LEBANON (A Comprehensive study)

Introduction:
Lebanon is a country located in the Middle East on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea.
It is bordered by Syria and Israel. Lebanon's rugged terrain and location at the crossroads of the
Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has helped isolate, protect, and develop
numerous factional groups within the country. It has an area of approximately 10,452 square
kilometers (4,036 square miles). The government system is a republic; the chief of state is the
president, and the head of government is the prime minister. Lebanon is a member of the League
of Arab States (Arab League).
Capital: Beirut (+2 GMT)
Currency: Lebanese pound (LBP)

Languages: Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian

Ethnic group: Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%
Religions: Muslim 59.7% (Shia, Sunni, Druze, Isma'ilite, Alawite or Nusayri), Christian 39%
(Maronite Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Melkite Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Syrian Catholic,
Armenian Catholic, Syrian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Chaldean, Assyrian, Copt, Protestant),
other 1.3% note: 17 religious sects recognized
Population: 5,489,739 (2022)
Independence: November 22, 1943
Flag:

Structure:
Lebanon’s national flag is a rectangle like most flags (there are countries with non-rectangular
flags). It is a typical Spanish fess, a horizontal tri-band flag with the central band bigger than the
other two. The colored stripes come in a ratio of 1:2:1. The biggest stripe is white and is located
in the center of the flag, while the remaining two equal stripes are bright red.

History:
The national flag of Lebanon has been transformed many times over the years. The flag, in its
current form, was adopted at the country’s independence from France in 1943. The flag was
based on a design by Henri Pharaon, a member of the country’s parliament at the time.
Parliament held a meeting on December 7, 1943, shortly before independence, and the flag was
officially adopted during the meeting.
However, since Lebanon existed as a country even before it came under France’s control as a
colony, the country has had several flag designs over the years, with the flag changing based on
the person ruling the affairs of the country at the specific time.

SYMBOLISM:
Every detail present on the Lebanese national flag has a symbolic meaning tied to the country’s
history and identity. The tree at the center of the flag is the Cedrus libani tree, also popularly
called the Lebanese cedar or cedar of Lebanon. It is a species of tree that belongs to the pine
family and has been the national symbol of Lebanon since biblical times.
The bible references the tree 77 times, and most of these references are in a positive light. The
cedar of Lebanon stands for peace, steadiness, and holiness. Some also believe it represents
strength and wealth. The cedar of Lebanon is abundant in the mountains of the country.
The white color represents snow, and it also signifies peace and purity. The placement of the
cedar tree on a white background is a representation of what Lebanese mountains look like
during certain seasons of the year, like with Cedar trees on snow-covered grounds.
Lastly, the red stripes on the flag are a representation of past bloodshed. Several Lebanese lives
were lost in the attempt to keep the country from foreign invasion. The red stripes serve as a
public display of respect and honor for the lost heroes.

Geography and Climate:

Geography:
Lebanon occupies a narrow strip of land along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. Its
neighbors are Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south. Lebanon consists of a narrow
coastal plain and two parallel mountain ranges separated by the fertile Bekaa Valley. The climate
is Mediterranean, with hot summers (average temperature 27°C) and mild, moist winters.
Rainfall is generally adequate (over 750mm except in the east) and the mountains are snow-
capped in winter.

Geographic Location Middle East

Total Area 4,015 Square Mi

10,400 Square Kilometers

Land Area 3,950 Square Mi

10,230 Square Kilometers
Water Area 66 Square Mi
170 Square Kilometers

Land Boundaries 282 Mi

454 Kilometers

Irrigated Land 402 Square Mi

1,040 Square Kilometers

Border Countries Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km

Coastline 140 Mi
225 Kilometers

Geographic Coordinates 33 50 N, 35 50 E

Terrain narrow coastal plain; El Beqaa (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon a

Anti-Lebanon Mountains

Highest Point 3,088 Meters

Highest Point Location Qurnat as Sawda' 3,088 m

Lowest Point Location Mediterranean Sea 0 m

Natural Resources limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit regio
 arable land

Time Zone UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Daylight saving time +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Climate:
Lebanon has a Mediterranean-type climate characterized by hot and dry summers (June to
September) and cool and rainy winters (December to mid-March), with an average annual
temperature of 15˚C. Along the coast, summers are hot and humid with temperatures crossing
35°C in August. But due to the moderating effect of the sea, the daily temperature range is
narrower than it is inland. January is the coldest month, with temperatures around 5 to 10°C. The
mean annual rainfall on the coast ranges between 700 and 1,000 mm. About 70% of the average
rainfall in the country falls between November and March and is concentrated during only a few
days of the rainy season, falling in heavy cloudbursts or violent storms. Precipitation in inland
Lebanon is higher than precipitation along the coast (1,600 mm), with snow in the mountains.

Environment:
Terrain:
narrow coastal plain; El Beqaa (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains
Natural Resources:
limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land
Natural Hazards:
dust storms, sandstorms
Irrigated Land:
402 Square Miles, 1,040 Square Kilometers.
Historical Background:
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years.
Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms, a maritime culture
that flourished for over a thousand years. In 64 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman
Empire, and eventually became one of the Empire's leading centers of Christianity. In the Mount
Lebanon range the Maronite Church was established. Although the Arab Muslims conquered the
region, the Maronites held onto their religion and identity. A new religious group, the Druze,
established themselves in Mount Lebanon, causing a religious divide that has lasted for
centuries. The region eventually was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Following
the collapse of the empire after World War I, the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon
came under the French Mandate of Lebanon. The French expanded the borders of the Mount
Lebanon Governorate, which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze, to include more
Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, establishing confessionalism, a unique,
Consociationalism-type of political system with a power-sharing mechanism based on religious
communities. Foreign troops withdrew completely from Lebanon on 31 December 1946.
Despite its small size, the country has developed a well-known culture and has been highly
influential in the Arab world. Before the Lebanese Civil War in 1975 until 1990, the country
experienced a period of relative calm and renowned prosperity. At the end of the war, there were
extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure.
Major events:
1. Phoenician Civilization: Lebanon was home to the ancient Phoenician civilization,
known for its maritime trade and the invention of the alphabet.
2. Roman and Byzantine Periods: Lebanon was part of the Roman Empire and later the
Byzantine Empire, experiencing cultural and religious influences.
3. Islamic Period: Arab Muslim armies conquered Lebanon in the 7th century, and the
region became an integral part of the Islamic world.
4. Crusader Era: Lebanon saw the presence of Crusader states in the medieval period, with
various battles and shifting control.
5. Ottoman Rule: Lebanon came under Ottoman control in the 16th century and remained
part of the Ottoman Empire for several centuries.
6. Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate: In the 19th century, Mount Lebanon gained a degree of
autonomy within the Ottoman Empire under the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.
7. French Mandate: After World War I, Lebanon and Syria were placed under French
mandate by the League of Nations. Lebanon gained independence in 1943.
8. Civil War (1975-1990): Lebanon endured a devastating civil war marked by sectarian
tensions and foreign interventions. It had a profound impact on the country's social and
political landscape.
9. Israeli Invasions: Lebanon faced Israeli invasions in 1978 and 1982, with long-lasting
consequences and the emergence of Hezbollah as a resistance group.
10. Taif Agreement: The civil war ended with the Taif Agreement in 1989, leading to
political reforms and power-sharing arrangements among religious groups.
Key Figures:
1. Rafik Hariri (1944–2005): A prominent Lebanese businessman and politician, Hariri
served as the Prime Minister of Lebanon multiple times. He played a crucial role in the
country's post-civil war reconstruction. His assassination in 2005 had a profound impact
on Lebanese politics.

2. Bashir Gemayel (1947–1982): A charismatic leader and president-elect, Gemayel

founded the Lebanese Forces, a Christian militia during the Lebanese Civil War. His
assassination, just days before he was set to take office, was a turning point in the
conflict.

3. Walid Jumblatt (b. 1949): A Druze political leader and the head of the Progressive
Socialist Party, Jumblatt has been a key figure in Lebanese politics. He played a role in
the civil war and has been known for his political maneuvering in the post-war era.
4. Michel Aoun (b. 1935): A former Army General and the current President of Lebanon,
Aoun played a significant role in the Lebanese Civil War. After a long period of exile, he
returned to Lebanon and became a prominent political figure, eventually assuming the
presidency in 2016.

5. Hassan Nasrallah (b. 1960): The Secretary-General of Hezbollah, Nasrallah is a key

figure in Lebanese and regional politics. Under his leadership, Hezbollah has become a
powerful political and military force in Lebanon.
 6. Elias Hrawi (1930–2006): Hrawi served as the President of Lebanon from 1989 to 1998,
playing a role in the post-civil war period. He was instrumental in the Taif Agreement
that aimed to bring an end to the conflict.

7. Najib Mikati (b. 1955): A businessman and politician, Mikati has served as the Prime
Minister of Lebanon multiple times, including during challenging periods in the country's
recent history.

Milestones:
1. Independence (1943): Lebanon gained independence from French mandate on
November 22, 1943. This marked a crucial milestone in the country's history, leading to
the establishment of its own government.
2. Civil War (1975-1990): The Lebanese Civil War was a devastating conflict that lasted
for 15 years, fueled by sectarian tensions and external interventions. The Taif Agreement
in 1989, which ended the civil war, was a milestone that reshaped the country's political
landscape.
 3. Taif Agreement (1989): Signed in Taif, Saudi Arabia, the agreement aimed at ending the
civil war and restructuring Lebanon's political system. It called for power-sharing
arrangements among different religious sects, altering the sectarian balance established in
the National Pact of 1943.
4. Syrian Withdrawal (2005): Following the assassination of Prime Minister Rafik Hariri
in 2005, widespread protests, known as the Cedar Revolution, led to international
pressure, and Syria eventually withdrew its military forces from Lebanon. This marked a
significant shift in Lebanese politics.
5. 2006 Lebanon War: The conflict between Hezbollah and Israel in 2006 had a profound
impact on Lebanon, causing significant damage and casualties. The aftermath of the war
influenced political dynamics and increased Hezbollah's influence.
6. Cedar Revolution (2005): Massive demonstrations and protests in the aftermath of Rafik
Hariri's assassination, demanding the withdrawal of Syrian forces and calling for political
reforms, became known as the Cedar Revolution. It symbolized the people's call for
sovereignty and independence.
7. Beirut Explosion (2020): The devastating explosion in the port of Beirut in August 2020,
caused by the detonation of improperly stored ammonium nitrate, led to widespread
destruction, loss of lives, and further exacerbated the economic and political crisis in
Lebanon.
8. Election of Michel Aoun (2016): Michel Aoun, a former military general, was elected as
the President of Lebanon in 2016, ending a prolonged political deadlock and filling a
vacant presidency that had lasted for over two years.

Culture and Society:

The predominant culture is fundamentally conservative and exhibits a great deal of respect for
traditions, drawing on many Arab customs. Long-standing Islamic and Christian traditions
remain deeply ingrained in social norms and expectations. However, many practices and
lifestyles also reflect European influences.

Traditions:
Hospitality: Lebanese people are known for their warm hospitality. Guests are often treated with
great respect and generosity, and it's common for hosts to go to great lengths to ensure their
guests feel welcome.
Dabke Dance: Dabke is a traditional Lebanese folk dance often performed at celebrations and
social gatherings. It involves synchronized stomping, clapping, and line formations, and it
reflects the country's unity and communal spirit.

Religious Diversity: Lebanon is home to various religious communities, including Maronite

Christians, Sunni and Shia Muslims, Druze, and others. The coexistence of these communities
has shaped the country's traditions and celebrations.
Family Values: Family holds a central place in Lebanese culture. Extended families are
common, and gatherings for meals and celebrations are important occasions for reinforcing
familial bonds.
Festivals: Lebanon hosts numerous cultural and religious festivals throughout the year. The
Baalbek International Festival, for example, celebrates music and performing arts at the historic
Baalbek Roman ruins.

Traditional Clothing: Traditional Lebanese clothing varies among religious and regional
communities. In rural areas, you may find people wearing more traditional attire, while in urban
areas, Western-style clothing is common.

Arts and Literature: Lebanon has a

rich literary and artistic tradition.
Renowned poets, writers, and artists
have contributed significantly to the
country's cultural landscape.

Social Norms:
 Objects should be received and
passed with the right hand only
or with both hands together.
  It is best not to cross your legs with your ankle on your knee as it is offensive to point
one's foot at another person.
 Men in Lebanon rarely swear in the presence of women. The Lebanese take pride in their
hospitality.
 A handshake is the normal form of greeting.

Ethnic and linguistics composition:

Lebanon has a heterogeneous society composed of numerous ethnic, religious, and kinship
groups. Long-standing attachments and local communalism antedate the creation of the present
territorial and political entity and continue to survive with remarkable tenacity. Ethnically, the
Lebanese compose a mixture in which Phoenician, Greek, Armenian, and Arab elements are
discernible. Within the larger Lebanese community, ethnic minorities including Armenian and
Kurdish populations are also present. Arabic is the official language, although smaller
proportions of the population are Armenian- or Kurdish-speaking; French and English are also
spoken. Syriac is used in some of the churches of the Maronites (Roman Catholics following an
Eastern rite).

Government and Politics:

Modern Lebanon is a unitary multiparty republic with a parliamentary system of government. Its
constitution, promulgated in 1926 during the French mandate and modified by several
subsequent amendments, provides for a unicameral Chamber of Deputies (renamed the National
Assembly in 1979) elected for a term of four years by universal adult suffrage (women attained
the right to vote and eligibility to run for office in 1953). According to the 1989 Ṭāʾif Accord,
parliamentary seats are apportioned equally between Christian and Muslim groups, thereby
replacing an earlier ratio that had favored Christians. This sectarian distribution is also to be
observed in appointments to public office. The head of state is the president, who is elected by a
two-thirds majority of the National Assembly for a term of six years and is eligible to serve
consecutive terms. By an unwritten convention, the president must be a Maronite Christian, the
premier a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of the National Assembly a Shiaʿi Muslim. The
president, in consultation with the speaker of the National Assembly and the parliamentary
deputies, invites a Sunni Muslim to form a cabinet, and the cabinet members’ portfolios are
organized to reflect the sectarian balance. The cabinet, which holds more executive power than
the president, requires a vote of confidence from the Assembly in order to remain in power. A
vote of no confidence, however, is rarely exercised in practice. A cabinet usually falls because of
internal dissension, societal strife, or pressure exerted by foreign states.

Branches of power:

The Constitution divides the powers of the state among three branches of government— the
legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. Article 16 of the
Constitution originally vested the legislative power in a Parliament composed of two separate
bodies—a Senate and a House of Deputies.

Legislative branch
Name Parliament of Lebanon
Type Unicameral
Meeting place Parliament Building in Beirut
Presiding Officer Nabih Berri, Speaker

Executive branch
Head of State
Title President
Appointer Elected by Parliament
Head of Government
Title Prime Minister
Currently Najib Mikati
Appointer President, on parliament’s advice

Cabinet
Name Council of Ministers
Leader Prime Minister
Appointer the Prime Minister with the President
Judicial branch
Name Judicial branch
Lebanon is a civil law country. Its judicial branch is composed of:

Ordinary Courts:

 One Court of Cassation composed of nine chambers

 Courts of Appeal (in the center of every governorate)
 Courts of First Instance

Special Courts:

 The Constitutional Council (called for in the Taif Agreement) rules on constitutionality of laws
 The Supreme Council hears charges against the president and prime minister as needed.
 A system of military courts that also has jurisdiction over civilians for the crimes of espionage,
treason, and other crimes that are considered to be security-related.

Current political leadership:

The current prime minister is Najib Mikati, having taken office on 10 September 2021.

Party name: Tayyar Al Azm

Country foreign relationship and diplomatic ties

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants is the Lebanese government ministry in charge of
the country's foreign affairs and maintaining relations with its large emigrant communities.
Minister: Abdallah Bou Habib

Foreign relations:
The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population,
and its reliance on commerce and trade. Until 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily
influenced by Syria. The framework for relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon
and Syria signed a treaty of mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Taif Agreement,
which stipulated that "Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from
kinship, history, and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and
cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two countries
within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each." Numerous agreements on
political, economic, and security. After Syria's military withdrawal in 2005, Lebanon's foreign
policy charted a more independent course.
 Africa
Formal
Country Relations Notes
Began
Algeria 1962  Algeria has an embassy in Beirut.
 Lebanon has an embassy in Algiers
Angola 3 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 July 1996[1]

Democratic Republic of June 1972  Lebanon has an embassy in Kinshasa.

Congo  The Democratic Republic of Congo has a consulate in Beirut.

Americas
Formal Relations
Country Notes
Began
Argentina 22 November 1945[31] See Argentina–Lebanon relations

 Argentina has an embassy in Beirut.[32]

 Lebanon has an embassy in Buenos Aires.[33]
 See also Lebanese Argentines.
Belize 29 June 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 2001
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1948.[45]

Colombia 29 October 1948  Colombia has an embassy in Beirut.

 Lebanon has an embassy in Bogotá.
 See Lebanese Colombians

Diplomatic ties:
1. Arab League: Lebanon is a member of the Arab League, an organization of Arab
countries aimed at promoting economic, cultural, and political cooperation. Lebanon's
foreign policy often aligns with the broader positions of the Arab League on regional
issues.
2. United Nations (UN): Lebanon is a member of the United Nations and has been actively
involved in various UN initiatives and peacekeeping missions. The UN Interim Force in
Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been stationed in southern Lebanon since 1978 to maintain peace
and security.
3. Syria: Lebanon shares a complex relationship with Syria due to historical and
geopolitical factors. The two countries have a significant economic and political
interdependence, but their ties have also been strained at times.
 4. Iran: Lebanon has maintained close ties with Iran, particularly through the influence of
Hezbollah, a Shiite political and military organization. Iran provides political and
financial support to Hezbollah, which plays a significant role in Lebanese politics.
5. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries: Lebanon has economic ties with the Gulf
countries, and many Lebanese nationals work in the Gulf. However, political differences,
especially related to Hezbollah's activities, have strained relations with some GCC
nations.
6. France: Lebanon has historical ties with France, as evidenced by the French Mandate
period. France has been involved in diplomatic efforts to stabilize Lebanon and has
supported initiatives for political and economic reforms.
7. United States: The United States has provided both political and financial support to
Lebanon over the years. However, diplomatic relations have been influenced by issues
such as Hezbollah's activities and regional geopolitical dynamics.
8. European Union (EU): Lebanon has close ties with the European Union, which provides
economic assistance and supports various projects in the country. The EU has been
actively involved in efforts to address political and economic challenges in Lebanon.
9. Russia: Lebanon has maintained diplomatic ties with Russia, and the two countries have
engaged in dialogue on various regional issues. Russia has expressed interest in
contributing to the stabilization of Lebanon.
10. Israel: Lebanon and Israel do not have diplomatic relations, and the two countries remain
in a state of conflict. The border between Lebanon and Israel has been a source of
tension, and the situation is closely monitored by the United Nations.
Lebanon's diplomatic landscape is dynamic, reflecting the complex geopolitical realities of the
region. The country navigates a delicate balance in its relationships with various nations to
address internal challenges and contribute to regional stability.

Economy and Industries:

GDP:
The GDP value of Lebanon represents 0.01 percent of the world economy. GDP in Lebanon is
expected to reach 23.13 USD Billion by the end of 2023, according to Trading Economics global
macro models and analysts’ expectations.
GDP per Capita:
The GDP per Capita in Lebanon is equivalent to 48 percent of the world's average. GDP per
Capita in Lebanon is expected to reach 6107.00 USD by the end of 2023, according to Trading
Economics global macro models and analysts’ expectations.

Industries:
Leading industries in Lebanon include the manufacture of food products, cement, bricks, and
ceramics, wood and wood products, and textiles. Out of manufacturing tourism is also the
sector, agricultural sector, Many of the country’s industries were harmed by the civil war, and its
effects on the textile industry were especially severe. Although some of the country’s large
complexes were unharmed, Beirut’s industrial belt was razed; in addition, Israel’s occupation of
the Lebanese south led to an influx of Israeli goods that also harmed Lebanese industries.

Economic Indicators:
GDP in Lebanon is expected to reach 23.13 USD Billion by the end of 2023, according to
Trading Economics global macro models and analysts’ expectations. In the long-term, the
Lebanon GDP is projected to trend around 23.82 USD Billion in 2024 and 24.66 USD Billion in
2025, according to our econometric models. GDP per Capita PPP in Lebanon is expected to
reach 12987.00 USD by the end of 2023, according to Trading Economics global macro models
and analysts’ expectations. According to the Central Administration of Statistics (CAS), the
Consumer Price Index (CPI), representing the evolution of goods and services' prices consumed
by households, revealed that Lebanon's inflation rate registered another high level of 229.85%.
In 2023, the merchandise imports in Lebanon are forecast to amount to €9.63bn. The exports of
merchandise in Lebanon are expected to be €3.26bn in 2023. The trade of merchandise in
Lebanon is expected to be €12.90bn in 2023. The trade of merchandise in Lebanon is expected to
be 85.83% of GDP in 2023.

Key exports:
Lebanon mainly exports precious stones, metals, electrical equipment, chemical products,
food and beverages, and paper. Lebanon's main exports partners are South Africa, Switzerland,
Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq and Belgium.

Economic challenges:
 Lebanon has been facing a range of economic challenges, with several factors
contributing to its economic woes. One of the primary issues is the country's high level of
public debt, which has reached unsustainable levels. Political instability and a lack of
 effective governance have hindered the implementation of necessary reforms to address
this issue.
 The country also grapples with a high unemployment rate, particularly among the youth.
This situation is exacerbated by a sluggish economy and a lack of job opportunities.
Additionally, Lebanon has been dealing with the impact of the Syrian refugee crisis,
placing further strain on its resources and infrastructure.
 The financial sector in Lebanon has faced significant challenges, including a banking
crisis that led to restrictions on withdrawals and a depreciation of the Lebanese pound.
The reliance on remittances from the large Lebanese diaspora has also been affected,
impacting the country's foreign exchange reserves.
 Moreover, the country has struggled with an energy crisis, experiencing power shortages
and relying on expensive generators. This not only adds to the cost of living for citizens
but also hampers the business environment.
 Lebanon recorded the second worst food price inflation in the world in June 2023, with a
nominal food price inflation rate of 280 percent (YoY)

Economic opportunities:
1. Diversification of Sectors: Lebanon has the potential to diversify its economy by
developing sectors beyond traditional areas like finance and tourism. Investing in
technology, renewable energy, and other emerging industries could stimulate economic
growth.
2. Human Capital: The country has a well-educated and skilled workforce, including a
sizable diaspora with expertise in various fields. Fostering entrepreneurship and
innovation could harness this human capital for economic development.
3. Tourism Potential: Lebanon boasts a rich cultural heritage, historical sites, and natural
beauty, making it a potential tourist destination. A well-managed tourism industry could
generate revenue and create jobs.
4. Renewable Energy: Given its abundant sunshine, Lebanon has the potential to invest in
renewable energy sources such as solar power. This not only addresses the energy crisis
but also opens up opportunities for sustainable development.
5. Strategic Location: Lebanon's strategic location in the Middle East provides it with the
opportunity to become a regional trade and business hub. Strengthening trade ties and
improving infrastructure could enhance its role in the region.
6. Agriculture and Agribusiness: The country has fertile land and a favorable climate for
agriculture. Investing in modern agricultural practices and agribusiness could boost both
domestic and export-oriented agriculture.
 7. Financial Services: Despite challenges, Lebanon has historically been a financial center
in the region. If stability is restored and reforms implemented, there is potential for the
financial sector to recover and contribute to economic growth.

Tourism and Attractions:

Popular tourist destination;
Lebanon is home to the greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Middle
East. Historical sites are to be found everywhere around the country. Its great cities of
History, like Byblos, Baalbek, Tyre and Anjar are world famous and have been attracting
visitors for centuries. Besides its Historical treasures Lebanon also features beautiful
coasts and mountains. No wonder That Lebanon was called the land of Milk and Honey
and Beirut is called The Paris of the Middle East.
Qadisha Valley:
Kadisha Valley, also romanized as the Qadisha Valley and also known as the Kadisha Gorge or
Wadi Kadisha, is a gorge that lies within the Bsharri and Zgharta Districts of the North
Governorate of Lebanon. The valley was carved by the Kadisha River, also known as the Nahr
Abu Ali when it reaches Tripoli. Kadisha means "Holy" in Aramaic, and the valley is sometimes
called the Holy Valley. It has sheltered Christian monastic communities for many centuries. The
valley is located at the foot of Mount al-Makmal in northern Lebanon.
Location: North Governorate, Lebanon.

Cedars of God:
The Cedars of God, located in the Kadisha Valley of Bsharre, Lebanon, are one of the last
vestiges of the extensive forests of the Lebanon cedar that thrived across Mount Lebanon in
antiquity.
Location: The Kadisha Valley of Bsharre, Lebanon.
The National Museum of Beirut:
The National Museum of Beirut (Matḥaf Bayrūt al-waṭanī) is the principal museum of
archaeology in Lebanon. The collection begun after World War I, and the museum was officially
opened in 1942. The museum has collections totaling about 100,000 objects, most of which are
antiquities and medieval finds from excavations undertaken by the Directorate General of
Antiquities.
During the 1975 Lebanese Civil War, the museum stood on the front line that separated the
warring factions. The museum's Egyptian Revival building and its collection suffered extensive
damage in the war, but most of the artifacts were saved by last-minute preemptive measures.
Byblos Castle:
Byblos Castle is a Crusader castle in Byblos, Lebanon. In Crusader times it was known as the
Castle of Gibelet, also spelled Giblet, which belonged to the Genoese Embriaco family, Lords of
the city. Wikipedia
Address: 4J9W+WHP, Byblos, Lebanon.

Zaitunay Bay:
Zaitunay Bay, or Bayfront Promenade, is one of the most popular areas for visitors. This area
offers a variety of attractions, including waterfront restaurants, cafes, bars, and shops. In addition
to its stunning views of the Mediterranean, Zaitunay Bay is also home to some of Beirut's most
iconic landmarks.

Location: Beirut Marina, Beirut, Lebanon.

Our Lady of Lebanon:
The Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon (also known as Our Lady of Harissa, Sayyidat Lubnān) is a
Marian shrine and a pilgrimage site in the village of Harissa in Lebanon.
The shrine belongs to the Maronite Patriarchate who entrusted its administration to the
Congregation of Maronite Lebanese Missionaries since its foundation in 1904 and also to the
Jesuit Lucien Cattin, according to Christian Taoutel (Lebanese historian from the Saint Joseph
University). It is one of the most important shrines in the world honoring Mary, Mother of Jesus.
The shrine is highlighted by a huge, 15-ton bronze statue. It is 8.5 m high, and has a diameter of
five meters. The Virgin Mary stretches her hands towards Beirut.
The Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon draws millions of faithful both Christians and Muslims from
all over the world. The 50th jubilee in 1954 was also the hundredth anniversary of the
establishment of the Catholic dogma of the Immaculate Conception. During these celebrations,
Pope Pius XII sent his representative, Cardinal Angelo Roncalli (later to become Pope John
XXIII) to Lebanon. Pope John Paul II visited Our Lady of Lebanon in 1997

Lebanon tourism industries:

The tourism industry in Lebanon has been historically important to the local economy and
remains to this day to be a major source of revenue for Lebanon.
Before the Lebanese Civil War, Beirut was widely regarded as "The Paris of the Middle East,"
often cited as a financial and business hub where visitors could experience the Levantine
Mediterranean culture, cuisine, history, archaeology, and architecture of Lebanon.
From Stone Age settlements to Phoenician city-states, from Roman temples to rock-cut
Hermitages, from Crusader Castles to Mamluk mosques and Ottoman hammams, the country's
historical and archaeological sites are displayed all across the country reflecting ancient and
modern world history.
Lebanon has a long-standing history of cultural tourism. Interest in the Lebanese Levantine
culture was stirred following the visits of many European orientalists, scholars and poets
particularly Alphonse de Lamartine, Ernest Renan and Victor Guérin. Lebanon's diverse
atmosphere and ancient history make it an important destination which is slowly rebuilding itself
after continued turmoil.

Education and Healthcare systems:

Primary Education
At between age 3 and 4 Lebanese children enter primary school for 6 years. This time is divided
equally between elementary and more advanced cycles 1 and 2. Gross enrolment is around 95%
for both sexes.
Middle Education
The following three years are spent at intermediate level equivalent to middle school. By this
time more that 10% of primary pupils will have dropped out.
Secondary Education
Secondary education is three years education, the first year is common for all students, and the
second year is either scientific or literature whereas the third year composes of (humanities,
economics, life sciences, general sciences) and technical education (about 55 different fields of
study).

Vocational Education
After secondary school students with technical baccalaureates may proceed to technical or
vocational institutes. Alternatively, they are already qualified to enter employment, and perhaps
attend several shorter training courses later on too.
Tertiary Education
Lebanese tertiary education institutions comprise universities, university colleges and university
institutes where gross enrollment approaches 50% of potential. The only public facility is the
Lebanese University. Academic standards are high although local job opportunities are relatively
few. For this reason Lebanon continues to lose many of its brightest children. The American
University of Beirut is Lebanon's oldest, founded in 1866.
Resources:
Republic of Lebanon Ministry of Education & Higher Education

Educational institution:

Date Official registration

Institute name Acronym Website
founded notes

Phoenicia University PU 2015 pu.edu.lb Yes

Matn University College of

MUC 2014 muc.edu.lb Yes
Technology

Lebanese University UL 1951 ul.edu.lb Yes

American University of
AUB 1866 aub.edu.lb Yes
Beirut

Université La Sagesse ULS 1875 uls.edu.lb Yes

Saint Joseph University of

USJ 1875 usj.edu.lb Yes
Beirut

Lebanese American
LAU 1924 lau.edu.lb Yes
University
 Date Official registration
Institute name Acronym Website
founded notes

Académie Libanaise des

ALBA 1
1937 alba.edu Yes 1

Beaux-Arts 1

Middle East University MEU 1939 meu.edu.lb Yes

Université Saint-Esprit de
USEK 1950 usek.edu.lb Yes
Kaslik

Haigazian University HU 1955 haigazian.edu.lb Yes

Beirut Arab University BAU 1960 bau.edu.lb Yes

Healthcare system:
Lebanon’s health system is being reshaped by the ongoing economic and social crisis in the
country. After years of prioritization of hospitals and tertiary care, it seems a re-evaluation of the
importance of primary health care is in order.
Within the Arab world and for various decades, Lebanon had a distinguished reputation for its
healthcare system, which provided a broad range of medical services, mostly private, with
numerous amenities. The Lebanese healthcare culture emphasized tertiary care: even a simple
case of vomiting would receive immediate attention in the emergency department, with a
gastroenterologist present. On the other hand, primary care facilities were overlooked and were
deemed to be “medicine of the poor.” This perception has changed following the socio-economic
crisis of 2019.
Since then, Lebanon has been grappling with a severe economic crisis compounded by political
instability, corruption, and economic mismanagement. The crisis has resulted in a plummeting
currency, high inflation, and shortages of essential commodities such as fuel, medicine, and food,
leading to significant hardships for the Lebanese people. Moreover, the crisis has adversely
affected the population’s health, with healthcare services facing critical shortages of supplies,
equipment, and personnel.

A scarcity of health resources:

Before the crisis, Lebanon’s healthcare system was a hybrid model, with public funds covering a
substantial portion of healthcare costs in private institutions. The National Social Security Fund
(NSSF) covered most of Lebanon’s working force for private medical consultation, medication
purchasing, diagnostic procedures, and hospitalizations. Rather than strengthening public
hospitals, the Lebanese healthcare system empowered private hospitals by covering 80 to 90% of
a patient’s bill through the NSSF. Over time, private hospitals flourished, and public hospitals
faced budgetary constraints, staff shortages, and neglect.

Healthcare facilities:
Clemenceau Medical Center (CMC)
Alaa-El-Dine Hospital
Al-Zahraa Hospital University Medical Center
Al-Rasoul Al-Aazam Hospital
Al-Hanan Hospital

Literacy rate:
Lebanon Adult Literacy Rate is at 95.30%, compared to 95.07% last year. This is higher than the
long term average of 92.79%
Cuisine and Food:
Traditional food:

Tabbouleh – Parsley Bulgur Salad:

abbouleh (or tabouli, taboulah) refers to a Levantine salad of finely chopped parsley mixed with
mint, tomatoes, onions, bulgur, olive oil, and lemon juice. Originally from the mountains of
Lebanon and Syria, it’s become one of the most popular salads in Middle Eastern cuisine.
Like hummus and baba ganoush, tabbouleh is often served as part of mezze platters. It’s widely
consumed throughout the region and is one of the most well-known Arabic dishes outside of the
Middle East. In Lebanon, it’s considered by many to be a national dish.

Baba Ganoush:
Baba ganoush (or baba ghanouj) is another Lebanese dip that’s popular throughout the Middle
East and beyond. It consists of mashed cooked eggplant mixed with tahini, garlic, lemon juice,
olive oil, and different seasonings. Like hummus, it’s typically served as part of a mezze platter
with pita bread or as a side dish to larger meals. Baba ganoush has a wonderful smokey flavor
derived from roasted eggplant. To prepare, the eggplant is broiled or roasted over an open flame
before being peeled and blended together with the rest of the ingredients. When eating Lebanese
food, you may come across another dip called moutabal. I used to think that moutabal and baba
ganoush were completely different dishes but they’re both made from roasted eggplant.
Moutabal is basically the spicier version of baba ganoush, made with the addition of
pomegranate (anar) seeds.
The name baba ghanoush literally means “spoiled daddy” or “pampered daddy”, though it’s
unclear whether this refers to the eggplant itself or an actual person indulged by the dish.

Fattoush:
Fattoush refers to a Levantine salad made with fried pieces of khubz (Arabic bread) – usually
leftover scraps of pita – mixed with different types of greens and other vegetables. It’s a type of
fatteh (or fatta) dish – a family of Middle Eastern dishes made with leftover pita and other
ingredients that are repurposed to create a new meal.
Fattoush is said to have originated in northern Lebanon. Farmers would fry leftover pita scraps in
olive oil and mix them with whatever vegetables and herbs were available. For that reason,
fattoush recipes vary but the salad can be made with whatever vegetables are in season
Falafel:
Falafel refers to a Middle Eastern dish of deep-fried balls or patties made from ground chickpeas
(or fava beans), herbs, and spices. Popular throughout the Middle East, they can be enjoyed on
their own, as part of mezze platters, or served in pita sandwiches with salad, pickled vegetables,
and tahini-based sauces.
Falafel is believed to have been invented in Egypt, as a replacement for meat during times of
fasting. It’s a common street food dish and sometimes part of meals that breaks the daily fast
during Ramadan (iftar). It’s so popular in Egypt that you can enjoy a McFalafel for breakfast at
any McDonald’s in the country. Egyptian falafel is made strictly with fava beans while falafel in
Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, and Israel is usually made with chickpeas.
Warak Enab:
Warak enab means “grape leaves” in Arabic and refers to the Lebanese version of dolma (or
sarma) – a family of dishes popular in Greece, Georgia, Turkey, and Armenia and in many other
countries throughout the Levant, the Balkans, the South Caucasus, and Central Asia.
Warak enab consists of brined grape leaves wrapped around a filling made with short-grain rice,
garlic, onion, parsley, and spices like Lebanese seven spice and cinnamon. They can be
vegetarian or mixed with a ground meat filling like beef or lamb. Often served as part of mezze
platters, vegetarian warak enab are commonly eaten cold while versions made with meat are
served hot.

Cuisine:
 Bamya bel lahmeh (okra and lamb stew) adds small sautéed pieces of filleted lamb

 Yakhnet sabanikh is a spinach stew

 Hummus is a popular dip for pita bread made of blended chickpeas, sesame tahini,
lemon juice, and garlic.

 Balila is a simple yet popular chickpea dish that has been boiled along with lemon juice,
garlic and various spices.
  Fried aubergine is served alongside other fried vegetables including potatoes,
cauliflower, courgettes (zucchinis), onions and tomatoes, usually referred to as a "mixed
fry up".

Eating habits:
Lebanon is a highly urbanized Mediterranean country, characterized by its healthy traditional
cuisine. With some exceptions related to sugar, sweeteners, and cereals, Lebanese food
consumption is comparable with many northern Mediterranean countries. It is a collection of
minimally processed vegetarian recipes, in addition to an abundance of fruits, vegetables,
cereals, legumes, and nuts. Olive oil is the principle fat used, replacing other sources, in addition
to many other ingredients including wild edible plants, lemon, garlic and mint.

With modernization and development, consumer tastes and demands have had implications on
the traditional Lebanese foods and dietary habits. Some changes occurred to the ingredients used
and to the percent contribution of macronutrients to energy intake. Recent studies on food
consumption patterns of the Lebanese young and adult population showed a shift in the food
consumed toward increased intake of fat, milk, and animal protein and decreased intake of whole
wheat bread and cereals. It seems that the Lebanese Mediterranean diet is converging with a
pattern high in saturated fat, sugar, and refined foods and is low in fiber. Such a Westernized
dietary pattern is associated with the increased risk of non-communicable diseases such as
obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension.
Although the present Lebanese dietary habit has retained many of its Mediterranean
characteristics, however, a duality is appearing between modernization and the strong adherence
to culture and tradition.

Current events and Challenges:

Current events:
 Family, including three children, killed by Israeli attack in south Lebanon: An
Israeli air attack in south Lebanon has killed four civilians – three children and their
grandmother – raising the likelihood of a dangerous new escalation in the conflict on the
Lebanon-Israel border.

 Thousands rally in Beirut to watch Hezbollah chief Nasrallah’s speech

Tens of thousands of people gathered in Lebanon’s capital, Beirut, on Friday to watch the
widely anticipated televised address of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who spoke for
the first time since the Israel-Hamas war broke out.

 Protests in Lebanon express frustration at international support for Israel

Hundreds of protesters chanted and waved flags outside the French embassy in Beirut on
Tuesday, denouncing Western support for the Israeli military’s ongoing bombardment of
Gaza. “How are foreign governments with Israel?” said Hassan Badr, 60, who lives in the
Palestinian refugee camp Burj el-Barajneh in Beirut. “They are killing kids in front of the
world. They should be supporting the Palestinians, not Israel.
 Lebanon’s inflation rate is worse than Zimbabwe’s and Venezuela’s
Lebanon’s annual rate of inflation has risen to the highest of all countries tracked by
Bloomberg, surpassing Zimbabwe and Venezuela, as the financial meltdown in the
Middle East nation worsens.
The consumer price index rose 137.8% from a year earlier in August, compared with
123.4% in July, according to the Lebanon Central Administration of Statistics. Consumer
prices rose 10.25% from a month earlier while food prices rose 20.82%.

 Heat, drought, fires threaten Lebanon's northern forests

Heat waves, low rainfall and the threat of wildfires are compounding the woes of people
in the forested north of Lebanon, a country where economic pain has long taken
prominence over environmental concerns. After a blistering and dry summer, residents of
the mountainous Akkar region near the Syrian border are voicing fears about climate
change and water scarcity.
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