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Urban Planning, Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence: The

Theory of Evolution

Preprint · May 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30783.12967

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Urban Planning, Information Technology and Artificial

Intelligence: The Theory of Evolution

Anutosh Das a, b

a
Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong
Kong; E-mail: anutosh@hku.hk
b
Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Rajshahi University of Engineering &
Technology (RUET), Bangladesh; E-mail: anutosh@urp.ruet.ac.bd

Anutosh Das is an Urban Planner by Passion and Profession who wishes to comprehend the
interplay between haphazard urban growth and environmental Sustainability of cities from a
global, inclusive viewpoint. Mr. Das is a Faculty Member in the Department of Urban &
Regional Planning at Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET), Bangladesh
since 2016. He is a graduate in Urban Planning from Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology (BUET) and currently pursuing MSc. in Urban Planning at the University of
Hong Kong (HKU) as an ADB-JSP Fellow. As a professional, he is predominantly interested
in effecting positive change in cities and urban environments globally. His research interests
are diverse but all revolve around Environmental Planning & Natural Resource Management
focusing Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Resource Economics, Natural Hazard &
Disaster Risk Management, Regional Econometric Analysis and Spatial Planning. His
profound academic and professional background focuses on the sound assimilation of the
global economic and socio-political context in mainstreaming governance issues as an
adaptive measure of global climate change.

Keywords: Urban Planning, Artificial Intelligence, Information Technology, Smart Cities,

E-Governance, E-participation and M-participation.

Introduction
Urban Planning dated back its history since the cities have existed. Early city planning was
revolved around some vital elements as buildings and fortification and has undergone a massive
transformation throughout the centuries. The 20th century has witnessed several audacious
ideas that radically changes the course of conventional urban planning (Routley, 2018).
City planning has always been a challenging and complicated job due to the complex nature of
cities as a dynamic living organism. It has never been easy in planning to address diversified
city issues holistically in the plan-making process. Nevertheless, in the modern era, the rapid
boom of the Information Technology (IT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has more significant
potential to integrate diversified issues of city planning to a common platform as well as leading
to address the challenges of complexity (Hamilton et al., 2005). Meanwhile, the development
and advancement of ICT have generated new socio-economic urban activities as well as
brought cultural diversities within cities eventually mounting the needs for more flexible and

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© 2021 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license.

Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 10 August 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0228.v1

change responsive planning intervention. The exponential growth of IT has merged into the
urban morphology despite being prominent in appearance. Eventually, a new form of
functional space, a virtual environment called “Cyberspace” for urban socio-economic
activities have emerged. Growing improvement in information technology and artificial
intelligence sector requires cities to integrate the physical and virtual environment in a way to
showcase its flexibility to grasp ever-changing complex socio-political interaction happening
in the city (Shiode, 2000; Cohen, 2001; Hamilton et al., 2005).
Therefore, this article is an effort to scrutinize the role of Information Technology development
in the chronological transformation of Urban Planning domain using the exploratory research
approach. In this research, it is argued that the theoretical and practical understanding of Urban
Planning should absorb and integrate the bright outcome of the rise of Information and
Technology to foster congruent future urban development. The article addresses the trends of
transformation in the urban planning domain through the myopic lens of the expansion of
information and communications technology era followed by investigating the key drivers
shaping the interaction between modern-day urban planning and information technology
considering both the dark and bright sides into account.
The Growth of Information Technology and the Evolution of Urban Planning
The contents and methods of planning change over time from physical and spiritual to
multidimensional and more technical. From a historical perspective, planning was primarily
concerned with the physical arrangement of activities before the 19th century. However,
physical planning and design alone were not sufficient to meet societal needs. Modern town
planning in the 20th century has witnessed a paradigm shift in its approach from Idiographic
via Positivist to Structuralist approach. The latest trend of urban planning demonstrates an
amalgam of Structuralist and Technological Approach since the late 1960s to date (Li, 2019;
Yeh, 2020).
Cities are always in the central focus of urban economic activities by nature. A remarkable
development in the Information Technology sector has undoubtedly contributed to the
propagation of modern-day urban planning. It has been nearly fifty years since IT and AI has
been used to assisting our lives as well as the different modes of Urban Planning as a feasible
means. But at the beginning of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) era, the
majority of the systems, devices and tools were solely designed to serve specific purposes with
minimal effort to collaborate with others. In 1990, the induction of internet and web service
boosted notably which fostered the emergence of cyberspace that was visually enhanced. At
present, the importance of IT and AI is unavoidable in every aspect of life and it is continually
in the grow making urban planning system more efficient day by day (Shiode, 2000; Firmino
et al., 2008). The chronological use and integration of ICT & AI in urban planning is
empirically demonstrated in Figure 01.

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Use of ICT & AI Govt., Firms & People

Govt., Firms & People

Smart Cities
Govt. & Firms

Intelligent Cities

Digital Cities

Smart Phones with Wi-Fi,

Computers & LAN Internet & Sensors Sensors & IoT Time
Period
1985-1995 1995-2010 2010- Till Date

Figure 02: Chronological Integration of ICT & AI in Urban Planning

(Source: Adapted from Yeh, 2020)
Computers have always assisted urban planning and management over the last three decades
despite the short history of ICT. Moreover, growing dependency on advanced level IT and AI
tools not only complements the contemporary components of cities but also assists in adding
another dimension to urban planning for managing socio-economic transformation in the cities
with some tools and techniques. The intermingling of physical and electronic space has resulted
in "Augmented Space". It has remolded the conventional ways of urban planning i.e. the way
we use, control and plans physical spaces in the cities. Augmented Spaces are very crucial to
the socio-economic, political and cultural activities (Cohen, 2001). As electronic and physical
elements are mutually dependent here, urban planning should seek options to re-think the new
mode and instruments to fit in the transformed cities. To Firmino et al. (2008), “This is hard
not “just because contemporary cities have reached levels of extreme complexity, but because
the notion of ‘city’ itself is facing a crisis never encountered before”.

ICT-Urban Planning Interaction and Core Challenges

Han & Kim (1989) have argued that urban information system and artificial intelligence (AI)
has focused primarily on providing indispensable information for decision making and more

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intelligent and effective solution to urban problems through integrating data from various
sources using emerging and promising technology. The extensive use of the internet results in
the emergence of a new urban infrastructure called “Cyberspace’ which requires distinguished
planning and management concerns. Alongside, with the continuous development of the ICT
sector and its intervention in urban Planning, new planning concepts like E-city (electronic
city), the ICT city, the information city etc. are on the rise. All these terms highlight the IT and
city’s interdependent nature. These urban spaces will be mostly driven and governed by the
Artificial intelligence and Information Technology sector. The urban policies incorporating
ICT in urban planning are widely being recognized as practical tools for sustainable urban
management.
Generally, the sound urban environment is a prerequisite for efficient urban development and
ICT sector now plays a critical role in this respect to foster environmentally balanced economic
growth. Moreover, urban activities are also believed to be primarily affected by the exponential
growth of ICT in this modern era. Urban Planners should be aware of this situation about how
these changes affect the urban infrastructure and the way to integrate the new ways to planning
measures for improving the cyberspace. Most of the social challenges that urban planners face
nowadays arise from the intermixing of culture in the highly concentrated cities and new
transportation and information network development induced spatial distortion. Modern-day
urban planners have also responded to the growing concern by developing and modernizing
different supportive tools, i.e. Geographic Information System (GIS), Online-based public
participation tools like E-participation and so on. These trendy technologies increase the
opportunity for bottom-up participatory planning approach, reduce effort and time for planning
activities, handling urban infrastructure and big data etc.
Interlinkage between Information technology and the cities can lead to the classification of
contemporary urban space. Figure 02 demonstrates the typical key interactive drivers between
these two entities into consideration where both the event-oriented and application side, the
infrastructure and facilities management side of urban planning is mostly governed by the ICT
sector. Software

Public Cyber Cities

Participation Cyberspace
Groupware Analysis

Real Space Cyberspace

Telecommunication Internet

Web-Based GIS Geography

Hardware

Figure 02: Interaction between Urban Planning and ICT

(Source: Adapted from Shiode, 2000)

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Urban Planning in the ICT Age

Digitalization of city and development of ICT has modified the conventional notion of urban
space and information and hence the urban planners must adapt to this change concentrating
the interdependence of IT and urban planning. The rapid boom of communication and
transportation networks has improved cross-boundary accessibility beyond the political as well
as geographical boundaries of the cities and the nations. Cross-cultural exchange and the
suburbanization has resulted in the cities with heterogeneous global culture with changing
nature of spatial order. In the age of globalization, the development of ICT is believed to build
virtually a single structure through interconnection among the global cities via communication
networks. The subsequent sections will highlight the groundbreaking interventions bring into
light by the development of ICT and AI sector in the Urban Planning Domain.

Smart Cities: New Sphere of Urban Planning

In recent times, the concept of “Smart City” is at the crossroad and literally, it is difficult to
find any city now without any smart city development initiatives. The future of our cities may
be defined more by bytes than bricks in the epoch of big data and urban analytics. Extensive
use of Smart Technologies in data collection (i.e. GIS, Sensors, Internet of Things, Big Data),
Information processing (e.g. Cloud computing, Machine learning, Data mining) and service
provision are the backbones of concurrent smart cities. It has made a paradigm shift in the
widespread use of traditional big data source as Census Data, Remote Sensing, Credit Card
Data to a more integrated new data source for smart cities like Spatio-Temporal Data, Smart
Grid and Sensor Data, Social Network Data for effective decision making (Yeh, 2020).
To be smart, a city should encompass six core areas of intervention as a smart society, smart
mobility, smart economy, smart environment, smart life and smart governance (Semiz, 2016;
Routley, 2018). It encompasses nearly all of the local government intervention areas in urban
planning, i.e. amenities and service provision, solving an energy crisis, urban transportation,
democratic transparency and so on. Sensors, Information Technology (IT) and Artificial
Intelligence (AI) are at the heart of transformative mechanism of conventional cities becoming
smart as demonstrated in Figure 03 (Almirall et al., 2016; Yeh, 2020).

Figure 03: Sensors & Related IT services in the Heart of Smart Cities
(Source: Yeh, 2020)

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Smart city movement is an indicator of more technology-oriented urban planning and sign of
efficient use of ICT in city planning and management measures to offer more efficient city
administration and better city services. Merely city planning authority now aims only at
creating a smart city but also focus on developing futuristic and innovative solutions to
contemporary urban problems (Axelsson & Granath, 2018). Currently, in smart cities, the
government is focusing more on disseminating the big data collected from citizen through
improved ICT services to ensure the provision of public services in a more sustainable and
well-organized manner. A new way of city planning intervention is required to facilitate smart
city development initiatives where ICT and AI will be integrated to govern city management
function and critical infrastructures (Almirall et al., 2016; Axelsson & Granath, 2018).
Geographic Information System (GIS) Applications Usage in Urban Planning

The Geographic Information System (GIS) is a modern tool that is widely used in urban
planning through handling geographic location of different areas and services, networking the
data and information to the maps which can be updated periodically (Yousef, 2007). It helps
urban planners to stimulate rapid data organization, handling and processing big data to prompt
the decision-making process for urban development (Aldegheishem & Alqarni, 2012). It has
given another dimension to the urban planning through its contribution in the diversified
domain of urban planning e.g. identification of different types of land uses, locational
distribution of different amenities and services, providing clarification for the overall vision of
the city to meet future urban requirements and other city management functions. It is a very
conventional, quick and convenient tool to use for capturing, analyzing, modeling and
representing the geo-referenced database in different stages of urban planning (Criado et al.,
2019).
Implementing the long-run planning decisions accurate geographic information is of utmost
interest in the planning process. Adopting the latest method and techniques, it affects the life
and quality of the urban environment directly. Nowadays, urban authorities take advantages of
rapid development is GIS technology to develop and provide spatially integrated databases for
accurate decision making toward increasing urban development. Consequently, it has become
quite impossible to move forward to any urban or socio-economic development without
considering the contribution of GIS in Urban Planning (Al-Humaili, 2005).
Online Participatory Tools (E-participation and M-participation)
The continuous development of ICT and AI has offered a new way of citizen participation in
urban planning through online participatory tools (OTPs) as E-participation and M-
participation. Planning theories always evolves through debate and communication and public
participation is a must in the plan-making process (Das, 2020). The wide-ranging use of ICT
has facilitated the decision-making process integrating mass public demands and opinions
(Healey, 1997; Laurian, 2004; Evans & Manta, 2006; Hanzl, 2007; Angelidou, 2014;
Schweitzer, 2014).
Two distinguished technology predominates online participatory tools (OPTs) e. g. (a)
Different web-based tools as Crowdbrite, PlaceSpeak, MySideWalk etc. that are mainly
designed for public engagement (b) Social networking sites as Nextdoor, Facebook that can be
used for participatory planning centric (Kitchin, 2013; Townsend, 2013; Albino et al. 2015;
Fathejalali & Jain, 2019). OTPs have both its dark (using citizens' mass participation
instrumentally, distracting planners and decision-makers from their main goals) and bright side
(supporting and facilitating participatory planning processes actively, creating smart cities). In
practice, several factors i.e. organizational resources, community characteristics, planners'

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expertise, technology literacy of citizen etc. determine the effectiveness of OPTs in the
planning process (Brabham, 2009; Evans & Hollander, 2010; Mandarano & Steins, 2010;
Belanche et al., 2016; Schweitzer & Stephenson, 2016; Afzalan & Evans, 2017).
Democratic E-governance
E-government is a comparatively new concept in urban planning particularly to assist local
planning departments in informing and engaging their citizenry. The development of ICT based
e-government tools potentially increase the opportunity for citizen participation in the plan-
making process (Healey, 1992; Innes, 1996; Kwan and Weber, 2003). The core focus of this
system is to transform the customary file and face oriented jobs to a digital platform. Benefits
can be expected from this modernized e-governance in the form of equality of opportunity for
the citizen, enhanced efficiency, improved dispersion of public information and so on (Kaylor
et al., 2001). The potential and challenge for incorporating e-government tools (i.e. e-
commerce) into the plan-making process to urban planners and statutory bodies are both from
technical expertise and financial capacities (Conroy & Evans, 2006; Lee, 2019).
Smart Urban Ecosystems and Combating Climate Change: ICT Based Environmental Decision
Making
The world is continually witnessing a breakthrough in technologies and simultaneous
population growth and drastic natural resource use as well. The outcome of haphazard human
activities has resulted in excessive pressure on the overall carrying capacity of the earth and
the resources required to sustain lives. Whereas, the ICT sector only improve the efficiency
and performance of urban economies, but also improved numerous tools and techniques to
balance environmentally sustainable growth. It offers a new way to engage a community-based
environmental decision-making process to support the emergence of a smart urban ecosystem
through Visualization and simulation solution for resource conservation, multitude modeling
and so on (Yigitcanlar, 2009).
Cities with high population density accompanied by high energy consumption and GHG
emission as well contribute largely to the global climate change. In the context of climate
change, The ICT and AI are primarily used in the transportation and infrastructure solutions,
finding measures to increase energy efficiency in the urban context. ICT supported urban
spatial planning and a powerful ecosystem based on information and communication
technologies offers an efficient way to use the tools, techniques and methodologies for enabling
the adaptation of specific environments to climate change and mitigating the effects of climate
change in cities (Marić & Kovačević, 2016).
Concluding Remark & Way Forward
Modern urban planning has a rich and long history dated back from the early 19th century.
Meanwhile, the drastic development of information and technologies in the last three decades
has brought significant changes in the conventional urban planning process. In some measure,
it surpasses the difference in economic condition, regional and cultural context in urban areas.
A breakthrough in information technology, as well as improvement in the transportation
network, has generated a new form of cities by distorting spatial orders and bringing the distant
global cities closer. All these issues have urged for a new framework for urban planning
through proper integration of ICT and AI in the planning process. As the city is a very complex
and dynamic system with continually changing its characters, socio-economic condition,
flexible planning schemes should be adopted for future city planning initiatives with more
emphasis on the planning process itself rather than final output that was evident in conventional
planning intervention.

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