Pe Te 6 Harr sorrel eet (wa aaa 6s Teh) Digital Electronics (An Introductory Text Book) Pew : Maa ALOT ATE, (Gan fqe ) shar wd sitaey, sted damn, Rar faeatrqurar IETHER, FET aaa oa, Sara dor, dang.wad. aa, aa.CCHS SHSCEEES EHH OHH OHH EE OH EEE OOO ECOG -« a feet cram Serene 6 oars fied at ab a ge Fa ett ce Aran eat oe sorare sare Rar st oer 8 1 dre goaphiares oe fat mg ue gaee ger sara A ww ater aT aires t Fare Fae Rone (ata) ger afer meat A gdahitae aT Rah pare & ihe gat wag Rare car Bereielead BAT He a BL ge oat & eaagiiaaa & ga 3 sta soaginee at agcagel sere gion & ahr Fcap lena a ga wera a Gad ga gh AT ‘cra at fares AY afer A ag 3 1 ge GeTH A ober gaara aE ART she eye et aot At eB | orat & faa ag gare fearw suet gt wh sar faa Pager Fear a BeBe faeafaqenerad & fa cree xBnPR A Saher Gena a ons A ar eT BI ge eae A qe fave weg snarl A veg” Par sen 8 | oR ae eae A geet Bear vateh ae sae date seat ar ate Per wan 8 (See ore vlad area & gfe arora ate afer watery a wet At mg EGS ote arr sieeret a ater arate wel ard gayi afoul ar as cart a caer aera othe cree ee ater Ran sat B | Soe sitarar af gfeiaer eellarcoy a Bee ost alte gerd archaeon & sordt ar acter Per mar Bate ate auch atarat a fais aot a te gator swet, ae Be otter ose, ages He aapftcres anf, ft cat hg & fairer PRoutesr deter RAR Rew a seater arate BT amet & 1 ges arg & Star artaral A sealer Av oReeh er gots: Pear sear & ae eee ‘trains Recrarat a aicanfinas are arerer aftr A araeen se oft feat awe B 1 get aR A wai @ at arrar ect & Ste aro oaty, ares, vom ate ge Ah ar gH GRaY gate | aif ate chest wearer fbarra ey aga, sel Hep a abhrer ate aia at age fRemre Saad, sunt A gel Aas Ba ater eae Fe Ber cow wes Rar ver gah go wilt weer at eer AN aie ar aay & | stead A yee a FAS ex Hear A AER fags aT ‘ret ager & werk Afr ve S even var 8 | GEAR A erage sewer sth er gh REET feed set ht aah car ge ane Gea a amet aia H pies wy Rar ae 8 ge frara t daw wet cor gach faeet cen repeat at ae HET A at as Hey rere grand acer, aes, esr a ag anf weg Re & athe F geek wie green amare gare aa {1 SPR cen ge Gare at wie ate arefeat fr she era anaiia ar wh aa ff feet arch grat a Ger A far gen ag ger Te A oa se Ast ore wT Tow A PecaPBrat atte ‘sangha octet TET |ae afer #, ger Bere at foe cheat AN ae, eee, a ant cofranfer wee wage ay we ee gece Ft day ae A amere og Fer ae Peng 8 ae ao aT AE sack 8 Carmars aes aes A aera HE ster goer wT Sat TET E | aE ear ET eT ‘$8ar: seprasedzk@yahoa.com CHCHCHOHSEEESEO HOCH SEO C COR OPO ORO EOE OSCOO CCH HEE HEROES OLE EE EO eee CELE ee. oRane Bt ad thet a fet eat TT IR aS Brat Ta aa faeitad SIA TS HN Tee qT rz grant ford sven agh walt site gor ait ara cra sicher A aah ae Blt 1 RE sere FB OIE TTF & Ti Reverted a ware epee aNeA-Feraatet kh BY sHrad agat & fort Sr arta ihe arabe BR ae at ereeachh ar orretae fe 1 ata waren a ardt-enelt att RETA HIT, erett madh, arated Fete art, ATPRR . 842 002. 03 Hg 2018e e e e e e e e e e @ e e e e e e e eo e e eo e e ® ° e e e e e e e e e fre gcagtierafara uit fava ar Feet sear : oie ww -7 {First Chapter : Introduction) 1.1 wat SAR after FRaeTar (Continuous and Digital Signal) eal 1.2 efaamtng Farmer (sinary Signal) Ud TH FT (Losictevel) 3 1.3 afaamand aa sete SI adh EAE (Binary Logie Statement and Logie evel). 14 aide Roaahae GRRL (Cightal Electronic circuit) 5 AS Breer (Summary) oa @QRI seara: aire aah 8-32 {Second Chapter: Number Systems) 2.1. SEAM Tee Number System) 8 2.2 efaantrgt Hear Tet (Binary Number System) 10 2.3 weeds HEAT TAT (Octal Number System) 16 2.5 Meet smenit Fee Tei (Hexadecimal Number System) 20 2.6 afer apiat at isa at wa gat A ae wt 27 qusea daar at areftoas apse ARR Bear A acter 23 2.8 ATR (Summary) 224 dear seara: side vaftat a afaerfore --33-78 Third Chapter: Arithmetic of Different Number Systems 3.1 atone eigarat ar snare (Arithmetic of Binary Numbers} 133 3.2 wearait # Gye FEAT (Complementary System of Numbers} AB 3.4 fafa efaaien® vizeal <1 Gre (Complements of Signed Numbers) 52 35 fates efagment seematt & stesnfircre offar (arithmetical Processes with Signed Binary Numbers) 56 3.6 aeeatrar arent aiwarait sr sizrafitcrar wiraet (Acthmetical Operations with Octal Numbers) 63 3.7 stger srrardt aieeratt a sister aPBrel aritnmetical Operations with Hexadecimal Numbers) n 3.8 ander (Summary) ‘ater aitara : afaamtrt wear ar wigtecr 79-107 (Fourth Chapter ; Coding of Binary Numbers) AA a¥s Wa SET WHR (Code and lis Types) 79 4.2 aghéy Ye (Binary Coded Pecmal,BCD Cote) 80 0sire gaacieae fae at - e e e e . e 4.3 dete carat ar aif (Avthmetics of ACD Numbers) 82 4.4 HOE Heat AMET BIE (AFew Other BCD Codes) 93 e 4.5 Haft IS (Nomweighted Code) 94 e 4.6 srt Fg (Alphanumeric Code) 101 4.7 aig GftachT (Code Conversion} 101 e 4.8 argitt (Summary) 102 e Saat srearah warerr atte aferta dtorfera += 108-129 e (Fifth chapter- Logic Opearations & Boolean Algebra) e 5.1 FHF (Background) 108 5.2 afta ar afar az (Goctean or ogi Variables and Trth Table) A108 e 5.3 ae afta ar afer Tara eT AT APLOH {Basic Boolean or Logic Operation and Truth Table} e 199 e 5.4 BATT AE Tei (Derived Logic Operations) NB. 5.5 BE afeaer tharfora Tar (Some Boolean Algebraic Retations} 120 e 5.6 & sitter ay TEA (De Morgan's Theorem) 124 e 5.6 qfdtar wa wren drafter $Y GwAT (Compar'son of Boolean and Normal Algebra) e 126 5:7 RR (Summary * war e Bor Hear. gaagie ah aT 30-165, \ e e (Sixth Chapter- Electronic Logic Gates) 6.1 PEAR (Background) 2130 6.2 aftaer a a a a} Mare Atari (Voltage Signal as Boolean Variable) «131 e 6.3 AR SEM (Logic Gates) 1132, 'e 6.4 afore Zam a BT ANAND ZaPe (WAND Gate as Universal Gate) 148 i 65 aerate GAN FT A NOR Care (NOR Gate as Universal Gate) 1B e 6.7 BRT (summary) 160 e ‘Wrerat arearr - aiérr ad afta 166-204 e {Seventh Chapter -Digital Logic Family) / @ 7.1 ae aPeare Wet GAT AUTRE (Logie Family and its Classfcation) 186 ‘ e 7.2 wErpa ak after ar ariBrereTer IpTIes (characristic Constants of IC Logie Families) 187 e 7.3 wiente-gifereet ae ORT (RTL Family) 178 e 74 SRST TR ARAT (OTL Family) 176 7.5 gifseeecreex oh Gare (TTL Family} 179 e a ( e \ © e e eCoe eeeeseeeeeeeeeeHeeeeeeeeEeseneeeses __ sida sear fara at 7.6 gahex yftrier ach aRare (ECL Family) 187 7.7 weg an abtre a oRae 1190 7.8 ath gant ar aiceTat (interfacing of Logic Gates) 197 7.9 fairer ah after Ar guar 200 7.10 ARTY (Summary 201 aieat aeare-ac& astro sit gaat BAO +-205-255 (Eighth Chapter- Logic Equation and its Simplification) 8.1 afetuar wafer 34¢ GeWET WATE (Boolean Equation and its Tyaes) 208 8.2 afer woRarer & aeanIT AT STEHT (Necessity of Minimisation af Boolean Equation) 210 8.3 fetus uaftanzor ay aR FRRUUT (Exccemum Representation of Boolean Equation} an 84 afar ashore ft ace gato wd oor aT 216 8.5 ene fea we afte ater 221 8.6 soeeth Peer ate qatar HetaeoT a aT FT 228 87 arma fev & dat av wegeRET 1233 8.8 steths Peer a afera TTT BI TEAELUT (Simplification of Boolean Equation by Kamaugh Map} . 245 ‘ 8.9 ea oy a qfataer afta AY Gftuer were 249 8.10 BATT (summary) 250 atat srearr -gatoht ofraer 256-296 (Ninth Chapter : Combinational Circuit) 9.1 aatstt aver (Combinational circuit) 12568 9.2 ate afta (Code Converter} 260 9.3 ais UAUEE (Adder Circuits) 272 8.4 cae TTT (Subtractor Circuits) 279 9.8 ofa Gas (Magnitude Comparator) 285 9.9. ARTEL (Summary) 299 eat areary :autoh oRerregetas we eT 297-351 (Tenth Chapter : Combinational Circuit-Muitiplexers and Others) 10.1 ART (Multiplexer) 297 10.2 aguidice Get (Multiplexer Tree) 308 10.3 AERA BW IAEA (Applications of Mutiplexer} 310 10.4 agiRATE (Demultiplexer} a4 10.5 agfaerte get (Demultiplexer Tree) 322 ‘aysider sdagitres: far ait 10.6 apf ar arqueter (Applications of Demuliplexer) 10.7 Em (Encoder) 10.8 Taatew (Decoder) 10.9 rte st aesaisia vast fares A afracks (sco to ?-segment Display Unit) .. 336 10.10 area aPREE (Parity rcuit 1342, 10.11 IRR (Summary) 346 vareat sreare : spp ita ath welte-gate after 1852-400 {Eleventh Chapter : Sequential and Flip Flop Circuits) 11.1 arepettrar oferty (Sequential Circuit) 352 11.2 are ARATE (Clock Signal) 355 V1.3 Tare He Hr Taye FaTg (Memory and Basic Memory Cell) 1356 11.4 sAwHT FET (5:8 Hip Flop): 358 11.5 Laster wells (1K Fp Floph: 364 11.6 wate watt an Farah daar Haat (Master Slave Arrangement of Flip Hops) ...371 11.7 8 Fat TAT (D Flip Flop) 877 11.8 @ wie sattT (1 Flip Flop) 378 11.9 wate Gals at Rare ar sider ayer Hr FART (The Triggering or Starting of Flip Flop Circuits) 381 11.10 sia Fate AY Seas ATTA (Excitation Table of Fin Flop Circuits}. 984 1111 am crite wath a atear wat waite # GFRECIAT (Conversion of One Flip Flop into Other Flip Flop) 387 11.12 wate matte aT aGTAT (Applications of Flip Flops) 394 11.13 Rie (Summary) 397 anal stare. vette vite er aren «401-431 ‘Twelfth Chapter- Applications of Flip Flop 12.1 38fer BIET aT BT Forms of Digital Data} 401 12.2 WRT (Register) M02 12.3 we UMECE (Bulfer Register) 403 12.4 fereeaat TAREE (shitt Register) 404 12.5 faeeraer TaETT aT FepHAT (Applications of Shift Register) ww 12.66 arRitr (Summary) 428 aigat sear sare - spree ait waaay 432-466 ‘Thirteenth Chapter : Counters - Asynchronous and Synchronous 13.1 71 (Counter) 432 ww COSHH SSHSHSHHOHESHHSEHHSEESESHEHSHHOE®DSCCHS HHHH OE HEHH HOO HER EE CECE E OO DOO EO: 13.2 aoe aarae Ft atsrat (Scheme of Counter Design) 434 13.3 arse (ar afta) Fem TUTE (Asynchronous or Ripple Up Counter) 435 13.4 sear (or 3B) RIFT AEH (Asynchronous or ipple Down Counter). ..A42 13.5 srercfer (ar aff) seater TPH (Asynchronous or Ripple Up/Down Counter) M49 13.6 WaT WUT (Synchronous Counter) 456 137 sR aT AT (Mosuius ofthe Counter) 481 13.8 sramafar ste waarfere Torah St Geet (Comparison between Asynchronous and Synchronous Counters} 462 13.8 TOT A _ATEHA (Replication: of Counter) M62 463 13.10 ANTE (Summary) ‘alegal sreara: aida athe age ferret ar cara 467-488 (Fourteenth Chapter : Conversion of Digital and Analog Signals) 14.1 after (introduction) 487 14.2 stra anger TaiATH (Stat (Digital to Analog Converter, DAC} + A68 14.3 eames Sheath GAT (Practical DAC Circuit) 470, 14.4 Srey arr steerer fectias (Characteristic Constants of OAC} AT 14.5 31s a SAT UATE ( Analog to Digltal Conversion} 879 14.6 areqoe Fira aor after Part A eUIERTT (Conversion of Analog Voltage to Digital Voltage) ABI 14.7 ERT (Summary) 485 ene Ww)CeoCSH HCO HEHOH CEH OHO ABEL EES ORO LEOOS sara scercteratge sears-aRaa Ee eeianaleinate te ienaiaernsar tien ain nian aeat sear : oft (First Chapter : Introduction) Filta sctagiiorer & Rraser a} after Reever gist araer ser ePantad siesar ealet oY agian we BI seni erer 8 set scbargiiten aiatrait ar seater waren a act eter Bt RE ater onger Aimar a aaah aiden Remar ar soar whew B 1 aeteears after aren sataghtaee A evan Haat ake aif 1 gotaginaer te gar at ei a7 shh gataglitre ar arevatoreta otte ager tar ah area ie sare Baer aH Rae waar har ara at aid starel A seienr seatar ae 1 5 ae areas a stbter gotagitterer a ast a svatelh aor beh yer eat ar aula wer Arar rar & (aa) arate faar ae Raercor a aeret Hk gt aE after a | 1.1 J5Sa{F (Background): stra ea aT HT ATH TAD geagiicee fare & draarire act & ae gar se gast fader ae 2 fe gaat afta & us fers ds A ART afar cer | sean & ats A we ate snes & wo A aestkrdt wat A ge (Boole) Ud He aftrat a fat & fk wena 0 8 9 ae % ca sat ae SwAAT FEY (Decimal) St AaeT A at stat are afasnerd (Binary) Tals Pah fear | Fae O Fe 1 a ary A ore ga Tea & EN ae-ad camaa Hat AT Remit a freer art Ft cer ga cfasista deast & dre ots ser aera ane sematercts Brant dues wet faftral at Mart ag 1 gt ch aie at ae ea F VT A Ge Crue) TA AeA (else) H HAGET At ar sat ore sienfrensit & fad qe a& (logic) srenfta faa sit Penida fer sen sik za eer al aferua drovers (Boolean Algebra) HT ATH fear war | caagite scatter A zeit % SRT ahaa a afeed doaiita a ee cma ae Rar | sig dtadh we ‘akY gare Ft eater (shannon) a etre 4 galt (rr) ate Sq (ON) ae Fae BT wR: OB 1 ST were (False) SNE TE (rue) BAGeT Fer ae afta drafts SF sfrenait wr cetat a wert wets ey A scat ae aT eae Rar 1 ae Fane far al sealers Barge, Sa fe sets ar gisecx anfe, & Hert areata Sera fear or wma @ gated gfe doris Sr aifes ste ona arte 1xara saaeitea-vee Hears-qRas vias a gaagiies ofeet & can deed suet & care fear ara oar ai at & aidra seagiine fr eeanat eS | ga weet F AwaaT A goad somida aT datas 8 cuagite Oa A euler Ql ver ate aifta gaageN Bsa (Application) oT a age @y TM | se xtaa a ah gaeciines & tar F saath ge apr ceat ar ace vega Prem ver Fy 1.2 He athe aide Patera (Analog and Digital Signal) fae ter as af sitios UR eel F frase wer Fo mah a EAT deide fear at wea at HN fod fa ser vaca ay WRT & ann ager oT THAT a1 screen & fet aera A ge wd Eide Pala a za & fas eRe: ATT ait at ait # aera A ae se A aM star 3 1 gaagiesy & aa A fare Car enn at feetae & wo A ae A aT stat & St Breve: Bam & orer sada TT S wore & | te fae fea & aca & wert Ht coat A eat eS at ait sien aren & wen () sage AR atte (a) thier Revert | (mparqee Firat (analog Signal) ag vs ter fms tar ¢ fet at ase Aart Ale aT sey aga BF sat Flat F | aaa ga Vaeet wr ace aT wher faftaa (Finite) Get F free a tata wat & de ge fea aw or oe ‘AMA aa Bie S| (PT AwaT 1.14) @taiios (ayeaaerite (Sarah) Rea deer 1.41-ager Rowe HT Rareter ar ea att casei SareOr Sarasa Fae (5) F FST fea tear 110 A Rarer wat ak Pe eases day A aan ar ater F s =Vsinot 1A) ety at o(= 2) an are faa dar |SCeOCSHCH HOHE SHEE HS OOH OHH EHO ETOHOR OOO OS: aifrr saagieraceat aeary-ofeer aqe yagi a ait fee a sca gar & sit wr sarah aifeat A orn stat & | (eyrsra Aeere (Digital Signal)- Te va Car fAsrert set 8 forest fees um aa Oe Ra Tet & ang arene seta Sat A meer HT UH GAT AM OTT AT Bat & | sat: we thas are 3 aRt tials are oa ont & pe Pare aT oer Fo fred oat aren até am eer Ft bl bk & tw fara Hear 1.2. street UH oes (Typical) HAT fasta (s) fe ear 1.2 A fearn aa Fe 1 eH Faera wo & age faera v? aes aot & cht se Peete (s) HT AT HH TT v, OT fared tet ae Hes vy, et oe ESI Ya ve WH PE ae aw faa Et ae fx eau on 8 i Ge wHaaY ae fad wa sie fe aca ore AY ae fren aa am wart wed 8 sa ce fee feorere alive ant v" wea wel aX Aa eI Be fear at faeafafaa datit & sara ot erat &: QQ)FF tyre s= VQ | © 409 ° Tob few Hear 1.3. coegrite afesmerd (sirrare) Perret oe Rema a wa ak orgie seer amare five ¢ fe fer der 1.3 4 feared wa B 1 Ae, sac, Taraieat A feat wr ArT wa: 0 ST v wart at aaa & oe farae aw ah oo aan au ae 2 1 ga waraftrat, At, HT At, & th a ferera a aad are 7 faa & | ea aerit STU GE afar Risers (9) a Raaifaeer siaul I car or ware & () Fant |3 | 2] 1 0 a ‘MIE B58; By Bp faa Fem 2.3. ater A aera ansor sarge seardear Gefeat on dict ar ga 8 seat Rae HT Heat a ware: 0000 ate 1111 frat & 1 He: GAT 0000 (aT 0) A Hae 1111 (ar 15) aw For 16 Hansa aa eT aaeat F | we aad aearad Hem HN gaaT Wades Atal Ve Ha 2.3 A fem aes 36070 = 0011 0110 0000 0111 (am az) ..(2.3) ‘WEE (Byte). UE avs tet wT TAG Hote | FH HAH BI Heda are fet ar ae mer 0 SN 7 da 2 | ae diet aT da S se RH IE FECTH Fe HA: 00000000 ate 14114414 erat & | Het: SAAT 00000000 (= 0) F See 11101111 (Ae 127) aa Her 128 Sanaa HMA et HHT FI a8 Word) ae ee at ar wag cla 8 1 sae AAA ate AecTAT arta: det ar ane ae: O He 15 gare 1 Se de-faexr St ga tanfea eae ‘al Amt 256 Bat FI aay A eae: age sth aS FB aT A arr see 2.2.¢a): Seamed Hem FH aeorae Hem a eee (Conversion of Binary Number into Decimal Number): efaanert dear at aerea tear aH agart & fra Hear at hte ar sey softs aate 2 8 yon wee ois fear ona F | ae fear Meafeiea sere F weg a aarett & 1 FTE 1: efasmenet EAT [1100.001], +t aera Hea A aad | & ag Sea at agin 2 vet A heres ay ore star FP (1100.001}, = [1 x 22 41x27 40x 22 40x27+0x24940x27 41X29 MH, (1100.001}, = [8+ 440404+04+040.125]9 Ba: [1100.001], = [12.125]. Barer 2: afeantady AeA [101.11], Hawa eM A Tay | Fa Her FF Ape 2 & oe 4 hart Woe ore EP [101.11] = [1x 22-40% 241% 2041K 27 41X22 Iao MH, M0121); = [4+ 0+1+0405 4+0.25)i6 12 POOH OS HEHEHE HOOSESHEHASEHKEVES HOE SE SECOHHCOCHE CEH EEE OOH EEE ODOT OEE HOSE SESG: HEMT Fae RTT sear-Tea vefaat ‘M, [101.11], = (5.750 2.2.00; area Hea BH afasrek Hea A Tae (Conversion of Decimal Number into Binary Number]; ewaaa Hear er cfasrunt Hear A aces & fet df ag dea S wie & ford 2 8 sete arr St fear ay aries ar & feet 2 A seNteaT aor St faa saan ore 8 1 se fear at FH eeelat A Tara aT THAT et Wore FEM BH AAA (Conversion of Whole Number) quis dwar at agaet a fa su yuies A 2 S sre fea ora E 1 sa Ee amr & for dete srefsa clase Ger aT O aR aT aT ae arte Ae Aa i ge ame fae ama F A 2 A oe fear are & 1 ge Qua a & a Rar asia are eesrert ewer ar 1 aR aT ae cat F Aen sad setae F ape fl axe 2 8 set Rar aret | er St ag fra sel are era aww SF oret & secs Pe arms O a et ark oie wt amt A far & far esis ware aga are at die gat & | Hewat & O et one a Hh fiver ow oat EHR oee Gara aT sie Hea Searee sear ar HEA aris ate Aare | SAE : Gules TEM [57,9 FT afaarertt dea A aaa | & ag tiem ww gota & | gt afaaret tor ot act & A get 2S geet ae st tt Bo sere 28 a aes 1 fea By Ha: 1 arefeta afaanent dear a 0 a a ate at sat 8 sie 28 & fe 2B ana AH fear A one & | oe sme 14 ai dee O fear 81 get ae at el a & aR ue asia 0 safe afanunt dea ar i awe ar de a ae 2 | set axe sere FA ar fren aa cee At suet Bosra ae PR aH O aT at a sik ex die Bo mA: AES @ an & he Ha Har S| as HM sara AAT:sea sca iaaga searrem veer & ag awa A 2 8 vest ae HT 57 + 2 (amerpat af atx ar tty ) mR i. (sie afte sik ar diz ) anna A 2 8 get ae sr 28 + 2 1 0 ae an die (aera Ate dic) arerna 42 a dat aR art 14% 20 0 1 a wT aie arma A 2 a ahh a aet 7: 2 V2 ama die anime 32 a otadl ax eT 3+ 2 143 aR ar de aa aA2aAo aH 1+ 2 154 eR aT ae (art # rer da) 0 1 5 at wr de eea are ae) Ba Seen area A Pat faiat at set wr ewer va A Ta eT Sram atte & [57}1o = [111001], wifey Fea BY AA (Conversion of Fractional Number) sis Gear at age & ft ga we A 2 a AUT fer oe eT ued apm & for amis aifsa Rant dea a1 aw a ade dare 1 set an & apr a a der A 8 orate a ots ae a sift ea A Re 2g ET fear aren & | ga get gon & ror Hate aia Seu a -2 ane ar ae ste F | apn At ag frat covert ashe an Ff one & sit gat raat & sea fret ae ‘Stet ar are Pera ora F | gprs % arias % 1 te ah sist OM oe ae aT A Pe we Sy oh 1. Sa: HANH HEAT [0.543],9 41 afar Pear A aact 1 14 eoeeneseeeeeeeeseseeeeeeeseneeeeeoveeeCCHHCCHCCHSHSOH EOC OOH OCC HCOOH SEO EO OE EERE HA SHAT Heae-aea Tetra WTA sare & aS een A 2 a age are aT 0.543x 2 = 1.086 1a Aaa aie adt tear #2 8 gat ax yo 0.086x 2 = 0.172 0- -2 ana de anh Gear F 2 a cheat ae yr 0.172x 2 = 0.344 O- -3 aN an te ad dea F 28 ahh ae aT (0.344x 2 = 0.688 0- -4 aR wr ae adh gear #2 H atadt ax qu 0.688 x 2 = 1.376 1s -5 an aT ae 3a Ogee Ht ave fattest amt & dict at aor ve SF tas oe ore 3 (0.543}.9 = [0.10001], FABIA wear BY aera (Conversion of Compound Number) san & a dear 1 a a @ Aimar qin afl a aa eae ie ote anfttes sit a separ afar aenst A acer sma 8 aie fee ga att eases eee ar Fre ear area F | SeTROT: FAA Se [18.45], efaarur sear A aaa | Gag Sem a Pie 18 8 | vee se chasm Feet A acon sare | et ag aear 18 A 2 scarica am ht fer Ht od & Gace fH saps 0 ager 18 A 2 a seh a a 18 + 2 a 2. smammat H gat ax aT 9 + 2. 0 0 @ apa) ae wr aie es 11 ana diz arora A tet ae arr = 2 > 2 He a dle spree Hf oradt are srt Lye mem te ¢ 1 4 (peta) He aT ate Ha: edt wars ag fee F [18],9 = (10010), a ng Pa Kea wr HPI HT [O45] F | Ha ga sifdH Fea H 2 & seatlene aor Ht fren & gh qfeaund ear AF ager say & 1aay scare sear-dea Teer TTA sara . aif sear 4 2 8 age aN qT 0.45x 2 = 0.90 0 -1 ae aI aie ach g§ Hee AH 2B GAT ae BPM 0.90x 2 = 180 1-2 a aT ae ach gS tem A 2 & drat an FT 0.80% 6 1-3 aR wat ah oS dem A 2 a ath ax yon 0,60x 2= 1.20 1>-4 aR a de alt @ Her 2B stadt aw FET 020%2= 040 0 -5 aK aT de saiet & gat Aat S ore ara F [0.45},9 = [0.01110], Ba oie sie aifts aeasit Sarat at Revaz fae Wt oe ora oP (18.45},9 = (1001001110), 2.3 aera wear Taft (Octal Number System) aehra ate vefa A ceed veil & ste 8 at ASH & vo HF fer eT eI Be cafe A aiet St Gear sh 8 eet S ate Star Art 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, ae 7 eta FI Be wait a atg ot sear oder sat A uw saan tat fe a oie aT ged err oe fake acer Bee A ae ge faa a aie Rig Ge aA ae era ar are -1 Get & HN set a ae HE TA TO Ea we a 1 a Geant star & | After apis fig ath ora Fert oT He O aren & ait ael B ata sie I WOR 1 8 eget araT S| UH ores (Typical) areedra Heat A at AT feet ott Hear ar are frarect fr fete fr deer 24 A aang ae se cee wong we fait & arene oe Wea at Are Mae ST MaRS 1 (Baty 2.3) ar—[2 [1 [o [-i[2 weft fia Fear 2.4. seedta wear A ani wr faar N=1x87+ 0x8'+ 1x8+ 1x8 14+ 1x87 ...(2.3) We MN at Het art seedy Heat at wo GIN saw HAgeT aes dem wot Hea 2.2 A vega Pen ware | 16 Cee eerseeeroeoeoereocoeoseoseseseoreereer?CoC HCHO HCH HOC HHOHR OOH OHHH RESO ROCO EH OORE sary scagierrea-car sear Tefal aiftoh tear 2.2. ge anfites seeds deat ged dou ager ame ser | oredr dem | aaa aenwe Se o oO 10 a 1 1 1 9 2 2 12 10 3 3 13 AL 4 4 14 12 Ss Ss 15 13 6 6 16 4 7 7 1? 1s 2.3.06): seeder Hea Ft geTat Awa A AeA (Conversion of Octal Number into Decimal Number): wed Ten eH araaa dea A aca A fa Ge cfemnt dear sett gt & act wet Goes sera A gor six afte sraua A ara H faa 2H aaa 8 a a A ara ora & | safes sae aw a ta A FE sew a za at arate | , ‘ ‘SaTEUT 1: sehr AEM [2107], FH avaaa safl A wed 1 sae foe at ag seeder arent deen at aster 8 a feikeet vel or 4 torn aren & ster Pe sey aerar wer & [2107], = 2x8? +1x 8? +0x81+7x a? ‘OT, [2107], = 1024+64+0+7= [1095]io BARU 2: HEAT HET [156.23], ar genres Tafa a wages ara feared | ued Fr ore at Te aredta dear at apis 8s iter vel S ws a tart Ge gar ser & fe (156.23]_ = 1x87 45x 8'+6x8°+ 2x87 +3x0% HI, [156.23] = 64 + 40 +6 40.25 + 0.0468 fSrAe [156.23], = [110.2968}i0 ”sere sea Heater seeat 2.3.08) Sead Wea Hi seedy Feat H Ia (Conversion of Decimal Number into Octal Number): Rad Hen at acta Hea A scot & fort a ag tea Fe ye AB @ semteay omer Ht fier sty ants ws A 8 8 set aT A fer Sw seh Re Ht onet & star fe afaarenh dear & fat gar $1 Ha: ge fe a ala aT are 8 HE excl S acre or aa EI Yes Wea FY TET (Conversion of Whole Number) & 7s qaraa A gots dea Fr asedtr arent tea A aga & fea gaa agin 8 8 aera arr A Bear A one ¥ dar PH Md sare aa F JaEUT: PO PLAT [115], Fr sreehrr ea A zat | 115 7 8 ft ogeh ae aT 115 = 8 maf anne 8 Y qatt ax ar 14 + 8 apres 3 8 & det aw arr +8 6-1 oe aT aie 3 0 (rear) ae aT (ater &r fren aa) 0 1 2 (ecaa) aR FT 3h Seales arr AY fear G Ae sist at saa ANH sepEN UH wor A faa a orate (115]o = [163}e Hifeas Wear FY TWaeatl (Conversion of Fractional Number) aera St sie Seat Ht aces H fet ge SET H 8 S See FT & fear dew sat ave At one & ster Pe afasnert sear & fad Ha star F 1 eT: SHA ATA [0.835], HT Heer Hea H Tae | ng Hear A 8 8 aaaR zeT ar sito ary Rear aa E | are, ata] sift Gea F 8 F sect a YT 0.835x8= 6680 9 6 -1 AT adt den #8 & qatt ax APT 0.680x 8 5 -2 HR aT ai adh sien #8 & drat ay aT 0.440x 8 = 3.520 3+ -3 aR aT ai 38COO eee rere reece scene cececcccccore ach tear A 8 a ats ay aT 0.520x8 = 4.160 4a -4 FR aT Si adt tear #8 8 cladt aw yer 0.16 x8 = 128 I> 6 a wT sagea fear & fia faites ane & gist at cw are cat we oe ora FH (0.835), = [0.65341], {APA eee wt TEA (Conversion of Compound Number) sam a ag Hea 1S ag a aia We ag gt aa gee Pe ae sifas srrmat aL sreet-siel sedi Heuisit A agar sar & sik We get cet derail at fer Rar sare 1 Serer: Aa HEM [204.62], HF Heesrr Hem H aad | & ag dear ar yet sraea 204 8 | ved a aedra Fea A agen ora F | quis 204 4 8 & cect ae HPT 204 + 8 ed — t arent A 8 Bae aK Hl 25 + 8 4— 0 (Ot Fae) any HT 3 anrra 38 a ata ae ant 3"+8 11 Ha (star &r fear aq) 0 3— 2 (Agata) ae ST at 8.8 santan am ff fren a fae sogae atet at sae ae Fae ‘Wore fowl oF Gra eT eR [204],9 = [314]s et at ag fatea dear & sift sara 0.62 at aed cca Haat & fad gash 8 A Seale Aer A Far A oachh Ft FAT] Aa 0.62% 8 aged ax qT 0.62x8= 4.96 4 1 HR aT i adh dom A 8 dt ath ay qo 0.96x8= 7.68 9 7 -2 HK a 3 ach tem 4 8 & drat an ap 0.68xe=544 55 -3 aN a die adt dear 4 8 a chit are yur 0.44x 8 = 3.52 3-4 aR aT te act tem # 8 8 ciadt ae aon 0.52x8= 4.16 45-5 ae at de faftest an & diet wt aay sah wr & aeqen faaar Hie ae a aifee arrest grant ar oe fetebren aT daar & 19sidra gear aM Hearse Teter [0.62]ro = [0.43574]a arr a mg gear & quite ate sift sraaat & anges apedta oct a frome oy crear sar & fae (204.62],, = [314.47534), 2.4 sisal wear Taft (Hexadecimal Number System) wea dear vafa a quae vei a sim 16 St Apia & og A fea aT eh Be cate HF sist A coer a 16 ae & SN SAH AMT 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 atk ABC0,E Ste F sat & set A ere sae: 10,11,12,13,1/4 aie 15 # acter & | Se wef a ag at dear sede aiet ww saat ga t fr a ote aT A era &] fake sear B | se ane ar aor dex sah aes eter & tar PH sre Hear vate & grat eo 1 wa aah siete dea A ant sf Rea ak dea a a raat #7 Par sae: Ra dear 2.5 atk dd 24 A aang mE BI om 2 |1 | 0 ]-1]-2 wes bRO.E0 fia Wem 2.5- ws stevia Fer atk ant ome wT acer N=5x 16+ Ax 16'+ 0x 16+ Bx 16+ Dx 167 N= 1280 + 160+ 0+ 11/16 + 13/256 = 1440.7383 ...(2.4) we St at Hof ot siseite deat a oe sik saa FAqea aaa dear ar aia afte ear 2.3 A vega fee vee 1 war ote at atet aret wee Hearst ar ea sik gra SAEs aera eT op art WRN Hea 2.3 A vege fear wars 1 20COCHSHCH HCCC EH EHS OOH SHORE OH OB HORE OCEEHS sis ae waged amad Fer | sige Fea Tae Rad BT o @ 20 36 i i ir 17 2 2 12 18 3 3 13 is a 4 a 20 5 5 15 21 6 6 16 22 7 7 a7 23 8 8 18 24 3 $ 19 25 A 10 1A 26 3 Fry 18 27 c 2 1C 28 D 13, 1D 23 E 14 1e 30, F is iF 31, Sew 3k quad deat a, sed arg ag fafesit a, we qat A acer ot weet FI 2.5 fafier aearat a deansit et ve gat A aac (interconversion of Numbers with different Bases ) Feet aff Ramer ar aero ar Pet ster Hea safe A eave aT weRAT | Bae are & sraeamar gat ox feet feds sear arena get a oe at Pet sea dem arenfta ges & oo F oe ST aH F Ser fe se FARM aA s I 2.5.06): Sfasrunt dear st areeérar dear A aqete (Conversion of Binary Numbers into Octal Numbers): eae fae geet earert wear Fateh Ay sear Fy Pach we at one F 1 ug firach aera fig & dat ai & aet A sraarsraar Ht ote & | get Heasit H cher 3 gotten gore art tet oe aemmee eg & ater ste Hera arte aie oR wer aenrera fag a atdt aie eae arte ate H ae 1 a 2 yee ois A oat east at chet ar quite yors get fear orem Fare Fa are Ste TES aaftr saa RAT Here vateret we dada dict a1 ag Tar aR OA WAR ood Bagra reds ss A oe fern ae F 1 AAR sates sie yea sige A ug Trane wat one & PH aera fag & ate sie ate sie aagrHcor Hearse rar sitet & | See 1: [1001], HY Heehta aren wear A aaa |. omg er 44 dee | see wae ay aR od ees ats ae ate Wet 6 ay fear Star S| eH ae aet aH a ee aed dada at a OE aarar Siar & 3k fee et Bay B Heer sera sw A aca Rar oat FI 1001], = [(001)(001)]2 = [11]s BENET 2: (10101.11]. a aed Heat H acs | & ag deat A eae & ed ote aie aaa Hae ah aie F | Ow Qea mec ants sa & ogd sik un ea aaa ule sie & aa ae aT wale fag % det aun % sist Hf Sea at At at Quite qorw wer far sre B See ag geareae eg & ale sie dtatcher sat ar wae aera sa & 3H THe gat aaah ait‘araet areca arent afar & eae eer ser | 1010101.110}, = [(010)(101). (110))]2 = [25.6] 2.5.°@) afesmert eee et wise Wear A eee (Conversion of Binary Numbers into Hexadecimal Numbers): afaament dear a wiser dear A aged & fea a ag eear A Set Fr Seer Prat at Sret | ae Pert cetera fag H ata aie act $1 HHer-aicer ST ont & | sieeamar ost we gay ART are aim h att sik ea ots aT aimed & ot sik & ga sist Hf Fe a 4 a Que qos wen ea oT S wen Ugh aT Sets & aries aie & fad st MH arat & Aiea Sa a era Kya ards 36 & ag Siig ote & 1 are oat Set A oa & wR A afters aT the wag FT arat Tse arent she & ag 4 fw Rar oer 3 | wa ae aI oT sige # ag arate wa ont & Pe ate fig & ate atk cht aie eeyirReT sera set Pear seat FI Barer 1: (111001), ef stser amengt Hear Faget | 22 COS SESH HSH SESH SHEHSEHHSOHEEHHESEEHEHESCCC SHEEH CHE EHEHOH OOH HOHE ROE EEO LES EEOS aioe seagierer-aa sears Tafa & ag tear a 6 fe bi emt wad ag ot a oes Ss RR et H Gea 8 ag fear sar #1 sab ag TIE Atet ar HAR sen HL EL HAG at oer steer arent 346 F Beet ar sre 1 {111001}, = {(0011)(1001)], = [34)}i6 SaETT 2: (10001.101], ar areca sient dear A aah 1 aed A ae oa a Apia qs det sk ats ax uN ach aT BAR wera are & 1 [10001.101}, = [ (0001}(0001). (1010})]2 = [11.Alis 2.6 Geraea dem Ft aeflar AGE eat A saat (Conversion of Decimal Number to a Number of any desired Base} sretapat ast ae aware Tea St ee at attr aerey aret sear scot ot deat Fi sa see & Pa qa dea 4 aifea apie A sense amt aan aon Ft fear drew set ave Sr sich @ star far eerie Heer wt afesnee an aren agitat ft dead a eqat & ara ae | ge aise A ad ow SST FASTA ST BHAT Ft art & df m8 gees dear 1208.734 & He se eraw a7 AiG dear safe A agen 2 1 ued @ ag dear & oe at eae 1208 aT 7 apie A dea A agad & fet sea 7 Fo seeicat Het fear omen & Star fe et aaT TAT e | 1208 4 7-H cect ae sat 1208 + 7 sores 37 a gut ae set 172" = 7 45 0 (Ree) A FT arrre #7 & chet ae srr 247+ 7, 4-1 aT are A 7 A UbT a aT 3 7 35 24a we (amr ft Rear dz) 0 34 3 (era) aI wT a 23gar SR Hears Tefeat Serie amt & Ber 8 fe sist at ore ae at toa A TaN Awerag ered WR Te Sra & A 11208], = (3344), fer a mS hem a ify Hews 0.734 F | oe SA Me HEM Hem A aa & faa aed aang wg fale & aga 7 & scadeee you A far aes wet B yarns | sai 0.734 A 7 a aes ae AT 0.734K7= 5.138 5-1 I HT ie wd Gea A 7 & qed an qT 0.138x7=0966 = 0-2 a aT ach dea % 8B chat ax FM 0.966x7= 6.762 64-3 AN aT AE anit Fear 4 8 8 ate are UM 0.762x 7 = 5.334 5+ -4 ana ac ach tear A 8 & cfadt ae yur 0.334x 7 = 2.338 2+ -5 aR at ate fais am & dict ar dar sak wa sagen fer aie at aT aifea ora ssehrr sunk ar va ara ST wate . 10,734],9 = [0.50652], oa 2 ag deen & quite sik siftie srazat & era aru vel at ora ae are star & fe (1208.734],. = [3344.50652), OR wars ag a at array afeanert a sea cafe Ar de ae PR af qt apis safe fr dea A acer ot Aes | 2.7 BR (Summary) feet oft sear ar oRerer at aaret & fort va dear gale AM seca vec & Sie Pret sf ore sie Bt apis TA HT Wt Heat safe gers oT Ta E110 aT aaie oe wat amg 7g Gama salt waa cafes sik oteite sea oI fea Sar Par Ft ga valet & aad 2 at apie Fred ang ag efasrent cei ap saat after orang gat @ | ge ateare A fae ani ore aie cafe wart Bt fae att ses oa Gat A scot ar ater at acre Tare | 2 COHOSEHESHOHSHSEHSOHSEHSEHESSEHBHEHHHEHSEHOSSE GSSOCHCCHC ECHO ESHO HOOT OE HOSE EE EEE ORE LOS O®S Fe wT aifea Ww 2.1. afte fet 7a ceerea Feast wr cftsment, srechrr ait seer Hemsit F weet: (wy312 (a) 0.986 (71)1235.507 (&) 312 7 gfesmerst wear F age & fet gas wer 2 A Seated aT ST far A oh 1 mg thea H 2 Tuga aT HT 312 + 2 (anes ait ate ar any) 1, \a (aie arfget ait ar ae ) sprnet 4 2 8 gat ae aT 156 + 2) 0 0 (aH) HT BT AE ararpa H 2 8 drat ae ay 78" 2 V1 me ar he aura 72 Baki ax ar 30° 2 “0 2 ae aT ate arre 4 2 Acad art 19+ 2 1-3 a ae amet F 2A os aT 9 2 14a a arree 2 8 oad ae aT 4 2 1 8 A aT ale mene am ar diz arpa #2 a adh a err 1220 0-7 aR at de (apr A far #ap 1 8 (Hecaa) HK aI dle wa seanteat srt-Srer B fae falar ot & diet at spoon we A aa We ora stat & fae [312},9 = [100111000], [312],) # sreedre Fear A ages H fed Ha 2-H aa BH ecicae HVT at fear AY rat & SRY at sara aT I : 25shir seagierraaa searetem valet 312 A 8 a vec a HT 312 + 8 am, ot. amma ASS gala ant 39+ 8 0 O (al Feeia) BR aT Siw arma 48 8 det ae amt 4s 87S 1A aT (art fr fara az) > 2 (FRESH) aR aT Seca HoT Ft feat A Aa set st sere a & sepa feel we TAT aie & fr [312):o = (470]e [312),9 #1 Ver We A age F fad aa vet A axe 16 F Scene TT ofr fear Ht set 312 4 16 & cect ex aT 312 + 16 aerpa AB A eet aT aT | 19 + 16 80 (FARAH) HR aT Ste aed ABS tata at 1 + 16 3-1 I a (amt & fear az) 0 + 2 (Age) St aT Si Seca ae Sr rar & fae sit at seh a & sera feel ay oar ret & Pe (31210 = (138],5 (&) [0.986]; 1 aPrament gear a ace (0.986), 7 afasrert wear A ascent s fa sam wT 2 F seeleae aM FH far 1 ore & 26 CHOOSES SHS HSH ESRSEEHHSEHECHHHEEHOHESSCOSCHSC COSCO HSCHOHC EOF EEC EEC EEE OODLE COOHS ahr saaOeraa Heaaear seferat apRTET arate & ag wea F 2 A geet ae APT 0.986x 2 = 1.972 toa at dic waht tem A 2S eee ay FT 0,972x2= 1.944 Io -2 aR aT ae wat dem A 2 & chet a qo 0.944x2 = Lass 1s -3 a a aie adh dear A 2 & ete ae WT 0.888x 2 = 1.776 1m -4 an aT dle wel Gear A 2 8 atudt |x arr 0.776 x 2 = 1.552 1 -5 a a ae ae fates sue & det ay Rant ae gear oat & [0.986], = [0.11111], FHT [0.986], WM aeedia sunt dea A aqua & fat sei 8 & Seaeey aor shy Her Ht ora F apres = arate & ag dear A 8 a oes aw qo 0.986x8= 7.888 7-1 a aT ae wah ag ceo A 8 8 gee a IPM O.888x8= 7104 7-2 aw ae adh gS dear 4 8 & chatty ay aon 0.104x8= 0832 0+ -3 aR ach gS door A 8S die ae yor 0.832x8= 6656 6-4 TT ah gg them #8 o cud an qT 0.656x8=5.2148 5 -5 I aT ae Fe HoT A RS OT S Are tet Hy vw wre fawa a eM sar & fe (0.986}:q = [077065], Ha A [0.986], FY ssw Wea HF aot & fy swt 16 A seewleee yor & for ort 1 Tp | Hai Qt mg Fea H 16 S Wet AL FM 0.986x 16 = 15.776 15(=F} -1 HL ST i anh gS Gem A 16 8 gat aN TM 0.776x 16 = 12.416 12=C> 2 IR aT anh gS dear H 16 8 stat ae WPT 0.416x 16 = 6.656 «6-3 IR a i adh gS dear F 16S ah ae qo 0.656 16 = 10.496 10(=A)-4 Se aT anh gS Hen F 16 B seat ae UM 0.496 x 16 = 7.936 7 5 HR aT a ced Fr ae aah a & ait at we are afta wa A fea a oe mar & ie [0.886}19 = [0.FC6A7}y5 asare scelrrega Heareaear Tefal (T) 1235.507 at afasment dea A cent & fed see gots ae site oct & ay 2 8 Santee am ott ao FY fer aga wars ag feftrat & sepa A oe F Shar fr set gare aan | ‘Ba 1235 A 2 B yest aN sn 1235 = (arrest sit ait ar ay) aa ot. (rete age ai ar a) Ns no Geen mess aiannel A 2 a dratl ay arr 30: hon met rena st terme at ‘0— 2 ae a aie somes #428 ea ww Soo an at de ama AQT IMT 38+2 4a a ate donna 42 a ordi an at 19+ 2 05 5 at aT te ame A2e wed ae aT 9+ 2 1456 Ha aie anna 42 a alt ae wer 4+ 20 147 aN aT de anna a2 & cadi asrt Fs 2 0-8 ana ae anne 82 8 vane ax aT 1+ 2 0-9 aN a de (art # fear gz) 0 1-10 (EEA) He aT Ale 3a Sete aera 3 faa faite ant & diet st twon vo A Tas oer ore & (1235],9 = [10011010011], 28 POCO OSHS SaOHSSHSEHEESEHEE HEHE SEHSHEHE®SeoeoeoeetCeoeoeveveeoosnteoreensu Pe se e@eaesevses Hebla scare aa seaTa-eeT Teta gets ug at afar oe a amet & ae gee aif ue 0.507 aF efearentt va A acer & fd saat 2 8 seaiteae yor A fear @ AY adh a art aang 7S &: Wasa aie oso7 4 2 8 opal ae Ur 0.507x 2 = 1.014 I> -1 a ar die adh Seat 0.014 F 2 A aRe aR FM 0.014x 2 = 0.028 0+ -2 aR aI dle aut Bea 0.028 A 2 A diet am qo 0.028% 2 = 0.056 O— -3 an a ate act Sem 0.056 42 8 chit aw q- O.056x2=0112 05 -4 ate wl Gear 0.112 A 2 & ofadh ae qT 0.112% 2= 0224 0 -5 AN AT ae ara fafitest sre acl at ftenet oe star aiar 8 10.507}, = (0.10000), gotten atte afer vet a sndact rat & arate & star ara & Pe (1235.507}1q = (10011010011.10000]. 11235.507},) #1 weedta Hear F aaa & fort gee yore sik afte vet ar FeT-HaT ea aT A See TH TY fear ara F | ARAFAT 1235 H 8 @ seerece soy A re A arch FARA gM acre ara 2 1235 7 8 & oeeh a STAT 1235 + 8 (apnea ait six at dey ) a / 8. (Nee ariel ate at ae) sme #8 HT quit a ART 154 + 8 3 0 (TAH) HR aT Ae arm 8 HT dteh ax at 19" 8 Qo 1 ae aT ate arma #8 a uhh an amt 2"= 8 “3 2 a a de (ara & fear dz) 0 2 2 (Ageaa) SIT aT HH Sane amt A far a (Aa sist at sad oe H are fed w oa ara % [1235]4o = [2323], Bers are afer Ye 0.507 Hr aeestey arent oe Ht acest & ford sea 8 a Sener yor AN fear B FH srcfh at set weg aS 8: 29