Bier @ |
4
- ” CHAPTER 4
THE LIFE 2
OF JOSE RIZAL
biography narrates how a person has lived during a certain
Period of time. It presents not only the life of an individual
‘and how he/she has influenced the society but also how an
individual and his/her ideas have been shaped by historical events,
José Rizal lived in the nineteenth century, a period in Philippine history
when changes in Public consciousness were already being felt and
Progressive ideas were being realized. Studying Rizal's biography,
therefore, will lead to a better understanding of how Rizal devoted his
life in shaping the Filipino character. This chapter will cover Rizal's life
and how he became an important hero of the Philippines.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
' A. discuss about Rizal’s family, childhood, and early education;
describe people and events that influenced Rizal's early life;
4
A explain Rizal's growth as a propagandist; and
A identify the factors that led to Rizal's execution.THE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL 41
Mette Lad
Chinese mestizo — a person of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry
principolia — the ruling and usually educated upper class in Spanish
colonial Philippines
Bochiller en Artes — Bachelor of Arts degree bestowed by colleges or
universities
Spanish Cortes.— Spain's lawmaking or legislative body
ilustrado — a term which literally means “enlightened ones” or the
Filipinos educated in Europe
Masonry — fraternal organization which strives for moral betterment pA
Rizal’s Family
José Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in the town of
Calamba, province of Laguna. Calamba, then a town with
around three to four thousand inhabitants, is located 54
kilometers south of Manila. It is found in the heart of a region
known for its agricultural prosperity and is among the major
producers of sugar and rice, with an abundant variety of tropical
fruits. On the southern part of the town lies the majestic Mount
Makiling, and on the other side is the lake called Laguna de Bay.
The wonders of creation that surrounded Rizal made him love
nature from an early age. His student memoirs show how his
love of nature influenced his appreciation of the arts and sciences
(Coates, 1992).
Rizal’s father, Francisco Mercado, was a wealthy farmer
who leased lands from the Dominican friars. Francisco’s
earliest ancestors were Siang-co and Zun-nio, who later gave
birth to Lam-co. Lam-co is said to have come from the district
of Fujian in southern China and migrated to the Philippines in
the late 1600s. In 1697, he was baptized in Binondo, adopting
“Domingo” as his first name. He married Ines de la Rosa ofa42 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
in Binondo. Domingo and Ines
later settled in the estate of San Isidro Labrador, owned by
the Dominicans. In 1731, they had a son whom they named
Francisco Mercado. The surname “Mercado,” which means
“market,” was a common surname adopted by many Chinese
merchants at that time (Reyno, 2012).
Francisco Mercado became one of the richest in Bifian and
owned the largest herd of carabaos. He was also active in local
politics and was elected as capitan del pueblo in 1783. He had
a son named Juan Mercado who was also elected as capitan del
pueblo in 1808, 1813, and 1823
Mercado married Cirila Alejandra,
g Francisco Engracio, the father
Narciso Claveria’s decree in
dopt Spanish surnames,
urname “Rizal,” from
as he later settled in
known entrepreneurial family
(Reyno, 2012).
Juan a native of Biiian.
They had 13 children, includin;
of José Rizal. Following Governor
1849 which ordered the Filipinos to a
Francisco Engracio Mercado added the s
the word “ricial” meaning “green field,”
the town of Calamba as a farmer growing sugar cane, rice, and
indigo.
Being in a privileged family, Francisco Engracio (1818-1898)
had a good education that started in a Latin school in Bifian.
Afterwards, he attended the College of San Jose in Manila. In
1848, Francisco married Teodora Alonso (1826-1911) who
belonged to one of the wealthiest families in Manila. Teodora,
whose father was a member of the Spanish Cortes, was educated
at the College of Sta. Rosa. Rizal described her as “a woman of
more than ordinary culture” and that she is “a mathematician
and has read many books” (Letter to Blumentritt, November 8,
1888). Because of Francisco and Teodora’s industry and
hardwork, their family became a prominent member of the
principalia class in the town of Calamba. Their house was among
the first concrete houses to be built in the town. Rafael Palma
(1949, p. 1), one of the first biographers of José Rizal, described
the family’s house:4 gee.
, i ae nto ate was made
if 1 the roof, which was of red
“the buildings in Mona at that ae
selected the hardest woods from the forest and had ther
__ sawed; it took him more than two years to construct t
~ house. At the back there was an azotea and a wide, d
cistern to hold rain water for home use.
a ih i oo sind) le sek liven
José Rizal (1861-1896) is the seventh among the eleven
children of Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso. The other
children were: Saturnina (1850-1913); Paciano (1851-1930);
Narcisa (1852-1939); Olimpia (1855-1887); Lucia (1857-
1919); Maria (1859-1945); Concepcion (1862-1865); Josefa
(1865-1945); Trinidad (1868-1951); and Soledad (1870-1929).
Rizal was affectionate to all his siblings. However, his
relation with his only brother, Paciano, was more than that of an
older brother. Paciano became Rizal’s second father. Rizal highly
respected him and valued all his advice. It was Paciano who
accompanied Rizal when he first went to school in Bifian. It was
also him who convinced Rizal to pursue his studies in Europe.
Like Rizal, Paciano had his college education in Manila but later
decided to join the Katipunan and fight for independence. After
the revolution, Paciano retired to his home in Los Bafios and led
a quiet life until his death in 1930.
Childhood and Early Education
Rizal had good memories of childhood in Calamba. As a
family, they prayed together during the Angelus. There were
times when they would stay in the garden exchanging stories. It
was in this garden where he learned to appreciate nature. Rizal’s
childhood was full of love and care shown to him by his parentsRIZAL
44. THE LIFE AND WORKS oF Jose
al had a personal servant
him legends and fairy
terested in myths and
0 his poor health, Riz:
and siblings. Due Me ‘angels, ‘vould tell
frer the dai : ;
wen These stories made him become 17
folklores. «atelligence and learned
As a young boy, Rizal demonstra dora eho taught him
easily. His first teacher 0 oats eet eee
how to pray. Hs oe he already showed a great interest
alphabet heoke He enjoyed staying in their library at home
ee Eventually, Dofia Teodora would notice Rizals
skills in poetry. She would ask him to write verses. Later, she felt
the need for a private tutor for the young Rizal.
Just like the other children from the principalia class, Rizal
experienced education under private tutors. His first private
tutor was Maestro Celestino followed by Maestro Lucas Padua.
But it was Leon Monroy, his third tutor, who honed his skills
in basic Latin, reading, and writing. This home education from
private tutors prepared Rizal to formal schooling which he first
experienced in Bifian.
At the age of nine, Rizal left Calamba with his brother to
study in Bifian. After one-and-a-half hour of travel, they reached
the town on board a carromata. They went to the house of their
aunt where Rizal stayed for more than a year. Before leaving
his brother, Paciano introduced Rizal to the teacher, Justiniano
Aquino Cruz, who was also Paciano’s former teacher. ,
/ The class, as described by Rizal (P. Jacinto. 1879), was ina
nipa house, about thirty meters away from his Bined house
pa ss Rizal would wake up early and either hear mass at
our o'clock in the morning or study his lesson fj d
mass after. After returning home, he would take b: Seas
to class from which he would come out at ten 0’ i ey
then again go to school at two o'clock and come ce ei te
at five. He
would pray with his cousin ix and th
S at si hi
before going nt and then study for a while
}
|THE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL 45
In Bifian, he excelled in Latin and Spanish. He also had
painting lessons under Maestro Cruz’ father-in-law, Juancho, an
old painter. Rizal’s leisure hours were mostly spent in Juancho’s
studio where he was given free lessons in painting and drawing.
After receiving a letter from his sister, Saturnina, Rizal
returned to Calamba on December 17, 1870 after one-and-
a-half year of schooling in Bifian. He went home on board the
steamship Talim and was accompanied by Arturo Camps, a
Frenchman and friend of his father (P. Jacinto, 1879).
Student of Manila
Rizal was sent by his father to Ateneo Municipal, formerly
known as Escuela Pia, for a six-year program, Bachiller en
Artes. He took the entrance exam on June 10, 1872, four
months after the execution of Gomburza. He followed the advice
of his brother, Paciano, to use the name José Rizal instead of
Jose Mercado. He feared that Rizal might run into trouble if it
was known openly that they were brothers since Paciano was
known to have links to Jose Burgos, one of the leaders of the
secularization movement and one of three priests executed.
During this time, Ateneo Municipal was known to offer the
best education for boys. Like all colleges in Manila, Ateneo was
managed by priests, but with an important difference in the sense
that these religious were not friars but Jesuit Fathers. Students
in Ateneo were required to attend masses in the morning before
the start of classes. Ateneo was also known for its rigid discipline
and religious instruction that trained students’ character.
Ateneo were divided into two groups, the
Students in
e was
Romans and the Carthaginians. The Roman Empire
arding at Ateneo while the Carthaginian
f non-boarding students. This grouping
he spirit of competition among
composed of students bo
Empire was composed o
was done to stimulate ¢46 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF Jose RIZAL
al lagged behind his classmates but
‘ i dies, he becam;
of his perseverance and seriousness in stucies, ne
aes emperon? & title given to the most a student in
class, in just a month’s time (Zaide & Zaide, .
Rizal studied at Ateneo from 1872-1877. In those years, he
consistently showed excellence in his academic - ore, He
passed the oral examination on March 14, 1877 and graduated
with a degree Bachiller en Artes, with the highest honors.
After finishing Bachiller en Artes, Rizal was sent by Don
Francisco to the University of Santo Tomas. Initially, Dofia
Teodora opposed the idea for fear of what had happened to
Gomburza. Despite this, Rizal still pursued university education
and enrolled in UST. During his freshman year (1877-1878), he
attended the course Philosophy and Letters. Also in the same
year, he took up a vocational course in Ateneo that gave him the
title perito agrimensor (expert surveyor) issued on November 25,
1881.
the students. At the start, Riz
In his second year at UST, Rizal shifted his course to
Medicine. He felt the need to take up this course after learning
about his mother’s failing eyesight.
Rizal’ . :
seth zal ae performance in UST was not as impressive
at
ae un teneo. He was a good student in Medicine but not as
i ¢ was in Arts and Letters. Despite this, he was still one
of the seven students who remained in :
at UST out of the original batch of twenty-four (Jose, 2011)
5 * :
In 1882, Rizal and Paciano made a secret pact i
80 to Europe to complete his medical studi "how eaten
himself for the great task of .
tyranny.
the course in his last year
Ss there and prepare
liberat;
iberating the country from Spanish
Rizal in Europe
On May 3, 1882, Rizal left the Phil
‘ . ippi . F
first trip abroad, Rizal was very excit Ppines for Spain. In his
ed to learn new things.THE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL 47
He was only twenty years old and as a young man, he was very
observant and eager to interact with foreign nationals. He made
sketches of his fellow passengers and of the things that he saw
during his travels.
Rizal reached Barcelona on June 16, 1882. He arrived during
the summer vacation so he was able to meet up with former
classmates in Ateneo. These classmates organized a welcome
party for Rizal at a coffee house in Plaza de Cataluiia. They
toured Rizal around the city and brought him to the famous
historical sites in Barcelona. In this city, Rizal found time to write
an essay entitled “El Amor Patrio” (Love of Country). This essay
was published on August 20, 1882 in Diariong Tagalog where he
used the pen name Laong Laan.
After the summer vacation, Rizal decided to move to
Madrid where he enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and
Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid (presently the
Universidad Complutense de Madrid) on November 3, 1882.
He also took lessons in painting and sculpture at the Academia
de San Fernando, and classes in French, English, and German
at the Madrid Ateneo. Not content with these activities, he still
managed to enroll in fencing class at the schools of Sanz and
Carbonell. In January of 1883, Rizal wrote to his family and
informed them that: “I am now studying Italian and have made
a bet that I shall be able to speak it in two months” (Guerrero,
2010).
Rizal was awarded with the degree and title of Licentiate in
Medicine for passing the medical examinations in June 1884.
With this title, Rizal was able to practice medicine. He continued
enrolling in courses that would have led to a Doctorate in
Medicine but the degree was not given to him because he failed
to pay the fee required to defend his thesis. It is important to
note that at this time, Rizal was already feeling the effect of
the difficult economic situation in Calamba. His family faced
financial problems brought about by low crop production
because of drought and locusts aggravated by the hike in renta48 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAE
nicans. Consequently, there wer,
: he Domi
on the haciendas by the Do from the Philippines.
delays in his monthly allowance
Rizal also took examinations in Greek, Latin, and worlg
history. He won the the first prize in Greek and a grade Be
“excellent” in history. He also obtained the degree Licenciado en
Filosofia y Letras (Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters) from the
Universidad Central de Madrid on June 19, 1885 with a rating of
sobresaliente.
In between his studies, Rizal made time for meeting fellow
s in Madrid. Known as ilustrados, these Filipinos
he Circulo Hispano-Filipino which
h activities like poetry-reading and
d poet, Rizal was asked to write
(They Ask Me for
Filipino:
(enlightened ones) formed tl
held informal programs wit
debates. As a prolific writer an
a poem. Asa result, he wrote Mi Piden Versos
Verses).
In one of the Filipino reunions at the house of Pedro Paterno
in Madrid on January 2, 1884, Rizal proposed the writing of
a novel about the Philippine society. The group approved the
project but this plan did not materialize. His fellow Filipinos who
agreed to help him did not write anything so he drafted the novel
alone. It was in Madrid that he was able to write the first half of
his novel, Noli Me Tangere.
While in Madrid, Rizal was exposed to liberal ideas through
the masons that he met. He was impressed with the masons’
view about knowledge and reasoning and how they value
brotherhood. He joined the Masonry and became a Master
Mason at the Lodge Solidaridad on November 15, 1890.
Filipinos in Madrid occasionally visited Don Pablo Ortiga
y Rey, the former city mayor of Manila under the term of
Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre. Rizal joined his
fellow Filipinos at Don Pablo’s house where he met and became
attracted to Consuelo, Don Pablo’s daughter. However, Rizal did
not pursue her because of his commitment to Leonor Rivera His
friend, Eduardo de Lete, was also in love with Consuelo but didTHE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL 49
not want to ruin their friendship. In 1883, Rizal wrote a poem
for Consuelo entitled A Sefiorita C. O. y R.
Rizal specialized in ophthalmology and trained under the
leading ophthalmologists in Europe like Dr. Louis de Weckert
of Paris for whom he worked as an assistant from October
1885 to March 1886. In Germany, he also worked with expert
ophthalmologists Dr. Javier Galezowsky and Dr. Otto Becker in
Heidelberg in 1886 and Dr. R. Schulzer and Dr. Schwiegger in
1887 (De Viana, 2011).
During his stay in Germany, Rizal befriended different
scholars like Fredrich Ratzel, a German historian. Through
his friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal was also able to meet
Feodor Jagor and Hans Virchow, anthropologists who were
doing studies on Philippine culture. Rizal mastered the German
language and wrote a paper entitled Tagalische Verkunst
(Tagalog Metrical Art). He also translated Schiller’s William Tell
into Tagalog in 1886. It was also in Berlin where he finished
Noli Me Tangere which was published on March 21, 1887 with
financial help from his friend Maximo Viola.
After five years in Europe, Rizal went home to Calamba on
August 8, 1887. He spent time with the members of his family
who were delighted to see him again. He also kept himself busy
by opening a medical clinic and curing the sick. He came to be
known as Doctor Uliman as he was mistaken for a German. His
vacation, however, was cut short because he was targeted by
the friars who were portrayed negatively in his novel Noli Me
Tangere. He left the country for the second time on February 16,
1888.
Rizal’s Second Trip to Europe
Rizal became more active in the
dos like Marcelo H.
Mariano Ponce,
In his second trip,
Propaganda Movement with fellow ilustra
del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna,50 THE Lire AND WORKS OF Cw
ra. The Propaganda Movement
as: (1) for the Philippines to j,
tive Filipinos would hay,
(2) representation of the
and (3) secularization of
and Trinidad Pardo de Tave
campaigned for reforms such eo
made a province of Spain so pat
equal rights accorded to a
Philippines in the Spanis! 5
parishes.
Rizal became preoce
which were published in t
upied with writing articles and essay,
he Propaganda Movement’s newspaper,
La Solidaridad. Among his intellectual works in Europe is his
ae f Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipings
11890) in which Rizal showed that even before the coming of the
Spaniards, the Filipinos already had a leveloped culture. He also
wrote an essay entitled “Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos»
(On the Indolence of the Filipinos) pu lished in 1890 in which
he attributed the Filipinos’ “indolence” to different factors such
as climate and social disorders. Another essay he wrote strongly
called for reforms; it was called “Filipinas Dentro de Cien Afios”
(The Philippines a Century Hence) published in parts from 1889
to 1890.
By July 1891, while in Brussels, Rizal completed his second
novel, El Filibusterismo, which was published on September 18,
1891 through the help of his friend, Valentin Ventura. Compared
with his Noli, Rizal’s El Fili was more radical with its narrative
portrayed of a society on the verge of a revolution.
In 1892, Rizal decided to return to the Philippines thinking
that the real struggle was in his homeland. In spite of warnings
and his family’s disapproval, Rizal arrived in the Philippines
on June 26, 1892, Immediately, he visited his friends in Central
Luzon and encouraged them to join the La Liga Filipina,
a socio-civic organization that Rizal established on July 3, 1892.
Unfortunately, just a few days after the Liga’s formation, Rizal
was arrested and brought to Fort Santiago on July 6 1892, He
was charged with bringing with him ,
entitled Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars),
Dominican friars and their accumulat
from Hong Kong leaflets
a satire against the rich
ion of wealth which wasTHE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL 51
against their vow of poverty. In spite of his protests and denial of
having those materials, Rizal was exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao
Exile in Dapitan
Rizal arrived in Dapitan on board the steamer Cebu on July
17, 1892. Dapitan (now a city within Zamboanga del Norte) was
a remote town in Mindanao which served as a politico-military
outpost of the Spaniards in the Philippines. It was headed by
Captain Ricardo Carnicero, who became a friend of Rizal during
his exile. He gave Rizal the permission to explore the place and
required him to report once a week in his office.
The quiet place of Dapitan became Rizal’s home from
1892 to 1896. Here, he practiced medicine, pursued scientific
studies, and continued his artistic pursuits in sculpture, painting,
sketching, and writing poetry. He established a school for boys
and promoted community development projects. He also found
time to study the Malayan language and other Philippine
languages. He engaged himself in farming and commerce and
even invented a wooden machine for making bricks.
On September 21, 1892, Rizal won the second prize in a
lottery together with Ricardo Carnicero and another Spaniard.
His share amounted to 6,200 pesos. A portion of Rizal’s
purchasing land approximately one
na place known as Talisay. He
f Talisay as well as a school and
winnings was used in
kilometer away from Dapitan i
built his house on the seashore o
a hospital within the area.
In his letter to Blumentritt
described his daily activities in Dapitan:
live here. I have a square
nd another octagonal—
d nipa. In the square
ew and I live,
e boys whom
(December 19, 1893), Rizal
Lam going to tell you how we
house, another hexagonal, a
all made of bamboo, wood an
er Trinidad, a neP
my mother, sist
1 my boys live—som
In the octagona52 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
1 teach arithmetic, Spanish and English—and now
and then a patient who has been operated on. In the
hexagonal are my chickens. From my house I hear the
murmur of a crystalline rivulet that comes from the high
rocks. I see the beach, the sea where I have two small
crafts—two canoes or barotos, as they call them here, |
have many fruit trees—mangoes, lanzones, guyabanos,
baluno, nangka, etc. I have rabbits, dogs, cats, etc. I get
up early—at 5:00. I visit my fields, I feed the chickens,
I wake up my folks, and start them moving. At 7:30
we take breakfast—tea, pastry, cheese, sweets, etc,
Afterwards I treat my poor patients who come to my
land. I dress and go to the town in my baroto, I treat
the people there and I return at 12:00 and take lunch.
Afterwards, I teach the boys until 4:00 and I spend
the afternoon farming. I spend the evening reading and
studying.
Relative to Rizal’s project to improve and beautify Dapitan,
he made a big relief map of Mindanao in the plaza and used it
to teach geography. With this map, which still exists today, he
discussed to the town people the position of Dapitan in relation
to other places of Mindanao. Assisted by his pupils, Rizal also
constructed a water system to supply the town with water for
drinking and irrigation. He also helped the people in putting up
lampposts at every corner of the town.
Having heard of Rizal’s fame as an ophthalmologist, George
Taufer who was suffering from an eye ailment traveled from
Hong Kong to Dapitan. He was accompanied by his adopted
daughter, Josephine Bracken, who eventually fell in love
with Rizal. They lived as husband and wife in Rizal’s octagonal
house after being denied the sacrament of marriage by Father
Obach, the parish priest of Dapitan, due to Rizal’s refusal t0
retract his statements against the Church and to accept other
conditions.
ee keTHE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL 53
On the eve of June 21, 1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited Rizal
in Dapitan and informed him about the founding of Katipunan
and the planned revolution. Rizal objected to it, citing the
importance of a well-planned movement with sufficient arms.
Meanwhile, Rizal had been sending letters to then Governor-
General Ramon Blanco. Twice he sent letters, one in 1894 and
another in 1895. He asked for a review of his case. He said
that if his request would not be granted, he would volunteer to
serve as a surgeon under the Spanish army fighting in the Cuban
revolution.
On July 30, 1896, Rizal’s request to go to Cuba was
approved. The next day, he left for Manila on board the steamer
Espana. And on September 3, 1896, he boarded the steamer Isla
de Panay which would bring him to Barcelona. Upon arriving at
the fort, however, Governor-General Despujol told him that there
was an order to ship him back to Manila. On November 3, 1896,
Rizal arrived in Manila and was immediately brought to Fort
Santiago.
Trial and Execution
The preliminary investigation of Rizal’s case began on
November 20, 1896. He was accused of being the main organizer
of the revolution by having proliferated the ideas of rebellion
and of founding illegal organizations. Rizal pleaded not guilty
festo appealing to the revolutionaries
lawyer, Lt. Luis Taviel de
However, on December 26,
ad. José Rizal was
and even wrote a mani
to discontinue the uprising. Rizal’s
Andrade, tried his best to save Rizal.
1896, the trial ended and the sentence was re
found guilty and sentenced to death by firing squad. na
On December 28, 1896, Governor-Genera, heal ec
Polavieja signed the court decision. He ee eee ; al
executed by firing squad at 7:00 a.m. of Dece .ON
54 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
Rizal, on his last remaining days, composed his longest
poem, Mi Ultimo Adios, which was about his farewell to the
Filipino people. When his mother and sisters visited him on
December 29, 1896, Rizal gave away his remaining possessions,
He handed his gas lamp to his sistet Trinidad and murmured
softly in English, “There is something inside.” Eventually, Trining
and her sister Maria would extract from the lamp the copy of
Rizal’s last poem.
At 6:30 in the morning of December 30, 1896, Rizal, in black
suit with his arms tied behind his back, walked to Bagumbayan.
The orders were given and shots were fired. Consummatum est!
(“It is finished!”) Rizal died offering his life for his country and
its freedom.
Chapter Questions
Briefly answer the following:
1. Describe the background of Rizal’s ancestry that might
have contributed to his life and education.
2. Compare the experiences of Rizal as a student in Ateneo
Municipal, UST, and in Madrid.