CHAPTER 16 BASIC ELECTRONICS BASIL ELEU Ihe Electronics is that branch of applied physics which deals with the control of motion of electrons using different devices. Defintions= The process of emission of electrons from hot.me surface is called thermionic emission. ; Background: - A)In 1850s, physicists started to examine the pas: electricity through vacuum by putting two “oN sealed vacuum tube. 2)They discovered that sorne kinds of remitted by cathode or the negative electrode. 13) These rays were called c iG). 4yJJ Thomson in 1897 obs} é deflection of cathode rays by both electric and mat s. 5) From the deflection Bpaerens, he concluded that cathode rays must carry 4 arge. 6) These negative rged particles were given the name electrons. large number of free electrons. ‘temperature electrons cannot escape from the metal ce due to atiraction forces of atomic nucleus. ‘ihe metal is heaied to a high temperature, some of the free electrons may gain sufficient energy to fipfn escape the metal surface.4) The process of emission of electrons from hot metal surface is Called thermionic emission. Practical Example: - 4) Therrnionic emission can usually be produced by electrically heating a fine tungsten filament. 2) Typical values of the voltage and current used for this oselare 6v and 0.3 A Tespectively. (1) An eleciron gun is used to ae lies of electron beam. '2) The electrons are producedby fhertpi ionic emission from a upply. 'd to cylindrical anode to a high speed and pass through the of fine bearn of electrons. ted in an evacuated glass bulb. ge supply lI i G 1-Fumgster piloweet v \Electronbeam 2> Ey POW Suppy ~olVY 3+ High sive potenti “A 4: Gyimdusa amode * Anode 5 Weve )). wh —] | covacntes) Ja ee $2 wee * ELECTRO How jrucch: fer The [ot is Spe ELECTRON GUN re foe to emit < haaged fa sbicle 2 a) to ccceterala Une eo com be dutcenterbes w one dyeckion by fare -plying a potential difference (yWe can set up an slectric field by 2p) i across two parallel metal plate separated by some distance. 2)\ihen an electron beam passes oetween the two Plates. it can be seen that the electrons are deflected towards negative plat y the (3)The reason for this is that electrons are attracted b charges and are repelled by the negative charges ws F=qE WHERE, q = electron charge E = electric field due to plates 53, a 4) The degree of deflection of sea original direction gth is directly proportional to the stren fe electric field applied. Deflection of beam « LO’ eF rce ayiictic field at the right angle to the beam of electrons by "@ 2, horseshoe magnet. 1 is noticed that the spot of the electrons beam on the screen is getting deflected frorn its original path. 3yNow change the direction of the horseshoe magnet. The spot on the fiuorescent screen gets deflected in the opposite direction."It is fast electron graph plotting devi OR "It is used to display the magnitude of oak Ofcurrent (Al) or changing of potepti Construction: - Cathode ray oscilloscope consists of “iy An electron gun ‘(iY Deflecting plates SO (iii) A fiuorescent sc ger) jun can be explained on the basis of its Electron source is an electrically heated Cyr (negative electrode). It ejects electrons. i it also an electrode and have negative potential. It contiois nurnber of electrons. Due to its negative potential alectrons wil: ve repelled and fewer electrons reach anode and escape. No. of electrons « brightness The negative potential of the grid can be psed to control orightness of Oeam.= Anodes - It is Positive potential electrode. Electrons are accelerated and focused due to anode. The system of deflecting plates consists of “two sets of plates”. 1) XX clates ‘horizontal deflecting plates) dbie% PGC” "M ii) Y-Y plates (vertical deflecting plates) gaptacts ‘ When electron beam passes through a pair of horiz te, (poteritial difference) is applied between these spot of the beam aiong y-axis as well as along x-axi FLUO! Fluorescent screen coi s of a thin layer sphor, it gives light when the bombarcnient of fast-movipgselectrons takes place over it. Screen appears as circular or tia) indow with a cm(centimeters) graph OS onit qj ttis 3 ave forms. (ily We can voltages, range-finding(radar) & echo- si igo (deBth of sea beds). (iiiy ob io display heart beats. oiv) ictug tube in TV sets and display terminals of most uters are cathode ray tubes.‘as continues 1)The quantity that has discrete values is called as the analogue _set of values is called digital guantity. quantity. '2)For graphical r. station 2)It is represented by 0 & ih Mostly the are represented by curves. 8)Data obtained by analogue $)Data obtained digital quantities cannot b2 processed quantities can be séd easily. easily. A)EXAMPLES: distance, pre ances use digital technol 6). anak offn ws 5)They cannoi easily rans. S ca easily transmit. ‘6)They cannot be stored y can be ‘stored and reproduced easily. MLL Digital voltage signal t———>‘The branch of electronics 1)The a ses Consisting of circuits which process deals with the digital quantities is analogue quantities is called called digital electronics. analogue electronics. > 2)They cannot oe processed easily. 2)They can be proce on 3)They are based on continues 3)They show gor charge. discrete change. ; A)They cannoi easily transmit. 4)They ca il, fFansmit. 5)EXAMPLES: tine, temperature, ‘5)EXAMPLES: lern telephone distance, pressure and sound. syste usehold appliances Arsplifies » Radios TN > Teewiden yg technology. Campus: 6)There signals are affecied by 6) T! ignals are not affected external field. xtenpal fielgr 7)GRAPHICAL PHICAL REPRESENTATION: REPRESENTATION: Ss & JI o 3 5 ° Qg 2 Analogue To Digitol comwenter AC : Digiol Ib Ansloque corner. ADC Aart whith cerwels amatogue Argel 4 digiel signal Cin Oe i eee : [Per Oh digiish tn buoypriate: Such “Urns urhitty cory howe only ppdheestio cfs 3.0466 — bogie EpeeraLiors CAND) OR, not)R eperation poucwed ao Ont by ot operat? 1) DQ A A B > Xp AND epenatien peuowed by __ NOT Spenation | 2)Boolean expression for NAND Gate: X=AB “3)LOGIC GATE LOGIC - B | x=/% X=AtB A 110 0 i[4 1HOUSE-SARETY. ALARM: a House safety alarm consists of following components, pe '4) LOR (Light dependent rasi i high & 2) NAND ae Perident resistance, light sensor) coke Gagnboebonpl A sound system (alarm) Low & E whee Ligh A= Input of the NAND gate provided by switch “S” B= input of ihe NAND gate provided by LDR ; When switch is closed or LDR is absorbing light then¥rguewill be 1 which also known as high input. in this state wht re 1 alarm wili never work. When LDR causes {ow level input (0) a ight or nigh resistance of LDR, alarra When burglar steps on switch S then interruption of