Q1- Explain whether the phrases below are True or False and

correct the phrase

1- Baffles are used in heat exchangers to reduce the heat transfer rate by
reduce the fluid velocity in the shell F to increase the heat transfer rate
by increase the fluid velocity in the shell

2- Direct-contact heat exchangers cannot be applied to reactor off-gas

quenching. F., can be applied

3-Fired heaters furnaces and boilers: indirectly heated by the products of

combustions of a fuel. F, directly heated by the products of
combustions of a fuel

4-1Gasketed-plate heat exchangers temperature can work till 600 C. F,

Low approach temperature can be used as 1 C.

5-shell and tube heat exchanger type U bundle is cheaper than floating
head. T

6-In direct-contact heat exchangers the hot and cold streams are brought
into contact with a separating wall. F without

7-The space between the jacket and the vessel wall typically a range
from 1000 mm to 5000 mm . F from 50 to 300 mm

8-Tubes in Exchangers Tube used 7-15 in recommended 7 in. F

9-Gasketed-Plate Heat Exchangers are Suitable for highly viscous

materials. F

9-Fired heaters furnaces They are constructed either rectangular or

cylindrical steel chamber lined with refractory bricks. T

10- In direct-contact heat exchangers the heat transfer coefficient rate is

low. F is High rates
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11- temperature approach in shell and tube exchangers are between 5-10
°C. T

12- In U-tubes bundle heat exchanger the fluid in tube must be relatively
clean. T

13-Thermosyphon re-boilers are suitable for high viscosity fluids or high

vacuum operation. F not suitable

14-The spacing between trays will selected depend on the column height
and operating conditions. T

15-The flooding condition fixes the upper limit of liquid velocity. F

vapor velocity

16-The apron is usually horizontal but may be sloped. F vertical

17-Valve tray have a positive liquid seal and can therefore operate
efficiently at very low vapor rates.

18-It is easier to make provision for the withdrawal of side streams from
plate columns. T

19- Pall ring are less costly per unit volume than raschig ring or saddles.
F reshing ring

20-In a cross-flow plate, the liquid flows across the plate and the vapor
up through the plate. T

21-A pool of liquid is retained on the plate by an outlet downcomer. F

outlet weir
22-In Valve tray Moveable valve large-diameter holes covered by
movable flaps, which lift as the liquid flow increases. F the vapor flow

23- Packings with a regular geometry: rings, saddles, and proprietary

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shapes, which are dumped into the column and take up a random
arrangement. F Random packing

Q2- Fill the blank with proper phrases

1-For economic reason " Ft " must be not Less than 0.75

2-Gasketed-Plate Heat Exchangers Disadvantages:

-The limitation of pressure not exceeds 30 bar
-The selection of suitable gasket is critical.

3-There are two sources for pressure drop in tube Side

- friction loss in the tubes.
- loss due to sudden contraction and expansion flow
reversal in the headers.

4-A- Fixed tube shell advantages are

- Simple, cheap.
- May be used for high pressure.

5- Tube Thickness Depends on internal and external

pressure and corrosion allowance

6-Air cooled exchangers(forced draft) Advantage

- Easier access for maintenance.
- Reduce power requirements.
- In winter air recirculation will may offset the effect of

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lower ambient temperature.
- Less expensive than induced draft.

7-Shell and tube Exchangers Fixed tube shell

Disadvantages:
- Difficult to cleaning.
- No provision of thermal expansion so the limiting
temperature differences 80 C
8-Gasketed-plate heat exchangers pressure are limited to -
30 atm

9-Fired heaters furnaces are constructed either

rectangular or cylindrical steel chamber lined with
refractory bricks

10-The assumption used for mean temperature difference

• It is only applicable to sensible heat transfer in co-

current or counter current flow.
• Linear temp – enthalpy curve.
• Heat capacities & both stream are constant.
• There is on phase change.
• There is no heat losses

11-Jacket selection factors:-

-Cost
- heat transfer rate required
- Pressure
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12- The vapor passes up ward through openings in each
plate and contacts the liquid flowing downward across the
plate

13-Multiple-pass plates are used for high liquid flow rates

and large diameter columns.

14- The sieve plate is the simplest type of cross-flow plate

The vapor passes up through perforations in the plate, and
the liquid is retained on the plate by the vapor flow.

15- Valve plates are mainly two types:

- Fixed valve
- Moveable valve
are more suitable for handling foaming systems.

16-In Packed Bed liquid distribution An ideal distributor

possesses the following attributes

• Uniform liquid distribution

• Proper operation through its turn-down range
• Low vapor phase pressure drop
• Resistance to plugging or fouling
• Minimal liquid residence time

17- Reverse flow plates are used for low liquid flow rates,
the plate is divided by a low central partition, and inlet
and outlet downcomers are on the Same side the plate.
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18- vapor velocity is needed for high plate efficiencies,
and the velocity will normally be between 70% to 90% of
that which would cause flooding

19- In bubble-cap plates, the vapor passes up through

short Pipes, called risers, covered by a cap with a serrated
Edge, or slots

20-Weir Liquid Crest is The height of the liquid crest over

the weir

21- Selection of Plate Type based on

-Cost
-Capacity
-Efficiency
-Pressure drop

22- Types of Packing

- Packings with a regular geometry
- Random packings

23-The choice of material will depend on

-The nature of the fluids
-The operating temperature.

24-There are six major reasons to split a packed bed and

redistribute the liquid:
• Feed introduction
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• Product side draw
• High theoretical stage count
• Desire to cross-mix the liquid
• Liquid maldistribution
• Physical weight of the packed bed

25-The principal requirements of a packing are that it

should:
-Provide a large surface area:
-a high interfacial area between the gas and liquid.
-Have an open structure: low resistance to gas flow.
-Promote uniform liquid distribution on the packing
surface.
-Promote uniform vapor or gas flow across the column
cross- section.

26-These quantities into an actual design the following

factors should be considered
(a) The type of plate or tray.
(b) The vapour velocity
(c) The plate spacing,

27-Factors determining column performance

The main features are:
(a) Liquid and vapour velocities.
(b) Physical properties of the liquid and vapour.
(c) Extent of entrainment of liquid by rising vapour
streams.
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(d) The hydraulics of the flow of liquid and vapour across
and through the tray

28- The from the Binary Vapor –Liquid Equilibrium by

the McCabe–Thiele method Find
• R min , & R operating
• Minimum No of stages
• Theoretical No. of Stages
• Actual No. of Stages

29- The portion of the tower above the feed is called the
rectifying or enrichment section. and The portion of the
tower below the feed is called stripping section

Q3\Numerate the types of heat transfer equipments and

discus two in details

1-Double pipe exchangers

2- Air Cooled Exchangers
3- Direct-Contact Heat Exchangers
4- Shell and tube Exchangers
5- Plate Heat Exchangers
6 – Fired heaters furnaces and boilers
7- Heat transfer to vessels

30-Types of Shell and Tubes:

A- Fixed tube shell (TEMA type BEM)
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B-U-tubes U bundle (TEMA type BEU)
C- Floating Head:
-Internal floating head
-External floating head

31-The bundle diameter depends on outside diameter and

number of tubes