apps. However, you can also download your preferred apps from any
third-party app store. You can also flash a specific app onto your device after downloading it from
the developer's website. However, installing apps from a third-party website carries some risks. It
cautions you prior to introducing. additionally, you must enable the device's allow setting. The
point is, though, that it gives you a lot of options for installing your favorite apps.

2. Open Source Operating System One of Android OS's greatest benefits is its open source nature.
Developers and device manufacturers alike are welcome to use the source code. so that they can
modify the code in accordance with their hardware compatibility and access the source code. The
operating system is made more adaptable and research-focused as a result. Developers, device
manufacturers, and testers all have the ability to provide Google with suggestions and feedback.
Additionally, Google can make use of these inputs to enhance the Android operating system. As a
result, it is one of Android OS's greatest advantages for developers.

3. Android offers a wide range of phone options, in contrast to Apple, where the iOS operating
system is only available to iPhone owners. Android is an operating system that is compatible with
a variety of phone models and manufacturers. It implies you can pick your number one versatile
in view of your producer image inclination and you get Android introduced in it. It allows you to
purchase the mobile phone of your choice with great freedom and a big smile on your face. In
addition, the graphical user interface (UI) of each phone can be adapted to reflect the brand's
distinct aesthetic. Motorola, for instance, has Motoblur, while Sony Ericsson has Timescape.
Additionally, MI has MIUI pre-installed to improve the user experience.

4. Modified or Customized Rom Are you sick and tired of using the default Android and want
some new and exciting features? Any custom ROM can be easily installed to improve your user
experience. Utilizing a custom ROM, a number of third-party applications assist you in utilizing
Android's advanced features. Because it allows you to completely alter the stock Android, this
feature is extremely useful. Likewise, you can get a totally new encounter on your normal, worn
out gadget by introducing a custom ROM. As a result, the Android operating system enables
numerous system-level improvements. On any other operating system, such as Windows or iOS,
these would never have been possible.

5. More than a million applications can be downloaded from the user-friendly Play Store, which
can be found on both Google Play and Apple Store. Apps can be downloaded by users according
to their needs. However, Google Play Store is a lot simpler to use and operate than Apple's App
Store. This is because Apple has more restrictions and is very strict about downloading apps. To
download and watch a movie on an Apple device, for instance, you need Apple iTunes. However,
the Android play store has an open interface that makes it much easier to use, and it lets you play
movies on any device with just a web browser.

6. Easy and Affordable App Development When it comes to Android, app development is
extremely simple and affordable. You don't have to spend a lot of money on development to make
your app and put it on the Play Store. The application climate isn't chargeable. In addition, you can
create as many apps as you want and have them listed on the Android play store. When it comes
to websites that provide entertainment, such as gaming sites, apps continue to divide users.
MoneyReels is just one of many well-known brands that has chosen a browser-only focused
strategy. They don't make apps for Android or iOS. There is no restriction or limitation on the
quantity of utilizations you create and deliver on the Android market. It implies you can set aside
cash and keep fostering your applications on the Android stage.

7. Widgets are one of Android OS's many useful features. When it comes to functionality, widgets,
also known as self-contained programs, are extremely helpful. A widget makes it easier for users
to navigate and improves the user experience. Additionally, it makes your Android device more
adaptable and user-friendly. A widget is located on your home screen. With just one touch, you
can use a variety of settings and functions. When you need your device to work faster and have
less time, it becomes extremely useful.

8. Expandable Capacity Choice

To build the capacity limit of any Apple gadget you want to go for an expensive overhaul and a
ton of issue. However, you are able to insert a micro SD memory card into the card slot on Android
devices. It will expand the memory to your specifications. The majority of available Android
devices include this useful feature.

In conclusion, we can state that the Android operating system is one of the best currently available.
Due to the advantages of the Android operating system, there is a growing market for Android and
its developers. Therefore, in today's world, it is worthwhile to learn Android development.

Reference
1. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/android/android_architecture.htm
2. https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage
3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/android-system-architecture/