Mmw-Lesson 2

LESSON 2:
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND

SYMBOLS
Instructor: Ms. Christel M. Belaro
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Discuss the language, symbols and conventions of
mathematics.
2. Explain the nature of mathematics as a language.
3. Perform operations on mathematical expressions
correctly.
CORE IDEA
“Like any language, mathematics

has its own symbols, syntax and
rules.”
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
MATHEMATICS LANGUAGE
P PRECISE - able to make fine decisions
C CONCISE - able to say things briefly
P POWERFUL - able to express complex thoughts with relative ease
The language of mathematics can be learned, but just like any foreign
language, it requires effort.
EXPRESSIONS VS. SENTENCES
English vs. Mathematics
- name given to object of interest

NOUN
ENGLISH
SENTENCE - must state a complete thought
English vs. Mathematics
- name given to mathematical

EXPRESSION object of interest
MATH
SENTENCE - must state a complete thought
ENGLISH MATHEMATICS
name given to an object of NOUN EXPRESSION
interest: (person, place, thing)
Examples:
Examples: 5, 3+6, 42
Patricia, Philippines, book
a complete thought SENTENCE SENTENCE
Examples: Examples:
The capital of Philippines is 5−4=1
Manila. 3+6=8
Patricia is a teacher.
Just as English words have synonyms, numbers have lots of different names:
Examples:
5 2+3 10 ÷ 2 (6 − 2) + 1 1+1+1+1+1
3
3 3×1 −4 + 7 ×5
5
1
Can you give other names for 2?
How about 0?
English sentences have verbs, so do mathematical sentences.
Example:
In the mathematical sentence 5 + 6 = 11, the verb is =.
5 + 6 = 11 is read as “Five plus six is equal to eleven.”
Equal sign ‘=’ is one of the most popular mathematical verbs.
The notion of truth (true or false) is fundamental importance in the mathematical
language.
Let’s try this!
Determine the verbs in the following sentences:
1. Philippines is a country in Europe.
is
2. The world has 7 continents.
3. 4 + 7 = 11 has
4. 6 > 10 =
5. 4 − 2 ≠ 1 >
≠
Let’s try this!
Determine if the given statement is TRUE or FALSE.
1. Philippines is a country in Europe.
FALSE
2. The world has 7 continents.
3. 4 + 7 = 11 TRUE
4. 6 > 10 TRUE
5. 4 − 2 ≠ 1 FALSE
TRUE
Let’s try this!
Classify the following as:
English noun or Math expression; English sentence or Math sentence
1. cat English Noun
2. 2𝑥 Math Expression
3. The word ‘dog’ begins with letter b. English Sentence
4. 2 + 5 = 7 Math Sentence
5. 5 − 3 Math Expression
Let’s try this!
Classify the following as:
English noun or Math expression; English sentence or Math sentence
6. The quick brown fox jumped. English Sentence
7. 𝑥y Math Expression
8. Mobile Legends English Noun
9. 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑧 Math Sentence
10. 𝑥 = 1 Math Sentence
Let’s try this!
Classify the following as a mathematical expression (EXP) or a mathematical sentence
(SEN). If it is a sentence, determine if it is always true (T), always false (F), or cannot be
determined.
1. 5 EXP
1
2. 2
EXP
3. 4 < 2 SEN, F
4. 𝑥 − 2 = 3 SEN, Cannot be determined
5. 𝑥 + 2 + 1 = 1 + 2 + 𝑥 SEN, T
EXPRESSION SENTENCE
A mathematical expression is the analogue of an A mathematical sentence isthe analogue of an
Englishnoun; itis a correct arrangement of Englishsentence; it is a correct arrangement of
mathematical object of interest. mathematical symbolsthat states a complete
thought.
Take note: Take note:
An expression does NOT state a complete Itmakes sense to ask about the TRUTH of
thought. Inparticular,it does not makesense to a sentence. Isit true? Isit false? Isit sometimes
ask if an expression is true or false. true/sometimes false?
CONVENTIONS IN THE
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
Convention
It is a general agreement about basic principles or procedure.
A mathematical convention is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is
generally agreed upon by mathematicians.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
NUMBERS
The Number System
1. Natural Numbers (N)
These are also called the counting numbers. These numbers start with 1, 2, 3, 4,
…
2. Whole Numbers (W)
These numbers that start with 0, 1, 2, 3, …
3. Integers (Z)
These includes positive numbers, negative numbers, and zero.
(Ex. …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…)
CONVENTIONS IN THE
NUMBERS
The Number System
4. Rational numbers (Q)
It is a fraction with an integer numerator and a positive/negative integer in the
denominator. It is represented in the form of 𝑝/𝑞, where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are integers, and q is not
equal to zero.
Decimals which have a repeating pattern fall on this category.
Examples:
3 2 1 6
1.5 − 12.04 −1.5
10 15 4 1
CONVENTIONS IN THE
NUMBERS
The Number System
5. Irrational Numbers (Q’)
It is a never-ending number and does not repeat itself in decimal form.
Examples:
6. 2 (R)
Real Numbers 𝑒 𝜋
These numbers contain rational and irrational numbers.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
NUMBERS
The Number System
7. Complex Numbers (C)
These are numbers that can be expressed in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
real numbers, and 𝑖 is a symbol called the imaginary unit.
Examples:
1
−1, 3 + 2𝑖, 4 − 2 𝑖
CONVENTIONS IN THE
CONVENTIONS IN THE
NUMBERS
Examples:
Check the appropriate box/boxes for the following:
Complex/
NUMBER Natural Whole Integer Rational Irrational
imaginary
5     
−12   
0    
−121 
1
 
4
CONVENTIONS IN THE
NUMBERS
Examples:
Check the appropriate box/boxes for the following:
Complex/
NUMBER Natural Whole Integer Rational Irrational
imaginary
−1.43
0.5
2 + 2𝑖
𝜋
−24
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SYBMBOLS
Here are the symbols commonly used in Math.
SYMBOL MEANING
Words associated with this symbol are ‘plus’, ‘add’, ‘increase’, and ‘positive’.
+
Ex.
2 + 3 (to add 2 and 3)
Words associated with this symbol are ‘minus’, ‘subtract’, ‘take away’,
‘negative’, ‘decrease’
−
Ex.
6 − 4 (to subtract 4 from 6)
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SYMBOLS
SYMBOL MEANING
Words associated with this symbol are ‘multiply’, ‘lots of’, and ‘times’
shorthand
for adding.
×
Ex.
(1) If we see 6 + 6 + 6, we have three sixes and it could also be written as 3 × 6.
(2) If we see a + 𝑎, we may write it as 2 × 𝑎 or simply 2a.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SYMBOLS
SYMBOL MEANING
It is a method of distributing groups into equal parts. One word associated with
this symbol is ‘divide’; could be symbolized in several different ways.
÷
Ex.
10
10 ÷ 5 or 5 (10 divided by 5)
Words associated with this symbol are ‘is’, and ‘equals’.
Variations on =:
= ≠ ‘is not equal to’
≈ ‘is approximately equal to’
≥ ‘is greater than or equal to’
≤ ‘is less than or equal to’
CONVENTIONS IN THE
VARIABLES
 Greek alphabets are also used as variables.
Example:
𝜋 or ‘pi’ is used to represent 3.14159…
𝛼 or ‘alpha’, 𝛽 or ‘beta’, and 𝜃 ‘theta’ are used to represent angles.
𝜎 or ‘sigma’ is frequently used to represent the addition of several numbers (also in
excel/spreadsheet).
CONVENTIONS IN THE
VARIABLES
 Greek alphabets are also used as variables.
For future reference, the full alphabet is given here:
CONVENTIONS IN THE
FOUR BASIC CONCEPTS
1. Sets
2. Functions
3. Relations
4. Binary Operations
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
A set is a well-defined group of objects, called elements that share a common
characteristic.
Example:
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
The following two methods are often used to designate set:
a. Describe set using words.
b. List the elements of the set inside a pair of braces, { }. This method is called the roster
method. Commas are used to separate the elements.
Examples:
Let 𝑆 be the set consisting of the four seasons. Using the roster method, we would write
𝑆 = {𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟}
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
The following table gives two examples of sets, where each set is designated by a word
description and also by using the roster method.
WORD DESCRIPTION ROSTER METHOD
The set of dominations of Philippine

{₱1, ₱5, ₱10, ₱20}
coin currency at this time
The set of barangays in Dasmarinas,

{𝑆𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛 𝐼, 𝑆𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝐼, 𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝐼, 𝐵𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝐼}
Cavite
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
Try This:
1. Use the roster method to represent the set of the days of the week.
Answer: {𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑇𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦,𝑊𝑒𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑦,
𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦}
2. Use the roster method to represent the set of months that start with letter A.
Answer: {𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙, 𝐴𝑢𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑡}
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
Try This:
3. Write the word description for the set
𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}
Answer: Set A is the set of vowels.
4. Write the word description for the set
𝐵 = {𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ, 𝑀𝑎𝑦}
Answer: Set B is the months that starts with letter M.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
Basic number sets:
Natural numbers or counting numbers: 𝑁 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }
Whole numbers: 𝑊 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }
Integers: 𝐼 = {… , −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … }
Rational numbers: 𝑄 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙}
Irrational numbers: 𝑄′={𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔,𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙}
Real numbers: 𝑅 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟}
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
Definitions regarding Sets:
 A set is well-defined if it is possible to determine whether any given item is an
element of the set.
Examples:
• The set of the English alphabet
• The set of counting numbers less than 11
Not Examples:
• The set of great songs
• The set of nice cars
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
 The symbol ∈ is read as “is an element of”..
Examples:
4 ∈ 𝑁 is read as “4 is an element of the set of Natural numbers.”
1 ∈ 𝐴, 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} is read as “1 is an element of set A.”
2 ∉ 𝐵, 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5} is read as “2 is not an element of set B.”
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
 The empty set or null set is the set that contains no elements. The symbol ∅ or { } is
used to represent the empty set.
 A set is finite if the number of elements in the set is a whole number. The cardinal
number of a finite set 𝐴 is denoted by the notation 𝑛(𝐴).
Example:
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3}, then 𝑛 𝐴 = 3
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
 Set 𝐴 is equal to Set 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴=𝐵, if and only if 𝐴 and 𝐵 have exactly the
same elements.
Examples: {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓} = {𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑑}
 Set 𝐴 is equivalent to Set 𝐵, denoted by ~, if and only if 𝐴 and 𝐵 have the same
number of elements.
Examples: A = {𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓} and B = {𝑔, ℎ, 𝑖}. Then 𝐴~𝐵.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
 Set 𝐴 is a subset of Set 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵, if and only if every element of 𝐴 is
also an element of 𝐵.
 Set 𝐴 is a proper subset of Set 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴⊂𝐵, if every element of 𝐴 is an
element of 𝐵, and 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵.
Examples:
Let 𝑅 = {𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠, 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑠} and 𝑆 = {𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦, 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠, 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑠}. R ⊆ 𝑆, because every
element of 𝑅 is an element of 𝑆. In addition, 𝑅 is also a proper subset of 𝑆, because R ≠
𝑆.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
Examples:
1. 𝐴 = {3, 6, 9}
Proper Subsets of A:
Subsets of 𝐴:
{3}, {6}, {9}, {3, 6},
{3}, {6}, {9}, {3, 6},
{3, 9}, {6, 9},
{3, 9}, {6, 9}, { }
{3, 6, 9}, { }
How many subsets of A are there? 8
CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS
Examples:
2. 𝐵 = {2, 4}
Proper Subsets of A:
Subsets of 𝐵:
{2}, {4}, {2, 4}, { } {2}, {4}, { }
How many subsets of B are there? 4

CONVENTIONS IN THE
SETS SUBSETS OF D
Examples: {} {4, 16} {4, 8, 12} {8, 12, 20}
3. 𝐷 = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} {4} {4, 20} {4, 8, 16} {12, 16, 20}
How many subsets of D are there? {8} {8, 12} {4, 8, 20} {4, 8, 12, 16}
Answer: 32
{12} {8, 16} {4, 12, 16} {4, 8, 16, 20}
{16} {8, 20} {4, 12, 20} {4, 8, 12, 20}
{20} {12, 16} {4, 16, 20} {4, 12, 16, 20}
{4, 8} {12, 20} {8, 12, 16} {8, 12, 16, 20}
{4, 12} {16, 20} {8, 16, 20} {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}
4
To get the total number of subsets, use 2𝑛 , where 𝑛 is the number of elements in a given
set..
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Sets may be represented
using Venn Diagram.
These are diagrams that
make use of geometric
shapes to show
relationships between
sets.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Let A and B be sets. The 𝐴∪𝐵={𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐵}
union of sets A and B,
denoted by 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 is the
set that contains those
elements that are either in
A or B or both.
An element 𝑥 belongs to
the union of the sets A and
B if and only if 𝑥 belongs to
A or 𝑥 belongs to B.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Let A and B be sets. The 𝐴∩𝐵={𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐵}
intersection of sets A and
B, denoted by 𝐴∩𝐵 is the
set that contains those
elements in both A and B.
An element 𝑥 belongs to
the intersection of the sets
A and B if and only if 𝑥
belongs to A and 𝑥 belongs
to B.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Sets whose intersection is an The complement of Set A,
empty set are called disjoint written as 𝐴′, is the set of all
elements found in the
sets. universal set U, that are not
𝐴∩𝐶 =∅ found in Set A.
Example:
Let 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3}. Then,
𝐴′ = {4, 5}.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Try This: Determine the following:
Let 1. 𝐴∪𝐵 =
𝐴 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} 2. 𝐴∪𝐶 =
𝐵 = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} 3. 𝐴∪𝐵∪𝐶 =
𝐶 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 4. 𝐴∩𝐵 =
5. 𝐵∩𝐶 =
6. 𝐴∩𝐵∩𝐶
7. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 =
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Try This: Determine the following:
Let 1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
𝐴 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} 2. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
𝐵 = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} 3. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
𝐶 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 4. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {0, 2, 4}
5. 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = { } 𝑜𝑟 ∅
6. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = { } 𝑜𝑟 ∅
7. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
CONVENTIONS IN THE
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS
A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second
of values called the range.
A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x,y).
A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the
range by some rule.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-values.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 is read as “𝑓 of 𝑥 is equal to 𝑦.”
CONVENTIONS IN THE
RELATIONS All functions are

relations, but not
all relations are
FUNCTIONS functions.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Functions as set of ordered pairs Functions as graphs
𝑟 = {(1,1), (3,5), (4,6), (8,9)}
𝑔 = {(1,0), (2,0), (3,5)}
Functions as equations
Functions as table of values

No. of eggs (x) Price of breakfast (y)
1 Php 10.00
2 Php 18.00
3 Php 22.00
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Examples:
Which of the following are functions?
𝑓 = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7)}
𝑔 = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,7)}
ℎ = {(1,3), (2,6), (3,9)}
Answers: Sets 𝑓 and ℎ are functions.

CONVENTIONS IN THE
Examples:
Which of the following are functions?
Answers: 1st and 3rd diagrams are functions

CONVENTIONS IN THE
Vertical Line Test Examples:
A graph defines a function if
each vertical line in the
rectangular coordinate system
passes through at most one
point on the graph.
FUNCTION RELATION
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Examples:
Which of the following graphs represent a function?
YES NO NO YES
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Functional Notation
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4 is read as “𝑓 of 𝑥 equals three times 𝑥 minus 4.”
𝑥 inside the parenthesis is the independent variable.
𝑥 outside parenthesis is the dependent variable.
Example:
For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4,
𝑓(5) = 3(5) − 4 = 15 − 4 = 11, and
𝑓(−2) = 3(−2) − 4 = −6 − 4 = −10.
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Some kinds of functions are:
• Constant Functions – functions in the form 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑏, where 𝑏 is constant.
Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3; 𝑔(𝑥) = 4, ℎ(𝑥) = 1
• Linear Functions – functions in the form 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎𝑥+𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants; the
degree of polynomial is 1.
Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2, ℎ(𝑥) = 4𝑥
• Quadratic Functions – functions in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐
are constants; the degree of polynomial is 2.
Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Evaluating Functions
Examples:
Evaluate the following if 𝑥 = 3.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2
1
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 + 2
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Evaluating Functions
Examples:
Evaluate the following if 𝑥 = 3.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2 3 + 1 = 7
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2 = 3 2 − 2 = 7
1 1 7
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 + 2 = 2 3 + 2 = 2
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Operations on Functions
• Addition: 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
• Subtraction: 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
• Multiplication: 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
• Division:
𝑔(𝑥)
• Composition: 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) or 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))

CONVENTIONS IN THE
Operations on Functions
• Composition: 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) or 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
Examples:
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Identify the following:
1. 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
2. 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Operations on Functions Identify the following:
Examples: 1. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) =
Given the following functions: 2. 𝑔(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 3. 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑎(𝑥) =
𝑔(𝑥) = −4
ℎ(𝑥) = 0 4. (ℎ(𝑥))/(𝑔(𝑥)) =
𝑎(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 5. 𝑏(𝑓(𝑥)) =
𝑏(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2
6. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑏(𝑥) =
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Operations on Functions Identify the following:
Examples: 1. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 − 4 = −1
Given the following functions: 2. 𝑔(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥) = −4 − 0 = −4
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 3. 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑎(𝑥) = 3(2𝑥 + 1) = 6𝑥 + 3
𝑔(𝑥) = −4
4. (ℎ(𝑥))/(𝑔(𝑥)) = 0/(−4) = 0
ℎ(𝑥) = 0
𝑎(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 5. 𝑏(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑏(3) = 3(3) − 2 = 7
𝑏(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 6. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑏(𝑥) = 3 + 3𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑥 + 1
CONVENTIONS IN THE
BINARY OPERATIONS 𝑨×𝑨 𝑨
A binary operation ∗ on a Set 𝐴 is
a function from 𝐴 × 𝐴 to 𝐴 such
that for each 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴, (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑐
∗ (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑑
𝑒
(𝑒, 𝑓)
𝑓
CONVENTIONS IN THE
BINARY OPERATIONS
∗ (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴
𝒁×𝒁 * ∗ (𝒂, 𝒃) ∈ 𝒁 or ∉ 𝒁
(1,5) + + 1,5 = 6 6∈𝑍 + is a binary operation on 𝑍
(1,5) × × 1,5 = 5 5∈𝑍 × is a binary operation on 𝑍
1 1
(1,5) ÷ ÷ 1,5 = ∉𝑍 ÷ is NOT a binary operation on 𝑍
5 5
CONVENTIONS IN THE
BINARY OPERATIONS
∗ (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴
𝑸×𝑸 * ∗ (𝒂, 𝒃) ∈ 𝑸 or ∉ 𝑸
(2,4) − − 2,4 = −2 −2 ∈ 𝑄 − is a binary operation on 𝑄
3 3
(3,0) ÷ ÷ 3,0 = ∉𝑄 ÷ is NOT a binary operation on 𝑄
0 0
1 1
( , 2) × × ,2 = 1 1∈𝑄 × is a binary operation on 𝑄
2 2
CONVENTIONS IN THE
Try This
Determine whether the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.
1. The operation of addition is a binary operation on the set of
TRUE
natural numbers.
2. The operation of subtraction is a binary operation on the set of FALSE
natural numbers.
3. The operation of subtraction is a binary operation on the set of TRUE
integers.
4. The operation of multiplication is a binary operation on the set of TRUE
rational numbers.
5. The operation of addition is a binary operation on the set of TRUE
integers.

Mmw-Lesson 2

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LESSON 2:

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND

“Like any language, mathematics

C CONCISE - able to say things briefly

P POWERFUL - able to express complex thoughts with relative ease

- name given to object of interest

- name given to mathematical

a complete thought SENTENCE SENTENCE

Take note: Take note:

𝜋 or ‘pi’ is used to represent 3.14159…

𝛼 or ‘alpha’, 𝛽 or ‘beta’, and 𝜃 ‘theta’ are used to represent angles.

𝜎 or ‘sigma’ is frequently used to represent the addition of several numbers (also in

The set of dominations of Philippine

The set of barangays in Dasmarinas,

{2}, {4}, {2, 4}, { } {2}, {4}, { }

How many subsets of B are there? 4

RELATIONS All functions are

Functions as table of values

Answers: Sets 𝑓 and ℎ are functions.

Answers: 1st and 3rd diagrams are functions

• Composition: 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) or 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))

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