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    17 views18 pages

    Reading 1.3

    Uploaded by

    Augusto Feliciano Santos
    woeful 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    1.5 VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 1.3 Understanding Vocabulary in Context Q Focus Read the following passage and answer the question: ‘A 1625 map of North America drawn by Henry Briges is one of the most notorious maps in the history of North American cartography. It was the first printed map to show California as an island. Briggs based his map on information from the 1602 Spanish expedition to the West Coast in search of a safe haven for the Spanish colonial fleets. Briggs also wrote a treatise based on the Spanish account, in which he described California as a “goodly islande.” The map and treatise initiated one of the most famous and persistent of all cartographical misconceptions, and California was still being depicted as an island in atlases issued in Amsterdam as late as the 1790s. What is cartography ? geography exploration printing ‘mapmaking Look at the word cartography in the passage. What other words in the passage help you understand the ‘meaning of this word? Some possible clues are map, dravm, history of, and printed map. These clues will help you see that the correct answer is mapmaking. Now answer another question: The word depicted in the passage is closest in meaning to promised drawn developed sought ‘Some clues to the meaning of depicted are: _-the first printed map to show California as an island, (California was still being depicted as an island in atlases... In the passage, depicted means shown or drawn. Therefore, the correct answer is drawn. Cr) Devtw’s Key 10 THe TOEFL iBT® 1.3. VOCABULARY IN CONTE er Rs) STUDY } 1. Vocabulary in Context TOEFL questions about vocabulary in context look like this: The word/phrase___in the passage is closest in meaning to ‘The word/phrase ___in the passage means __ What is__9 Jn stating that____ Paragraph the author means that ____ 2. Context Clues EO.indetstand the meaning of a word in context, you ean use different types of context clues: your Trawledge of structure, punctuation, and the meaning of other mane in the same sentence or paragraph, {nthe reading tht you doin the real world there may not be comes clues to help you. However, sometimes you can guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word by using your overall understanding of the ‘ideas in a passage as well as your common sense, ‘Structural elues are one type of context clue. Structural clues are words, phrases, or sentence structures | that point tothe relationships among the pars ofa sentence These clues help you understand the t ‘meaning of an unfamiliar word by showing how the word relates to ats atts of the sentence. ; 3. Clue: Be j Example Explanation i A Supernova is a massive star that undergoes a The meaning of supernova is given by the Sraviatonal collapse, then a gigantic explosion, information shes he an is. A supernova is a blasting away the outer layers into space ‘massive star that collapses and then explodes. : ‘Sometimes one goal or another has to come The meaning of priorities is given by the i first; deciding which goals are most important information before the verb is, Priorities are 4s setting priorities, ‘the most important goals 4. Clue: Or 1 Example Explanation i Jeng nelination or tlt of the earth's axis with The meaning of inclination is given by the respect to the sun determines the seasons information after the conjunction or. Inclination ‘means til. A skyscraper, or building more than twenty The meaning of skyscraper is given by the 4 Sct hgh. is built on a foundation of concrete information ier Conjunction or. A sieiseraper ‘ Supported by piles driven into the ground, isa building more than twenty stories high. | Compete Skit Practice 69 Nidv 1.3 VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 5. Clue: Appositive Example ‘Thermal power stations are designed to pass as ‘much energy as possible from the fuel to the turbines, machines whose blades are turned by the movement of the steam. 6. Clue: Adjective Clause or Phrase Example The sun crosses the equator twice a year at the equinoxes, when day and night are nearly equal in length Prescribed fire, ignited by forest rangers under controlled conditions to restore balance in the forest, is a safe way to mimic natural fire conditions. ‘The radiating surface of the sun is called the photosphere, and just above it is the chromosphere, which is visible to the naked eye only during total solar eclipses, appearing then to be a pinkish-violet layer. 7. Clue: List or Series Example Because of their similar teeth, seals and walruses are believed to have evolved from the same ancestral groups as the weasels, badgers, and other mustelids, If someone is said to have “a chip on his shoulder,” he is angry, pugnacious, sullen, and looking for trouble. 70 Detra’s Key 10 tHe TOEFL iBT® Explanation ‘The meaning of turbines is given by the appositive, the noun phrase after the comma, Turbines are machines with blades that are turned by the movement of the steam. Explanation ‘The meaning of equinoxes is given in the adjective clause beginning with when. Equinoxes are times when day and night are nearly equal in length. ‘The meaning of prescribed is given in the adjective phrase beginning with ignited. Preseribed describes something done under controlled conditions to restore balance. ‘The meaning of chromosphere is given in the adjective clause beginning with which and in the adjective phrase beginning with appearing. The chromosphere is a pinkish-violet layer that is visible to the naked eye only during total solar eclipses, Explanation Items in a list or series are related in some way. The meaning of mustelids is suggested by the other words in the list: weasels, badgers, and other. Mustelids are animals like weasels and badgers. ‘The meaning of pugnacious is suggested by the other words and phrases in the list: angry, sullen, and looking for trouble. Pugnacious ‘means inclined to fight. i Hi 8. Clue: Example for example for instance Example Several personnel managers complain about the lag of business colleges in eliminating obsolete skills. For instance, shorthand is still taught in many secretarial programs although it is rarely used. Intangible assets, such as a company’s recognized name and its goodwill, are neither Physical nor finaneial in nature. 9, Clue: Contrast alternatively different but however conversely in contrast despite in spite of Example ‘Twilight rays are nearly parallel, but because of the observer's perspective, they appear to diverge, Songbirds are early risers and remain active throughout the day, except during the warmest hours in summer. Owls, on the other hand, are primarily nocturnal. Unlike sun pillars, which are caused by reflection of light, ares and haloes are caused by refraction of light through ice erystals, 1.3 VOCABULARY IN Context like such as Explanation ‘The meaning of obsolete is given by the information after for instance. Shorthand is an example of an obsolete skill. Obsolete describes something that is no longer useful ‘The meaning of intangible assets is given by the information after such as. A company's name and goodwill are examples of intangible assets. More information is provided after the verb are. Intangible assets are not physical and not financial instead rather nevertheless unlike on the contrary whereas on the other hand while Explanation The meaning of diverge is given by but and Parallel. From this, you know that diverge is different from parallel ‘The meaning of nocturnal is given by on the other hand and active throughout the day. From this, you know that nocturnal is different from active throughout the day. Nocturnal means active at night, ‘The meaning of refraction is given by unlike and reflection. From this, you know that refraction is different from reflection. Compete SKILL PRACTICE ONIdvay 1.5 VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 10. Punctuation Clues Punctuation clues are another type of context clue that can help you understand the meaning of unfamiliar words. Punctuation marks often show that one word identifies, renames, or defines another ol Explanation word. comma 5 parentheses dash ~ quotation marks colon brackets Example Crepuscular rays—alternating bright and dark rays in the sky—appear to radiate from the sun. Virtually every community college now offers ‘contract education: short-term programs, ranging from a few hours to several days, for employees of specific companies, which pay a share of the cost. Folate supplementation before and during pregnancy can prevent certain defects of the ‘brain and spine, such as anacephaly (absence of 1a major part of the brain). 11. Key Words The meaning of crepuscular rays is given by the information between the dashes. Crepuscular rays are alternating bright and dark rays in the sky. ‘The meaning of contract education is given by the information after the colon, Contract education is short-term programs for employees of specific companies. The meaning of anacephaly is given by the information inside the parentheses. Anacephaly is absence of a major part of the brain, Key words in a sentence or passage can be context clues, Use the meanings of key words and your ‘understanding of the sentence or paragraph as a whole to help you guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word. Example Accessories add interest to a room. They can accent or highlight an area and give a room beauty and personality. Light output, measured in humens, depends on the amount of electricity used by a bulb. Explanation ‘The meaning of accessories is suggested by ‘other words in the sentence: interest, accent, highlight, beauty, and personality. From these key words, you know that accessories are things ‘that improve a room. ‘The meaning of lumens is suggested by other words in the sentence: light oufput, measured, and electricity. From these key words, you know that a fumen is a uit of measurement of light output. Detta’s Key 10 THE TOEFL IBT® | a 13 VOCABULARY IN Covreye 12. Word Parts Hond parts can help you understand the meaning of unfamiliar words, Many English words are mage HBO Pats of older English, Greek, and Latin words. Ifyou know the meanings of word pare’ You Will hhave a general understanding of some unfamiliar words, especially in context sre ae three types of word pars: press, stems, and suffixes. A refi is a word beginning. A prefix eet ang meaning ofa word. A stem is the basic, underlying form of a word. Groups of wore tea has the same stem are relted in meaning. A suffi isa word ending. A suffix affets the fares ofa word, for example, making it a noun or a verb. ra} = Prefix Stem Sutfix Word is] con feder ate confederate re intro due tion introduction fo) syn chron ize synchronize Study the following lists of common prefixes and stems. Can you add any more examples? Prefix Meaning Examples ab away, from abolish, abnormal, abstract ad— to, toward advance, admire, adhere anti against antiwar, antipathy, antibiotic auto self, same autobiography, autoimmune bbene-, bon 00d benefit, benevolence, bonus bi- two bilingual, binary, bilateral com com-, con with, together cooperate, compose, convene contra, counter against contrary, contradict, counteract de— down, from, away descend, derive, dehydration ia through, across dialogue, diagram, diagonal dis not, take away disease, disability, disappear ec, ex out emigrate, ecstasy, export fore— front, before forehead, forecast, foreshadow in, im— in, into, on invade, immigrate, impose in-,im- il, ir not inequality, illegal, irational inter between international, intersect intro-, intra within, inside introspection, intravenous micro~ small microchip, microscope mis bad, wrong risprint, misunderstand ‘mono— one ‘monopoly, monotonous ‘multi many multiply, multinational b=, op-, of- against, facing object, opposite, offend out beyond outlive, outnumber, outspend over- too much overbearing, overcompensate para beside, alongside parallel, paraphrase, paragraph post after Postwar, posterior, postpone pre~ before prepare, prevent, preview ro~ forward Process, promote, produce te back, again return, replay, reunite se- apart, aside separate, secede, segregate ComPtete SKILL PRACTICE rd 1.3. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 4 Prefix sub-, sup-, sus syn, sym-, sy tele trans un— Stem -bio~ cap cay ~cede-, -ceed-, -cess— ~chron— ~ered— die, —diet— ~dorm- ~duc-, —duct- -fact-, —feet— =graph-, ~gram— shydro— -log-, -ology- Jum-, “lus: nov ~phon-, -son— -polis-, polit =pon-, —pos— -port ~teet- -serib-, -seript- -secut-, —sequ- ~spec-, -spect- struct ~therm— ‘Meaning below, under, after with, together far, distant across not one Mea life head, chief 20, move time believe say, speak sleep lead make, do ‘rust, faith, bend earth write, draw water word, study light hand send move death new sound city put, place carry right, straight write follow look at, see, observe build heat come true alive, life call, voice Examples subsidize, support, suspend synthesis, symbol, syllabus telephone, telepathy translate, transmit, transaction ‘unable, unreal, unreasonable unit, uniform, universe Examples biology, biodiversity, antibiotic captain, capital, decapitate concede, proceed, success chronicle, anachronism credit, incredible, creed dictator, predict, jurisdiction dormant, dormitory duet, introduce, reduction factory, manufacture, effect confidence, federation deflect, reflect, flexible geology, geothermal graphic, photography, grammar hydroelectric, dehydrate logic, catalog, psychology translucent, illuminate, luster ‘manual, manager, manuscript transmit, omit, mission automobile, emotion, remove ‘mortality, immortal, mortify novice, innovation, renovate microphone, supersonic ‘metropolis, polities, police postpone, position, deposit portable, reporter, import correct, rectangle, rectify describe, script, inscription consecutive, sequence spectator, spectacle, inspector structure, instruct, destructive thermometer, hypothermia convention, intervene verify, conversation, universal video, visit, invisible vivid, revive, vitamin vocal, vocabulary, revoke Deura’s Key 10 THe TOEFL iBT® en 1.3 VOCABULARY IN Context 13. Sample Questions efae a ‘The Medium of Watercolor ‘The Word luminosity inthe passage is Watercolor is by reputation an amatour's but closeat in meaning is realy avituoso's medium. The watercolors of Cézanne shew how inflected dabs and ea ‘Otay broken weshes of color can anfuly set up a fn Sveony structure, Watereior isthe most ight-filed A at ll ways of painting eu hs luminosity Pa Qooor depends on the white of the paper shining a Odrighiness through thin washes of pigment a ‘The mobilty, quickness, and transperency of watercolor make it an ides! means of catching the eneraios of both nature and the city, Watoroolor allows for chance. Watercolor paintings of seas, skies, and forests are full of chance blats and free merging of color. On the other hand, watercolor is prone to disaster, because one slip of the brush can {umm a flowering meadow into a mud puddle, ‘The medium demands an exacting precision of ‘the hand, and an eye that can quick translate ‘solid into fli The correct answer is brightness. Some context clues in the sentence are light-filled and shining. Also, luminosity contains the stem —lum-, which means light. Tevoraeyintmomagt | _watrawayeoanin nr onre mean a een ae octasraeetoriatacre Q wetness

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