Behind The Glitters of Gold: Traversing The Lives of Young Drudgers in Mt. Diwata

BEHIND THE GLITTERS OF GOLD: TRAVERSING
THE LIVES OF YOUNG DRUDGERS

IN MT. DIWATA
PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

Volume: 14
Pages: 1098-1121
Document ID: 2023PEMJ1320
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10068750
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-3-11
Psych Educ, 2023, 14: 1098-1121, Document ID:2023 PEMJ1320, doi:10.5281/zenodo.10068750, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article
Behind the Glitters of Gold: Traversing the Lives of

Young Drudgers in Mt. Diwata
Rhyan Mike R. Bacaro*, Aileen J. Sinang
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
The study aimed to explore the struggles, coping mechanisms, and insights of the young miners
working in small-scale mining areas. A qualitative through phenomenological approach was
employed to describe how the young miners experienced the phenomenon. The use of in-depth
interviews and focus group discussions enabled the researcher to unveil the sentiments of young
miners. It was revealed in this study the young miners were engaged in mining activities because of
the scarcity in basic needs. Participants express that they have undergone several struggles in their
workplace, these include hazardous work environment, psychological struggles, and physical health
problems. To endure those struggles, the participants expressed physiological readiness, practice
safety precautions, divine providence and positive outlook, and motivational coping. The insights
that were revealed are education as hope, valuing financial management, and necessitating
government assistance. Accompanying the opportunities driven by involvement in mining activities
are the struggles they have to endure. It is recommended in this study that there should be
comprehensive programs to support the educational and economic needs of the young miners. They
deserve a better environment where they can realize their potential.
Keywords: behind the glitters of gold, phenomenology, young miners in mt. diwata, Philippines
Introduction to be widely recognized as an activity that is

"motivated by poverty." Similarly, due to the
In searching for the dust of gold, many lives were increasing number of dropouts in schools (Jonah &
gambled, some were intrinsically forced into life- Abebe, 2018), young people abandoned their
threatening jobs, unsure if they could come out alive, classrooms and became full-time laborers in illegal
and exposed to deadly chemicals just to address their mining (Annan, 2015, as cited in Ghanney et al.,
necessities. As emphasized by Mellejor (2019), 70% 2020).
of the total 10,400 in Mt. Diwata are dependent on
mining activity. The presence of mining operations With the goal of educating students to create a better
provides means for youth employability. The monetary future, inspiring students to develop their talents to
benefits attract the youth, including students, to engage meet future needs, and emphasizing the function and
in this hazardous form of labor (Ghanney, Dughan, & significance of youth education in creating a better
Bentil, 2020). Despite its advantages, the potential society (Guwahati, 2022). Therefore, it is necessary to
risks of their involvement in mining areas include explore the lives of youth engaged in this hazardous
health issues caused by exposure to hazardous fo rm of l a b o r to co m e up wi th th e b est
chemicals and dust inhalation. In addition, these young recommendations that could uplift them from their
miners are motivated to work to help their parents harmful environment. Further, Osei (2017) suggested
address their basic needs. Kasongo, 2021). Others that relevant policies must be implemented. First, it is
refused to attend school because, for them, "food must important to take advantage of measures that support
come before education." adolescent employment alternatives other than those in
agriculture and ASM. Second, in order to draw young
Moreover, a study conducted in Ghana concluded that people to alternative career sectors, youth perspectives
the lack of job opportunities in some areas led to the and interests should be taken into account while
engagement of youth in mining operations (Holmes et establishing employment initiatives. Lastly, a
al., 2022). Meanwhile, Osei (2017) emphasized that comprehensive strategy for reducing poverty is
Sub-Saharan Africa continues to struggle with an required, considering how pervasive it is in
alarmingly high rate of youth unemployment. As a the research area. Because of this qualitative research,
result, artisanal and small-scale mining, often known the sentiments and difficulties of these young miners
as ASM, is becoming more prominent as a means of were unveiled, and recommendations were crafted to
providing work opportunities for young people. ASM rescue them from their dangerous working conditions.
is responsible for the employment of thousands of I am also confident that this study will aid in the
young people and is credited with easing the burden of development of legislation as the basis for social
hardship in many rural communities. ASM has come programs and services that aim to improve people’s
Bacaro & Sinang 1098/1121

Research Article
living conditions. It is fundamentally because According to the Ecological System Theory (1994),
researchers have the ability to impact policymaking one of the structures of the environment is the
(Clancy, Glied, & Lurie, 2021). microsystem. The microsystem focuses on the
immediate environment, which includes family,
Moreover, the municipality of Monkayo has been the
school, and neighborhood. Therefore, they are affected
site of different researches, one such is the study
by the people with whom they interact, and it could be
conducted Opiso et al. (2018) which aimed to
one of the causes of youth engagement in mining
determine the amount of mercury content in selected
areas.
mine waste at Mt. Diwata. A number of articles
emphasizing the effects of harmful chemicals on the This study is anchored on the Needs Theory by
environment became the basis for the vacation of ball Maslow (1943), as cited in McLeod (2023), states that
and rod mills and plant owners to the Mabatas area. people are motivated to achieve certain needs and that
However, this environmental initiative does not end some needs take precedence over others. This theory,
the social problems that some of the youth are comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often
experiencing in Mt. Diwata. None among the articles shows hierarchal levels through a pyramid. This theory
study on the working conditions and the reasons why highlighted five (5) levels in a pyramid starting from
these young miners are in a fatal job environment. This basic needs, safety needs, belongingness and love
ignites me to investigate the phenomenon of youth needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. In regards
involvement in mining activities. This strategy of to this theory, Maslow wanted to understand what
identifying the research gap falls into the motivates people. He believed that people possess a set
methodological gap of Miles (2017), which expresses of motivational systems unrelated to rewards based on
the necessity of varying research methods to generate unconscious desire. These young miners work hard
new findings. Further, perspectives and theories just to meet their physiological needs, Maslow
explaining the reasons for youth engagement in mining emphasized that our most basic needs are physical
activities will be evaluated and verified empirically survival. Thus, these youth involved in mining
(Jacobs, 2011; Miller-Block & Kranz, 2014, as cited in activities are forced to gamble their lives just to satisfy
Miles 2017). their needs.
The purpose of this study is to unveil the sentiments of Furthermore, there are some relevant literatures that
the young workers at the small-scale mining site at Mt. revealed the reasons for youth engagement in mining
Diwata. To inform and give knowledge to the readers operations. One such is the study of Holmes et al.
about the real-life picture of every participant, the (2022), which stressed that the lack of available job
reasons why they are working in mining, the struggles opportunities in Ghana allowed their youth to be
they have encountered, their coping mechanisms, and employed in artisanal and small-scale mining. Many
their insights as young laborers in Mt. Diwata. students in the same region were not attending classes
and instead engaged in full-scale illegal mining
Moreover, with the intent to explore the experiences of activities, and ignoring the possible risks in exchange
youth in Mt. Diwata working in the mining area, the for financial gain (Annan, 2015 as cited in Ghanney,
following questions were asked: What are the Dughan, & Bentil, 2020). Thus, this phenomenon is
struggles of young laborers working in mining areas?
driven by poverty (“Shining a Light on a Hidden
How do they cope with their struggles as young Sector,” 2019). The insufficient income of their
laborers in the mining areas? What insights and
parents to provide for their needs led them to work in
learning can they share with their fellow laborers and small-scale mining. In some regions of Papua New
to the society in general about their lived experiences? Guinea, they perceived mining as an opportunity to
uplift them from poverty, a means that will satisfy
Some theories supported in regards to the factor
their needs such as food and education (Yamarak &
forcing them in to hazardous work; one of these was
Parton, 2021).
the Ecological System Theory by Bronfenbrenner
(1994). The influence of the environment has a big Moreover, whether it’s a large-scale industrial
impact on one’s development. These young workers operation or a tiny artisanal one, mining is still a
are in the mining sites primarily because the livelihood hazardous industry. They have faced not only
of their parents is not enough to sustain their family’s accidents, but also inhalation of dust and exposure to
needs, they have begun to think of alternatives to toxic chemicals that give rise to different diseases
address their basic needs. It could also be influenced (Stewart, 2020). In addition, there is also a high
by peers who are out-of-school youth, they might think possibility of getting trapped inside the tunnel since
that working is better than studying at school.

Research Article
numerous areas have thousands of holes left behind by

miners’ digging in quest of valuable minerals. to describe the experiences and struggles of those who
According to a report by the Philippine News Agency work in mining area; Traversing. It means to travel
(2018), in 2018, the Provincial Disaster Risk across or to pass through. Traversing in this research
Reduction Management Office rescued Jaime Valdez, pertains to the action of the researcher in exploring and
who was trapped inside the tunnel for 42 hours as a discovering the lived experiences of youth engaged in
result of the collapse of their tunnel. Similarly, Mauro mining activity; Young. It refers to the youth; these are
Alforque narrates that he witnessed his three the informants that fall between 18-23 years old;
companions being buried with sand and clay when the Drudgers. Those who were forced to work hard, these
tunnel collapsed. This happened in January 2019 in are the research participants, who are physiologically
Boloc-Boloc, Sibulan, Negros Oriental. As reported, it motivated to gamble their lives to address their needs;
collapsed because of the tiny size of the hole and the Mt. Diwata. Also known as Diwalwal, a hinterland
presence of water (Gallarde, 2019). barangay of the municipality of Monkayo, Davao de
Oro. One of the largest sources of gold in the
Furthermore, it has been perceived that education can
Philippines.
lift families out of poverty. Giovetti (2022)
emphasized that a widely acknowledged way to break The study limits itself only to those youth not less than
the cycle of poverty is to provide high-quality 18 years old but not more than 23 years of age who are
education and foster our children’s wellbeing. active workers in small scale mining at Mt. Diwata. I
However, we have no idea how they manage to acknowledge the limitations that may prevent this
balance work and study. According to the ILO; study from achieving its projected generalizability.
working long hours can interfere with their classes; Because of the small number of people who took part
these students may drop out and become full-time in the study, the data can't be generalized and can't
employees. Robinson (1999), as cited in Chantrea et effectively support assertions of legitimate
al. (2022), pointed out that students are working to conclusions. Further, because the data presented are
support their needs in studying. Thus, there is an historical occurrences and are prone to human error in
urgent need for a researcher to investigate the lives of terms of recall, we cannot promise that all of the
these young miners on Mt. Diwata in order to participants' experiences will be perfectly
recommend relevant programs aiming to rescue these remembered.
miners from hazardous working environments. This is
to guarantee that their full attention will be allocated
only in their schooling. Methodology
This research aimed to capture unheard voices about

the experiences of youth employed in mining areas. I Study Participants
am confident that this phenomenological research will
contribute to an existing body of knowledge, and The participants of this study were the youth who are
develop extensive background information for those working in small-scale mining at barangay Mt.
who want to explore the lives of young miners. This Diwata. Creswell (2018) suggested that a
study will also be beneficial to the Local Government phenomenological study includes three to ten
Unit of Monkayo in a way that they will be informed individuals as research participants. Moreover, for the
regarding this condition, which is oftentimes perceived purpose of gaining an in-depth understanding of this
as a natural phenomenon in the community. It might phenomenon, the researcher employed In-Depth
be the basis for establishing comprehensive programs Interview (IDI) to five (5) individuals from different
to support the educational and economic needs of these types of jobs in the mining area (Abantero, Draginger,
youth employed at mining sites. Most especially for Laborer, Tigdok-dok, and Operator), and the Focus
the participants, it could be a bridge for them to Group Discussion contained seven (7) participants
express their sentiments. I strongly believe that each of regardless of the nature of their job. This study utilized
them brought a unique and dramatic story to which we the snowball or referral sampling, prior to the data
should listen. gathering period, I have initially interacted with my
student from Mt. Diwata, who is an active laborer in
In this study, the following terms were defined small-scale mining. I sincerely asked for his assistance
operationally and conceptually: in recommending until the desired sample is attained.
In selecting participants, the following criteria were
Behind the Glitters of Gold. A figurative phrase used

Research Article
used to purposively choose the participants: (1) youth validation by the experts. This process is necessary to
between the ages of 18-23; (2) working in small-scale modify the probing questions and guarantee the
mining; and (3) students or out-of-school youth. relevance of the central questions (Majid et al., 2017).
Moreover, despite being a young laborer in Mt. Among the different types of research interviews as
Diwata, being younger than 18 and more than 23 years explained by McLeod (2014), the semi-structured
old and inactive or employed in large-scale mining interview was implemented. It is where the interviewer
were excluded from this study due to the prohibition tries to make conversation flow naturally by asking
on children’s engagement in mining activities and open-ended questions based on a research topic. This
restrictions in large-scale mining companies. method is suited for those studies in which the
researcher has insufficient knowledge about the
The consent to participate in the study was handed to phenomenon (Merriam, 2009, as cited in Komolthiti,
the office of the barangay, and to the research 2016). The interview questions sought to reveal the
participants. Mackay and Quinlan (2013) emphasized sentiments of young miners in Mt. Diwata, the reasons
that the approval of a participant had to be solicited why they engaged in mining activity, the challenges
before proceeding with the study. The participants may and difficulties they encountered, and the insights they
voluntarily withdraw from participating in this study. wanted to share. In the formulation of research
Circumstances may include when the safety of the questions, the researcher first designs the central
participants is compromised or they are unqualified question, a broad question that requires further
based on the criteria used in their selection exploration of the phenomenon (Creswell, 2014). It is
(“Withdrawal of Subjects from Research,” 2015). In followed by several associated sub-questions, in which
this case, the researcher will ask for another the study scope is narrowed and leads to more
recommendation from other participants to questioning (Creswell, 2014).
wholeheartedly participate in this study.
Design and Procedure
Materials and Instrument
This study employed the qualitative method, Creswell
The open-ended interview guide made by the (2009) stressed that the qualitative method is used for
researcher were utilized in this study. I provided investigating and gaining an understanding of the
interview guide questions to my research participants, meaning that different people or groups assign to a
and they were asked for their reasons why they social problem. It is basically concerned with attaining
engaged in mining and their challenges and insights. an extensive understanding of social phenomena
To generate significant findings, aside from (Hancock, Ockleford, & Windridge, 2009). In
interviews, participants’ observation was also addition, Flick (2018) put emphasis on the fact that an
employed. The use of observational data within a analysis of specific cases in their temporal and local
qualitative research design enables a comprehensive particularities is the focus of qualitative research,
investigation of day-to-day activities and the structures which begins with people’s expressions and behaviors
and processes that affect them (Denzin & Lincoln, in their immediate environment.
2017, as cited in FitzGerald & Mills, 2022). The
researcher placed a public notice in the area of Among the different types of qualitative research, the
operation at particular schedule informing the public researcher utilized the descriptive phenomenological
that the research activities are conducting over this study. Osroosh (2021) defined this type of
area. During the interview, the researcher have taken phenomenological study as a way of describing how
notes on the responses of the participants, and for the individuals experienced the phenomenon. The
entire information, I employed a voice recorder to researcher believes that this approach is suited as I
record the whole interview, depending on participants explored and understood the lived experiences of
approval. young miners in Mt. Diwata. Furthermore, Moustakas
(1994) as cited in Creswell (2009) also discussed that
Researcher’s notes and a reflective journal are also the procedure in phenomenological research involves
essential in this study, the process involves noting the extensive and prolonged engagement with the
observations relative to the stories being told. Further, participants to identify patterns and relationship of
the purpose of a reflexive journal is to ameliorate the meaning. Conducting in-depth interviews and focus
researcher’s prevent the biases in the research process group discussion is the standard of qualitative
(Guba & Lincoln, 1989, as cited in Komolthiti, 2016). research, by investigating the viewpoints of the
Moreover, the interview guide questions in this study participants the researcher can draw patterns of
are the researcher’s made and have undergone relationship on how they have or are experiencing the

Research Article
phenomenon (Arnett, 2017). patterns of themes with the data (Boyatzis, 1998;
Roulston, 2001). This method is useful in analyzing
Moreover, the researcher have undergone several data data obtained from traditional in-person data collection
collection procedure. In identifying resources, I such as an interview (Willig & Rogers, 2017).
personally requested my former student, who is also an Following the steps suggested in Colaizzi’s strategy
active miner in Mt. Diwata to recommend other youth for data analysis (Wirihana et al, 2018), I started by
who are engaged in mining activity. I am also familiarizing data obtained from the interviews. Then
privileged since a friend of mine during college was an extracted the significant statements from the
“Abantero” who promised to help me reach this place transcripts that answered the research questions. Next
and pledge his support during the data gathering was the formulation of meanings from each of the
process. Further, the researcher sent letters asking significant statements, and then I grouped them into
permission to the following: the Dean of the cluster themes. This enabled the researcher to identify
University of Mindanao Professional School; the the emerging themes.
barangay captain of Mt. Diwata; the young laborers as
my research participants. When they agreed and signed To make this study credible and reliable, the
the letters, the researcher oriented the participants and researcher have followed some criteria. According to
asked them for their available date and time for the Lincoln and Cuba (1985) cited in Forero et al. (2018),
interview. there are four –dimensions to establishing
trustworthiness in qualitative research, known as the
The researcher have conducted the interview on-site at credibility (internal validity), dependability
the most convenient time of the participants using
(reliability), confirmability (objectivity) and
validated interview-guide questions. During the
transferability (generalizability).
interview, the researcher informed the participants
about employing the voice recording device. To attain credibility, the researcher have selected the
Participants were oriented on the three central participants based on the indicated criteria and ask
questions of this study. The participants were also them to provide genuine answers to the research
given free time to think about, and express their questions. Furthermore, all the steps in the data
thoughts and sentiments pertaining to the questions collection procedure were followed and applied
provided using their comfortable language. Interview systematically by the researcher to attain
protocols and ethics were closely observed during the
dependability. Moreover, confirmability refers to the
interview.
extent to which the results of the research study could
be validated by the findings of additional studies
After the interview, the researcher transcribed the
conducted (Korstjens & Moser, 2017). To establish
secured recordings. Afterwards, I reviewed the
confirmability in research, the data being gathered
transcribed data and the notes taken during the actual
interview. Further, the researcher proceeded to were triangulated (Shenton, 2004; as cited in
analyzing the data using thematic analysis. The themes Komolthiti, 2016). The researcher gathered data from
and centered responses were interpreted and discussed different informants and existing studies.
with supporting literature and for further discussion of
Transferability is guaranteed when the result of the
the findings. Nevertheless, I am also careful in
study can be transferred to other settings with other
proofreading and editing this research so that there will
respondents (Korstjens & Moser, 2017). As to the
be no errors in the language used and the narrative will
content of this research, the generalization of the
highly reflect the real-life situations of the
findings of the study presents truth and honesty, and
participants.
the relevant findings will be used to relate and apply in
In addition, I have also confronted the participants if future research.
there are more sentiments to share that were never
expressed during the interview, or else regarding the Moreover, the researcher will take actions to adhere to
thoughts that they wanted to eliminate. After the data ethical principles. This includes consultation with the
is interpreted, the researcher proceeded with crafting research adviser, who is an expert in this field. Before
the implications and conclusions. The data were proceeding with data gathering, the researcher have
secured and kept for confidentiality purposes. secured ethics clearance and endorsement from the
Professional School. The approved letter was sent to
Moreover, the data from transcription and translation the office of the Barangay captain in Mt. Diwata for
were analyzed using thematic analysis. Thematic permission to conduct the study. Further, when
analysis is a method of analyzing and reporting necessary documents were obtained, participants were

Research Article
identified through the referral method. The right of the Table 1. The Struggles of Young Laborers Working in
people to decide whether to participate or refuse is Mining Areas.
recognized (Miracle, 2016). Once the participants
reject the approval letter given by the researcher, the
researcher will seek another participant to reach the
desired number of informants. This will also obligate
the researcher not to exploit the weaknesses of the
research participants, self-sufficiency was avoided in
order to maintain friendship, trust, and confidence
among the participants and the researcher.
Once selected, participants were oriented on their

participation in this research. The data were secured
and kept for confidentiality purposes. To hide the
participant’s identity from possible harm or risk, the
researcher will not include their full name in the study.
After collecting the data, the responses of the
participants will be secured and kept in a white
envelope for privacy and confidentiality.
To guarantee ethical consideration in the conduct of

this investigation, the researcher abided to the ethical
standards set by the University of Mindanao Ethics
and Review Committee and was given a UMERC
Protocol No. UMERC-2023-210. This mechanism
gu arantees the respect of persons and the
confidentiality of participants’ information. The
researcher have expressed gratitude to the participants’
effort and for their truthful answers to the research
questions. Furthermore, this research will be presented
to the participants to inform them for their contribution
to the study.
Results
This chapter presents the results of the study about the

struggles, coping mechanisms, and insights of the
young laborers in the Mt. Diwata mining area. The Scarcity of basic needs. Participants in the In-depth
data obtained from the interviews was thoroughly interview and focused group discussion expressed that
analyzed to identify the emerging themes. The the problem of poverty within their household was the
presentation of the results was organized according to reason why the young laborers were working in
the sequence of the research interview guide questions. mining areas. They commonly shared that a lack of
basic needs made them engage in mining operations.
Struggles of Young Laborers Working in Mining
Para makatabang sa akong ginikanan, sa mga
Areas
panginahanglan sa balay. (IDI- P1)
Table 1 presents the emerging themes of the struggles (I worked so I can help my parents address our needs.)
of young laborers in mining areas. Participants’
As shared by the participant, the insufficient support of
sentiments were carefully examined and categorized,
the parents to sustain their needs greatly contributed to
which came up with four major themes: (1) Scarcity of
the engagement in mining activities.
basic needs; (2) Hazardous Work Environment; (3)
Psychological Struggles; and (4) Physical Health
Problems.

Research Article
In addition, a participant expressed that, my boarding house, and to buy rice for consumption.)
Ang rason ana nagtrabaho ko kay tungod akong
ginikanan pait kaayo, mao to naka decide ko na According to the sentiments expressed by the
manarbaho aron maka provide ko sa panginahanglan participants, they gambled their lives for financial
gain. It is painful to realize that they engaged in
sa among pamilya. (FGD- P4)
dangerous working conditions to address their needs
(The reason I worked was because of the poverty that
and sustain their study demands. Instead of using their
our family is facing, so I decided to work so I could
free time to rest from their academic struggles, they
provide the needs of my family.)
spent those times working in mining areas for only one
purpose, to fulfill their needs.
It was revealed that young laborers primarily engage in
hazardous forms of labor just to help their families
Meanwhile, a participant from focus group discussion
address their necessities. The existence of mining
expressed,
activities in their area provides opportunities for them
Samtang nageskwela ko, pag walay klase mosubida
to satisfy their survival needs. Moreover, other youth
kog diwalwal para makakita ko og, makakwarta ko
shared that the income earned from working is used
for school-related demands. para naa poy konsumo para pag bahada nako para
makapalit og bugas. (FGD- P6)
As stated by one participant, (When I don’t have class, I go to Diwalwal to earn
Nasulod ko sa trabaho, sa pag magdokdok og bina, money so that when I get back in our house, I can buy
kay tungod pud para makakuha og laing kwarta pud rice for our consumption.)
mapalit sa panginahanglan sa eskwelahan. (IDI- P4)
(I entered into this kind of job, breaking rocks, to earn Similarly, another participant also pointed out that he
lives with his grandmother, and no one but him is
money for my needs in school.)
capable of addressing daily needs.
Similarly, a participant also express that,
He expressed through this statement:
sama rapud sa ilang kaagi nga motrabaho kay tungod
Kapait pud sir kay kami raman duha sa akoa lola sir,
rapud sa kalisod, suporta sa pamilya, suporta sap ag
lisod pud ba kay kami ra duha, para makatabang pud
eskwela. (FGD- P4)
ko sa iyaha. (FGD- P3)
(Same with them, I also work because of poverty, to
(The problem is that I am living with my grandmother,
support my family, and to study.)
we are only in the household, I worked so I could help
Thus, when they noticed the insufficient income of her.)
their parents to cater to those things needed for
The data obtained from the interviews highlighted that
survival, they perceived mining as an opportunity to
the lack of basic needs and the insufficient financial
address not only survival needs but also school-related
support for their families to their studies were the
demands. When asked where their income did go,
reasons why these youth engaged in mining. Despite
most of them expressed that they used their earnings to
the potential risk, they were forced to engage in this
pay school-related fees and for their projects and
hazardous form of labor for financial advantage, thus,
assignments, accommodation, and allowances.
this phenomenon is poverty-driven.
As expressed by one participant from in-depth
Hazardous Work Environment. For this theme, the
interview,
majority of the participants shared their experiences
Upat mi nagskwela ba sa among magigsuon, ang isa
and struggles working in the mining area, most of
graduating, maong mag lisod gyud akoa mama sa
them highlighted how dangerous it is to work both
pagsuporta kay upat mi, mao na sya. Then, sa akoa inside and outside the tunnel. Some were narrating
pud, wala koy pambalon kung dili ko mosulod og their life-threatening encounter while performing their
tunnel, naga boarding house pud ko, mao poy job, regardless of mine classifications, mining is still a
pambayad nako, palit og konsumo, mao na sya sir. dangerous workplace.
(IDI- P4)
(We have four members of our family who are As participant from IDI said,
studying, one is a graduating student. My mother is Parihas anang naay mga leaking, mga bantayan gyud
struggling to support our studies. These are the na basin og mo arya, basin matagakan ka og dagko
reasons. And for myself, I would not have allowances kaayo nga mga bato. (IDI- P1)
if I will not work in the tunnel. I use my income to pay (Like the leak inside the tunnel, you have to be

Research Article
cautious with that. There is a tendency to erode, you kay og bato to patay gyud ko. (FGD- P7)
might be hit by a huge rock.) (There is a possibility of collapsing, similar to what I
have experienced, before I was a victim of erosion
IDI- P1 further narrated that, inside the tunnel, half of my body was affected. I am
Naa nagyud, kauban rapud nako, natagakan og bato, thankful that those are just soil, not rocks. Maybe I
parihas anang wa nabantayan ba gikan sa babaw nga died if those are rocks.)
bato natagak. Wa sya kabantay nga paingon na sa
iyaha, mao tong pagtagak sa bato, wa sya kaatras He further detailed,
maong naigo gyud nuon. (IDI- P1) Unya ako didto ko sa ilalwm sige kog kawkaw, sulod
(A friend of mine was hit by a fallen rock, he did not og mga stock, ni buhos tapos natabunan nako dire,
notice that it was approaching to him and it is difficult may lang kay dali ra kaayo sila naka rescue. (FGD-
for him to move, which is why he was hit.) P7)
(While digging and packing the stock, it immediately
The participant expressed that it is not safe when you eroded, I was covered with the soil. It is great that my
are inside the tunnel, primarily because of the tiny colleagues quickly responded.)
holes and the fact that only your headlights provide
brightness in the tunnel. That’s why there is a As for the participant, when you entered the tunnel,
possibility that you will be hit by fallen rocks. half of your body was already buried. This is because
of the potential hazards you may encounter while
In addition, another participant also described the
performing your job. It was revealed that not all of the
danger of their workplace,
holes are well-timbered, there are portions that have
Oh sir, subra gyud ka delikado sir kay dili man tanan
cracks, which will result to erosion inside.
tunnel gud kay timberado naa ganiy mga part ana nga
humok ang yuta, unya basig ma-atlan ka nga naa nay Another incident was revealed during the FGD when a
crack daan ba, unya pagsulod nimo mahugmakan ka. participant recounted incurring minor injury after
(FGD- P2) being hit by a falling rock.
(It is so hazardous because not all of the tunnels are
well-timbered, there are portions that are soft. I am It was shared by:
worried if there are leaks and you will be affected by Sa ako pud katong hapit ko nahugmakan og bato
its collapse.) samtang nagdraging ko kay kato nga time ulan-ulan
to, sa ako pud pagpangabanti, naagina pud nko nga
He further added that, natagakan kog bato kay dili solid wall sir ba. (FGD-
Daghan nagyud na nahitabo dira sa diwalwal sir, dili
P4)
gyud na malikayan kay mao naman gyud na sa tunnel
(In my case, I was about to be a victim of a huge rock
gyud, ang tunnel gyud dili gyud na sya safety. (FGD- while performing my job inside the tunnel, because it
P2) was raining. I was also hit by fallen rocks when I was
(There are many incidents here in Diwalwal, when you digging because of the soft wall.)
are in the tunnel, you are prone to accidents, it is not
safe inside the tunnel.) There are also factors that contribute to the struggles
of young miners while performing their job. The
Thus, a participant advised; incidents shared by the participants were because of
Oh delikado oi kay gikan palang sa pagsulod nimo, the structures of the tunnel in which they are working,
tan-aw nagyud ka sa kilid-kilid kung safety ba sya o some of which lack timbers and are soft, the tiny holes,
dili, kinahanglan nimo i-check ang kilid-kilid kay para and sinking.
masurvey nimo ba kung timberanan bani, (FGD- P7)
(Yes, it is hazardous. That is why, upon entering the According to the participant,
tunnel, you should be cautious and assess the structure Lisod kaayo sir kay dili tanan dako gani ang bangag
of the tunnel to see if there are portions that need to be nga sudlan kay by destino man sya, naa poy gamay
timbered.) nga igo lang gyud ka makasulod. (IDI- P2)
(It is difficult because not all of the holes are standard,
He added, there are tiny ones like those in the “destino” and there
naa may posibilidad nga mahugno, parihas atong are tunnels that you can only pass through.)
nahitabo sa akoa sauna nahugnuan pud ko, katungo sa
akoa lawas, pasalamat nalang pud ko kay yuta rato The participant added,

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Akoa kay gamay-gamay man ko makasulod gyud ko never work again here because you don’t have an
pero lisod kaayo ang pag-pagawas usahay masangit- assurance for your safety, and anytime you will be
sangit ka, mahulogan kag bato, unya ang stock bug-at. found dead.)
(IDI- P2)
Further, a participant from FGD also emphasized that,
(Since I am not too big, I can pass through the tunnel
Once nga mosulod naka dira nga area, danger zone
hole to reach the destination, but when I pass again
carrying a heavy load, this is now the struggle, you na, maong andam gyud ka perminte, naa gyud kay
will be scrapped and hit by a rock.) pang. Lisod gyud sya, naa man syay dako nga kwarta
pero nagsugal naka sa imung kinabuhi. (FGD- P5)
Furthermore, one participant also revealed (Once you enter in the tunnel, you are already in a
Katong nabikogan ko, para lang gyud masudlan kay danger zone. You should always be prepared. Indeed
gamay kaayo, tungod sa sinking. Hapit ko matagak you will earn money, but you are also gambling your
kay nabikogan ko, 50 ragud to kabuok nga stock sir, life.)
tes kuan upat mi kabuok ana. (FGD- P3)
There is also a participants recounting the incidents
(I experienced muscle cramps because of the sinking
hole that I am passing through. I was almost fell involve by his colleagues,
because of the cramps. There are 50 stocks we have to Imong kinabuhi man gud ana, 50/50 kay dili man ka
get out of the tunnel, and we are four for this.) kakita og ing-ani naay mga balay sa ilalom sa tunnel,
imo makita didto mga bato, unya maigo ka sa isa
The young miners expressed their struggles working in kabato ana didto naay posibilidad nga dili gyud ka
small tunnel holes, dealing with heavy stocks of kagawas. (FGD- P6)
around seventy to eighty kilos, passing through (Your life becomes a 50/50, when you are inside, you
sinkholes and getting hit by falling rocks. Thus, there have nothing to see but only stone, unlike here outside,
is no doubt why they felt buried inside the tunnel. there are houses. Then, when you are hit by a rock,
there is a possibility that you will not come out alive.)
The participants from the FGD emotionally expressed,
Sa pagsulod palang nimo sa tunnel, mura nakag He further expressed,
gilubong daan kay naay mga possibilities nga ma Lisod pud gyud mosulod og tunnel, kay samantala
bardownan ka. (FGD- P1) akoa mg aka batch wala na sila nangamatay na sila
(Upon entering the tunnel, you are already buried syempre tungod kay nisulod og tunnel, (FGD- P6)
because there is a possibility that you will be a victim
(It is really hard inside the tunnel, in fact, my
of its collapse.)
bathmates were all gone because they entered the
tunnel.)
Meanwhile, a participant also highlighted,
Posible sad nga madisgrasya, imo kinabuhi ing-ana.
Printed on the faces of participants are their strong
Parihas sa nahitabo sa akoa kauban, wala gyud ta emotions when they remember the struggles they have
kabalo kung kanus-a ragyud ta taman. (IDI- P1) gone through and the fears they have surfaced. They
(There is a possibility that you will be died, like what commonly express how hazardous their working
happened to my workmate, we are not certain when environment was, which resulted in injuries and
our lives end.) fatalities of among their coworkers. In search of
glittering rocks, their lives had been gambled.
Moreover, relating the above sentiments,
Wala man ka kabalo gud sir nga kontahay mo Psychological Struggles. For this theme, aside from
landslide ba or mobardown, unsang orasa pwede ka physical force to inflict for this job, it also requires
mamatay sa sulod. (IDI- P3) emotional courage to accomplish the tasks. The young
(Because you are not sure, what if there is a landslide? miners voice out their emotional struggles while
At any time, you may die inside.) performing their jobs, some of them wished to quit
because of the hardships they went through in their
He continued, working environment.
Sa una palang nakong sulod sa tunnel sir nakaingon
ko nga dili nako mobalik direa kay imo kinabuhi dili A participant shared,
ka ka sure nga safety imo kinabuhi kay bisan unsang Lami na gyud bitawng isurrender, kana wla nay
orasa pwede ka mawad-ag kinabuhi. (IDI- P3) paglaom sa kinabuhi, wala nay padungan ang
(When I first entered the tunnel, I said to myself, I will kinabuhi, mao na syay negatibo sir. (IDI- P5)

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(I want to surrender. I felt hopeless in my life, I felt no Sometimes, a participant felt,

direction for my life. That’s the negative.) Kanang nakahuna-huna nalang kog, murag lami
kaayo ihilak kay dili gyud lalim manarbaho. (IDI- P1)
He added, (You might think that it would be better to cry out
Kay lisod gyud sir sa diwalwal, lisod gyud sa bukid, because of the struggles in working.)
kay wakay laing maduolan, wakay laing masangpit,
imong kaugalingon ragyud, (IDI- P5) Moreover, a participant from FGD shared,
(Life is hard here in Diwalwal, there is no one you can Nakasinati og kaguol sir kay magsige kag huna-huna
approach, no one you can ask for, only yourself.) kung naa pabay gikaon, naa pabay palitonon nga
importante, dili gyud malikayan nga maguol gyud ka,
Similarly, one participant also felt helpless, mastress ka sa imong kaugalingon. (FGD- P1)
Akong mga kauban nahumana silag labor unya ako
(You felt worried, thinking that if there are necessary
naulahi kay tungod naglisod ko sa akoa maong things to purchase, it is unavoidable. You will become
mabiyaan ko, ako nalang isa mao ng pirte gyong laina stressed.)
kay ikaw nalang isa ba, basin maunsa ka sulod, walay
makabalo nimo. (IDI- P3) Speaking of addressing needs, a brave participant
(My coworkers are done with their jobs, and I was left expressed,
inside because I struggled carrying the stock. I felt Wala nakoy pakabana kung mogawas bako nga buhi
worried that something bad might happen and no one dinhia, aron lang naay matunol pampalit sa
would notice.) kinahanglan sa balay. (IDI- P1)
(I don’t care if I may or may not come out alive, I only
Indeed, it is not easy to be a miner. The participants think that I can contribute to addressing the needs of
felt lonely inside the tunnel, and they also felt hopeless my family)
when struggles came while doing the task. While
dragging the gold-bearing rocks, they also carried their From the sentiments of the above participant, the
fears and worries about the possibility of danger. At young miner experienced emotional distress and stress
times, when they encountered life-threatening due to financial constraints and thinking about
incidents, they wished to surrender. They cried out addressing their daily needs. Furthermore, for all the
when things were uncontrolled. negative thoughts they have figured out during their
work, these youth have remained courageous for their
Further, the above participant narrated a traumatic family and personal needs.
incident,
Naglabor mi sir, akong amigo na bardownan sir, ako Physical Health Problems. For this theme, the
ningdagan ko ato sir, paghuman sa bardown ako participants shared the physical health problems they
napud syang giadto unya gitabang namo sya, buhi pa acquired because of their involvement in mining
sya sir pero 50/50 nya. karon kuan nasya na disable operations. From the data obtained through interviews,
na sya tungod atong bardown... . Kato pong the young miners felt physical fatigue during and after
pagkabardown sa akoa amigo, ako na trauma ko ato their working hours, they also expressed their
sir. (IDI- P3) difficulty breathing inside the tunnel. The dust
inhalation and exposure to harmful chemicals made
(When we were laboring the stocks, my friend was
them develop some health-related issues.
affected by the collapse inside the tunnel. I ran out,
and then, I immediately went to the collapsed area,
According to a participant from the IDI, while
where we rescued him. He was still alive, but now he
performing his job;
is disabled because of the collapse. I experienced
Kabati kog kapoy, makahunahuna kog dili gyud lalim
trauma during this incident.)
manarbaho aning tunnel. (IDI- P1)
Carrying valuable minerals while sacrificing precious (I felt tired, it will come to mind that it is not easy to
lives, this happened to the coworker of one of the work in the tunnel.)
participants who became disabled due to the incident
of collapse inside the tunnel. They felt worried, Similar to the above statement, one participant
reflecting on the situations of those victims of man- claimed;
made hazards in the tunnel. However, they survived Kapoy gyud sya kay sakit sya sa bukton kay gamay
those traumatic incidents and remained in hazardous biya kog bukton, lisod kaayo sa usa ka babae, unya
forms of labor. usahay maigo ang kamot, kay bug-at ang maso. (IDI-

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P4) was injured, but later I was healed.)

(It is a tiring job, I felt arm pain because I have small
arms. It is hard for a girl like me, and sometimes my In line with this, one also expressed about,
hand is hit by the hammer.) Napiang ko kay tungod sa kabug-at sa bato nga akoa
gipas-an. (FP1)
In addition, a participant from FGD validated the (I was injured because of the heavy stock I carried.)
chance of fatigue after working,
Sa paggawas nimo, hago naka daan tapos nabasa Meanwhile, the young miners were also experienced
pagyud, dako og tsansa nga mafatigue ka unya difficulty in breathing,
kalinturahon ka parihas sa nahitabo sa akoa. (FGD- Pag-abot nimo sulod sa tunnel ang ginhawa nimo dili
P1) nagyud parihas sa gawas ba normal, punga gyud
(When you get out of the tunnel, you are already tired, kaayo sya. (IDI- P2)
and there is a chance of getting fatigue and suffering a (When you entered the tunnel, you were breathing
fever like what I experienced.) differently than outside, you were struggling to
breathe.)
Based on the participants’ sentiments, they felt
physical fatigue working in the tunnel due to the In connection with this, he mentioned,
physical demand of the job, for which they suffered Hapit ko makuyapan ato kay naglisod kog ginhawa,
fever. It is painful to realize that despite of incurring wala nko gitiwas og dragging, ninggawas nalang ko,
health problems, they still work for financial gain. dina man nako kaya. (IDI-P2)
(I was about to collapse because of the difficulty in
As expressed by one participant,
breathing, so I did not continue dragging the load, I
Sa pagtrabaho dire sa minahan, lisod sir kay og just got out of the tunnel.)
usahay masakit ka, kinahanglan motrabaho gyud ka.
(IDI- P5) A participant from FGD also shared,
(Working here in the mining area is difficult, Ang na experience lang nako sa tunnel nga
sometimes even when you are sick, you have to work.) pinakalisod gyud, katong nagdraging ko nga wala
gyuy tubig, wala gyuy hangin, kay naa man goy parts
He added,
sa tunnel sir nga punga kaayo ba, wala kaayoy hangin
Gipugos nako akoa lawas bisag katong gikalintura ko
bitaw unya bug-at. (FGD- P2 and FGD P5)
ninghabwa gihapon kog kaadlawn, bisag tugnaw
(I experienced difficulty breathing inside the tunnel
kaayong tubig, pero sige lang aro naa koy makaon.
when I dragged loads, there is no water or ventilation,
(IDI- P5) and there are parts of the tunnel where there is no air to
(I have forced myself, even though I have a fever. I breathe and you are carrying heavy loads.)
still unloading the ball mill at dawn, even though feel
cold. I still work so I can buy food for consumption.) Thus, working inside the tunnel is literally
breathtaking. The young miners struggled to perform
Similar to the above experienced, a participant from their job because of the lack of air to inhale. As shared,
the FGD also shared, participants experienced difficulty breathing while
Ang kalisdanan nga nasinati sir samtang nagdraging dragging the stocks. It was revealed that one of the
kog stock katong gikalintura ko tungod guro sa kabug- participants was about to collapse, so he decided to get
aton sa stock maong gipugos nako og alsa. (FGD- P1) out of the tunnel. The absence of fresh air while they
(The struggles that I experienced were when I had a were in the tunnel holes was not the only factor
fever while dragging because of the heavy stock that I contributing, it was also revealed that the employed
carried. I was forcing myself to work.) explosive devices caused the smoke and dust to be
inhaled.
Moreover, it was highlighted by the participants how
they were injured while performing their job. It was opened by;
Then prone sad ka sa aso gikan sa mga paboto (FGD-
It was mentioned, P1)
Pagpatuyok nako sa ballmilan sir naipit akoa kamot, (You are prone to the smoke from an explosion.)
mao to na kuan, nabali,pero okay ra kay naulian
raman sya. (IDI- P5) In line with this, it was shared,
(When I operated the ball mill, my arm was stuck, so it Human sa barina, gagamit og pabuto, huamg pabuto

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diha na gamitag balbag. (IDI- P5)

(After the power drill, we used explosives, then dug
manually.) Table 2. Coping mechanisms of young laborers
working in mining areas.
Furthermore, it was also voiced during the interview
that the extent of health problems acquired from
engagement in mining activities was expressed by the
participants.
A participant emotionally answered,

Ako nasakit ko sir mga 19 ko kaadlaw sa hospital
tungod anang sa tunnel lagi, makaingon gyud kag dina
ko mosulod. (IDI- P3)
(I suffered and was hospitalized for nineteen days
because of mining. I said to myself, I will never enter
again.)
It was also shared from the FGD,

Pag mosulod mi sa tunnel, isulod napod apil ang
sakyanan, tapos sige pana syag untol gyud, ang akoa
appendix ba, sa sulod na magsakit gyud sya, sige
rakog antos. (FGD- P5)
(When our truck entered the mainline tunnel, it
repeatedly bounced. My appendicitis is getting worse,
and I suffered from this.)
The young miners suffered health issues because of the

nature of their work, they endured pain while
performing their job. As shared during the interview,
they have experienced difficulty breathing, working
even when sick, and feeling exhausted. Therefore that
they have sacrificed their lives to serve the purpose for
which they are engaged in mining activities.
Coping mechanisms of young laborers working in

One participant expressed,
mining areas. Unya dapat physical fit gyud ko didto sa tunnel kay
kung wala koy pagpangandam buhaton largo-largo
Table 2 below presents the emerging themes on the rako didto wa koy kaon, naay tendency nga
coping mechanisms of the young laborers working in makoyapan ko, pag-abot sa dalan mahulog ko. (IDI-
mining areas. Participants’ sentiments were carefully P2)
examined and categorized, which came up with four (I have to be physically fit in the tunnel because If I
major themes; (1) Physiological Readiness; (2) am not prepared, immediately proceed to work without
Practice Safety Precautions; (3) Divine Providence and taking a meal, there is a tendency that I may collapse.)
Positive Outlook; (4) Motivational Coping.
It was also shared,
Physiological Readiness. In this theme, the young Kinahanglan momata ko og sayo, dapat kondisyon
miners shared how they cope with the struggles they gyud akoa huna-huna og lawas. (IDI- P5)
have encountered working in mining areas. Being
(I have to wake up early, so I made sure that I am
physiologically prepared is at the top of their
conditioned both physically and mentally.)
consideration. The participants took actions to ease the
challenge and continue working, these mechanisms Similarly, it was also responded,
allowed them to accomplish their task and become Dapat ang lawas kondisyon, dili gutom. (FGD-P5 and
productive in their workplace.

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P3) brought back our foods so others can keep working.)

(Your body should be conditioned, not hungry.)
It was also responded by one participant,
Further, one participant shared, Mosulod lang ko nga limit lang sa oras, pag grabi na
Tulog kog sayo, tapos ma ligo ko daan, pa prisko ko, ang kapoy pwede nako mogawas, mokaon. Unya balik
kay para pag sulod sa tunnel condition kaayo ako napud. (IDI- P1)
lawas. (FGD- P6) (I just limit my time inside the tunnel, when I am so
(I sleep early, then take a bath first to feel refreshed, so tired, I may get out of the tunnel and take my meal,
my body is conditioned when I enter the tunnel.) then come again for work.)
A participant also revealed, Another participant added as he shared,

Usahay gani sir naga inom mig tambal para Kapoy man gyud sya no, unya mag relax sa tapos
mokusgan ba, usahay cobra ing-ana, alaxan FR. (IDI- balik napud. Ana-ana lang kay sayang man gud ang
P3) kwarta kung dili humanon. (IDI- P4)
(Sometimes we take energy boosters like Cobra (Indeed, it is hard. I rest when I feel tired, then come
Energy Drink and Alaxan FR.) back after. That’s it, I felt I wasted my effort if I can’t
finish my task.)
To cope with the demands of their work, it was
unveiled that the young miners guaranteed to be Regardless of the type of job they are performing in
physically conditioned before entering the workplace. the mining area, it always requires physical force to
It was also shared that they partake in drugs to become overcome the task. For the young miners to cope, they
active inside the tunnel. To become physiologically have to take adequate rest and meals before work and
prepared, the young miners had to take enough food to pack food for the rest of the day. Base on the
guarantee efficient performance inside the tunnel. participants’ sentiments, they choose to rest than
surrender when they felt physically exhausted.
This can be related to the response of one participant
as shared, Practice Safety Precautions. The participants able to
Kailang sakto og kaon sir, para sakto pud ang kusog. overcome the challenges encountered in the workplace
(IDI- P3, IDI- P2, and FGD- P3) through safety precautions. As expressed, mining is a
(You should take enough food, so you can be strong hazardous form of labor, it was revealed through this
during work.) theme that safety measures are executed to cope up
with the potential hazards.
The idea can be linked to one participant as he
responded, IDI-P1 shared,
Magkaon daan, magbaon para kutob mga banda udto, Magsuot daan og butas, espat, skull guard usa
kato imo giandam nga baon imo kaunon. (IDI- P1) mosulod. (IDI-P1)
(You prepare your meal first, so that during lunchtime (Before entering the tunnel, you have to wear your
you have something to eat.) boots, skull guard, and flashlight.)
In addition, one participant also expressed, Similar to the above statement, a participant also
Una sir kaon gyud ko daan para naa koy kusog nga shared,
moalsag stock, magbaon kog pagkaon sa ilalom kung Mag skull guard ko daan, tapos mag pantalon ko para
gutomon ko makakaon gyud ko, then tubig pud. (FGD- dili ko magsangit-sangit, dapat naa gyud koy extra t-
P1) shirt para sa singot. (IDI- P2)
(At first, I took my meal so that I will become stronger (I have to wear a skull guard first, pants to avoid
in carrying the stocks. I also bring food and water getting scraped, and an extra t-shirt inside for
inside the tunnel so that I have something to eat when I sweating.)
am hungry.)
In addition, a participant also shared his safety
A participant relates this experience as he shared, preparation,
Pagpaminaw nako nga gutom na, mogawas kog tunnel Kami mosulod mi sa tunnel mag brief raman mi unya
ana kay magkuha og pagkaon namo para tulo-tuloy butas, maligo mi daan, tapos pagbahada na namo,
among trabaho (FGD- P7) magdraging mig stock, among lubot iapil namo og
(When I felt hungry, I got out of the tunnel and gunit sa mga bato para dili ka matagak atong mga 15

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kataas nga singking. (FGD- P6) plans in case accidents happen.

(When we entered the tunnel, we only wore underwear
and boots, we also took a bath first. When we are Divine Providence and Positive Outlook. For this
dragging loads, we include our buttocks to support theme, some of the participants expressed that part of
passing through a 15-meters-deep sinking.) their coping is asking for guidance from God. When
they were in the middle of their struggles, they
Moreover, one participant answered, entrusted everything to God. It was also revealed that
Ang pagpangandam gyud namo bago mi mosulod og the young miners maintained a positive outlook when
tunnel, mag-andam gyud mi og mga gamit, sama sa they were in life-threatening situations.
pang balbag, (FGD- P7)
As one participant responded,
(In preparation for entering the tunnel, we have to
Ampo gyud ko sa Ginoo bago ko mosulod sa tunnel
bring our digging tools.)
kay maunsa ko didto masalba pako gamay, og
FGD- P7 detailed how the mentioned tools will save mamatay ko makuha pako. Naay uban, mamatay dili
you from mining-related incidents, as he shared, nagyd makuha sir. (FGD-P2)
Unya pag abot didto sa sulod og magkinaunsa kay naa (I prayed to God before entering the tunnel, if an
man kay gamit, matabunan ingkaso lang, ma buslot incident happens I will be rescued, if I die inside, my
gyud to ninyo, makalusot pamo. (FGD- P7) body will be retrieved. There are dead bodies lost.)
(If ever there are bad things to happen inside, such as
A participant also shared,
being trapped, you can make way by using your
Hunahunaon nalang nga isalig nalang tanan sa Ginoo
digging tools.)
sa akong safety sa pagsulod sa tunnel. (FGD- P1)
Furthermore, a participant also shared, (I thought to entrust my safety to God before entering
Maniid lang mi sa tingog sa sulod, dagan dayon the tunnel.)
palayo. (IDI- P1)
A participant also agreed,
(We keep observing the sounds inside, then run away
Para mawala akoang kahadlok, sige lang pud kog
immediately.)
ampo, naay time nga mahadlok ko sampit lang gyud ko
Another participant maintained cautious as shared, sa Ginoo. (FGD- P5)
Akong hunahunaon gyud og tarong nga dili ko (I keep praying to overcome my fears, at times I am
masipyat kay isa ka sipyat nako sir sa akong trabaho, worried, I ask God.)
wagtang gyud. (IDI- P5)
A participant maintained a positive mindset, as
(I have to be careful in my job, I won’t fail because
shared.)
one mistake in my job can cause death.)
Kanang makagawas ra lagi ko nga buhi, ing-ana, kay
It was also agreed by one participant, as expressed, kung maghuna-huna kag daotan didto sa tunnel,
Sa sulod sa tunnel kailangan gyud ang presence of maghuna-huna kag negatibo imong kahadlok samot.
mind, maniid gyud ko sa palibot. (FGD- P4) (IDI- P2)
(You need to have presence of mind inside the tunnel, (I keep believing that I can get out alive, because when
you need to observe your surroundings.) you think negatively inside the tunnel, you will be
more worried.)
One participant also had the same sentiments,
Unya wa kay laing gihuna-huna ba kaya dapat Similar to the above statement, one participant also
mosulod ka, incase magkinaunsa dapat naa gyud kay answered,
Mosalig lang gyud nga makagawas og buhi, bahalag
plano daan. (FGD- P5)
naay mga samad-samad man galling ang importante
(You should not be preoccupied while working inside,
make sure you have a plan in case something bad will dira, makagawas kog buhi. (IDI- P1)
occur.) (I uphold that I can get out alive, even wounded,
what’s important is I’ll get out alive.)
Considering the dangers they may endure in the
mining area, these young miners ensured their safety A participant from FGD expressed,
by wearing protective gear and equipment, it was Wala na nako na gihunahuna nang mga kahadlok, sa
revealed that they implement precautions such as trabaho lingaw-lingawon nalang nako, ipaagi nalang
being observant of the potential hazards and preparing nakog lingaw akoa mga kahadlok para mawala hantod

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sa makagaws nami (FGD- P7) could not do anything, so I endured it.)

(I am not minding my fears, during work, I entertained
myself. This how I dealt with my fears until we can get Meanwhile, a participant expressed
out of the tunnel.) Huna-hunaon lang nako nga mahuman raman gihapon
ni, makagawas ko nga buhi, maka palit og bugas.
Similarly, one participant also elabprated, (FGD- P4)
Katong na experience nako sir nga gutom gyud (I just think that this will end, that I will get out alive,
motrabaho sa tunnel, ako nalang gibuhat sir, ga and that I can buy rice.)
estorya ko sa huna-huna aron lang malingaw ko, para
mawala ang kagutom ba (FGD- P2) A participant from IDI also responded,
(When I experience hunger inside the tunnel, what I Ako lang motibasyon, akoa kaugalingon og pamilya,
did is talking with myself as my way of entertaining nga makatabang maong padayon lang. (IDI- P1)
myself, just to feel eased from hunger.) (My only motivation is myself and my family, that I
can help them so I endured it.)
It was revealed by the participants that part of their
coping with the struggles caused by the nature of their One participant from FGD similarly responded, as he
work was asking for divine guidance, they entrusted shared,
their lives inside to God and remained optimistic while Wala nagyud nko na gihuna-huna ng mga kabalaka
enduring the pain. To deal with their worries inside the gyud sir tungod sa panginahanglan pud sa akong
tunnel, participants found ways to entertain themselves pamilya og sa akong pag-eskwela, (FGD- P1)
and remain resilient. (I am not minding my worries because of the needs of
my family and for my schooling.)
Motivational Coping. The participants commonly
expressed that they were forced to engage in mining To remain motivated, participants visuale monetary
activities because of poverty. To ease the challenges in gains and rewards so they can endure the pain.
the middle of performing their job, the young miners
are motivated to overcome the struggles in order to It was shared,
address their personal and family needs. Mag imagine nalang ko ba nga inig maka gawas lang
ko ani naa gyud ni shat-shat ba. Para mawala lang
It was emotionally revealed by one participant that, gyud ang kakapoy. (FGD- P5)
Ang ako sir, og dili ko mosulod wala nakoy kwarta, (I am imagining that when I get out of the tunnel, there
wala nakoy pambayad sa skwelahan, wala nakoy pang will be a drinking session just to endure the tiredness.)
allowance, napugos nalang man gyud ko sir, padayon
lang gihapon. (IDI- P3) Furthermore, one participant expressed,
(For me, I force myself to do this job because I could Estorya-estoryahon nako akoa kaugalingon sir nga
not work in the tunnel, I could not have money, I could inig gawas nako ani, kwarta gyud ko ani, palit gyud
not pay my school fees, and I could not have an kog bugas, maka paload nako sa akoa selpon an iron.
allowance. That’s why I keep working.) Moa nay ginahuna-huna nako sir.(FGD- P6)
(I am telling myself that when I get out of the tunnel,
Similar statement was also shared, I’ll have some money, to buy rice and load my
Kana gung dili maayo akong lawas, gipugos nalang cellphone. That’s what’s on my mind.)
nako kay naa man tay panginahanglan, gipugos
nalang, walay choice.(IDI- P2) Nevertheless, a participant emotionally shared,
(Even when I am not feeling well, I force myself Kuan lang gyud akong ginahunahuna lang gyud,
because of my needs. I don’t have a choice but to force karon lang ni sya kay padayon lang ko eskwela gyud
myself.) (IDI- P2)
(I am just thinking that this will end, I am determined
Further, one participant from FGD added, to study.)
Kanang ako ra isa sir, nagkasakit ko, gipasmo nako,
gikalintura nako, pero kay wala gyud koy kwarta sir, Similarly,
wala koy mahimo, maong gipugos gyud nko. (FGD- Moabot ra gihapon ang panahon mawa ko ani nga
P6) sitwasyon, ing-ani nga kalisod sa kinabuhi. (IDI- P2)
(When I was only left inside, I was sick, felt hungry, (Time will come, and I will get out of this situation,
and had a fever, but since I don’t have any money, I this hardship in life.)

Research Article
In enduring the struggles they have encountered, the permente ka dinhia, wa gyud kay makuha nga maayo
young miners are motivated by their personal and ani nga kaugmaon. (IDI- P1)
familial responsibilities. They are dedicated to (It is better to be educated, you will no longer
overcoming their struggles just to address their needs. experience working in the tunnel, because if you
It was revealed that the young miners are also hopeful choose to stay in this situation, you can’t guarantee a
that the time will come when they can uplift better future.)
themselves out of those situations.
Further shared the same sentiment,
Insights and Learning of Youth Working in Mining Sa pag-eskwela og pagpanarbaho, di pud nako biyaan
Areas. ang pageskwela kay nagtuo ko nga mao gyud ni ang
makalingkawas sa akoang pagpanarbaho sa minahan
The Table 3 below presents the emerging themes on (FGD- P1)
the insights and learning of youth working in mining (Between studies and work, I would not give up my
areas. Participants’ sentiments were carefully studies, because I believe that it is the only way I can
examined and categorized, which came up with three stop myself from working in the tunnel.)
major themes: (1) Education as Hope; (2) Valuing
Financial Management; (3) Necessitating Government One participant agreed as he shared,
Assistance. Dapat lang gyud mageskwela kay puhon kay
pagmahuman na, naa nakay nindot nga trabaho dili
Table 3. Insights and Learning of Youth Working in kay perminte nalng mag dokdok (FGD- P2)
Mining Areas. (You should keep studying because one day, when you
graduate, you can land a good job and no longer be
working in the tunnel.)
Moreover, it was also expressed,

Reyalisasyon nako nga padayon lang gyud og eskwela,
mao ragyud na ang makapawala sa kalisod. (IDI- P2)
(I realized that you should continue schooling, that’s
the only way you can rise from poverty.)
Further elaborated by one participant,

Ang akoa lang makatambag sa ilaha sir nga, padayon
sila sa pagskwela. Dapat humanon gyud nila na kay
kabalo naman sila kung unsa gyud kapait kung dili
makahuman og skwela, maong padayon gyud. (IDI-
P7)
(What I can advise them is that they should continue
and finish schooling because they are already aware of
the situation if they can’t finish their studies.)
It was also advised by one participant as shared,

Education as Hope. It has been said that there is Ang uban wala nalang nangiskwela kay nagfocus
always light at the end of the tunnel. The young miners nalang sa pagpanarbaho kay naa man daw kwarta sa
revealed that education is an instrument to uplift them pagpanarbaho kaysa sa pageskwela. Pero di man gud,
from their dangerous working environment. Despite dili lang man gud na sa karon gud, sa moabotay nga
the struggles they have encountered, the participants future. (FGD- P4)
envision for better lives as they entrust their future to (Others are not attending their classes and choose to
education. work in the tunnel because of monetary advantage, but
that is not for the present, that’s for the near future.)
Participants relates as they shared,
Mas gwapo gyud tong niiskwela gyud ka kay para naa Taking into account the sentiments of the participants,
kay grado, dili naka moagi aning tunnel, kay kung education is indeed a means to escape from the cycle
of poverty. The young miners encouraged those youth
working in mining sites to always prioritize education,

Research Article
for them, it is more sustainable than laboring in mines. Necessitating Government Assistance. It was
The participants envision a day when, through highlighted during the interview that the young miners
education, they will no longer be gambling their lives seeking for government attention, they have voiced out
for financial gain. their demands to the government, such as socio-
economic and educational assistance for those students
Valuing Financial Management. Some participants working in mining areas, and they have been wishing
expressed a similar statement, it is giving value to the for better working opportunities for those out-of-
income gained after working in mines. The young school youth. They have also recommended a skills
miners advised those in same situation to spend their training program that will link to other job
earnings on necessities, not vices. Thus, they became opportunities.
practical because of their condition, as unveiled, in that
they have used their earnings to sustain their needs. During the interview, IDI- P2 recommended,
Sa akoa kanang Cash Assistance, mga scholarship
As the participant from IDI shared, para sa amoang mga batan-on nga mas more pa nga
Unya kanang mga kwarta sa tunnel sir dali ragyud sya managhan ang scholarship para daghan ang
mawala mao ng gamita gyud sa tama nga butang nga mangiskwela. Dili na motrabaho kay naa nay
para sa imuha, dili sa binuang. (IDI- P3) scholarship, focus nalanhg ang huna-huna sa
(The money you have earned working in the tunnel pagskwela. (IDI-P2 and IDI- P4)
can easily disappear, use it for yourself, not in a bad (As for me, the cash assistance and scholarship for the
way.) youth, I wish for more slots of scholarship so that
many can avail, they don’t have to work because they
Added to the above statement, one participant also have a scholarship, their attention will be given to their
expressed, studies.)
Akong natun-an samtang nagsulod kog tunnel,
kailangan gyud dapat maghinay ka sa paggasto sa Similar with,
kwarta kay ang pagsulod sa tunnel lisod kaayo unya Ang gusto namo sir scholarship gyud sir kay dili man
imo kwarta imo lang iwaldas. (FGD- P5) gyud tanan maka afford mangiskwela unya mas gwapo
(I learned while working in the tunnel that you should man gyud tong naay scholarship ang mga estudyante
be careful in spending your money because entering in kay para dili pud sila ma focus sa pagpanarbaho lang
the tunnel is so challenging and you will end up para naay pambayad sa tuition, mga project, pang
wasting it.) allowance, boardinghouse. (FGD- P2 and FGD- P5)
(We wish for scholarship since not all can afford to
Moreover, one participant responded on spending their education. It is better if there will be scholarships so
income wisely, as shared, the students will not focus on working because their
Bisan og ginagmay lang akoang income kada-adlaw, tuition, expenses for projects, allowances, and
naka sustinto man gihapon sya sa akoa pamilya, bisan boardinghouse will be subsidized.)
sa ginagmay lang nakatabang gihapon sa akong
kaugalingon. (IDI- P5) Further, one participant shared,
(Even with a small income every day, I can still Matabangan ang uban direa nga batan-on nga wala
sustain the needs of my family. Even with that smallkaeskwela, tagaan silag tabang nga makabalik sila og
income, I can still help myself.) skwela, sama sa scholarship. (IDI- P1)
(I hope that there will be aid for the out-of-school
In line with the above statement, a participant youth, they will be assisted to get back in school
answered, through program such as scholarships.)
Makaincome sa imong pagpanarbaho, makatabang ka
sa imong ginikanan. (IDI- P2) Moreover, it was responded in the IDI,
(When you earn money from working, you can help Sa akong huna-huna sir, bisag ginagmay lang nga
your parents) tabang sa gobyerno, Okay na sa amoa sir direa sa
mga batan-on nga nagatarbaho, and then, sama sa
Thus, a participant shared, mga pinansyal, then ginagmay lang gud sir. (IDI- P5)
Nahimo kong praktikal sa kinabuhi nga dapat (For me, even small amount of assistance from the
manarbaho gyud. (IDI- P4) government can help us youth employed in mining
(I became practical in life, which is why I worked) areas.)

Research Article
In addition, it was also recommended in the IDI, aspiring for monetary gains to sustain their survival
Ang akoa lang gyud sir no, pariha anang mga out of needs. As it was responded, the insufficient income of
school youth, tagaan silag trabaho ba nga dili lang their parents to address their physiological needs
dire sa tunnel, laing trabaho nga kaapplyan nila kay forced them to gamble their lives inside the tunnel.
dili gyud lalim dire sa tunnel magtrabaho. (IDI- P2) Consistent with Maslow’s theory of motivation, the
(As for me, there should be other job opportunities behavior of the participants was shaped by their desire
aside from working in the tunnel for the out-of-school to satisfy their physical needs, such as sufficient food
youth.) (James, 2019).
In line with the above statement, one participant Moreover, the existence of mining activities
shared, considered the participants means to meet their basic
Para sad makagawas ang uban sa ing-ani nga needs. As emphasized by Schwartz et al. (2021),
artisanal and small-scale mining provide opportunities
trabaho, pwede siguro nang TESDA para naa mi
to those who fell into poverty. The personal hardship
kaaplayan lain nga trabaho. (IDI- P1)
drove them to artisanal mining (Hilson & Garforth,
(For others to get out of that job, there should be
2012, as cited in Schwartz et al., 2021). Further, this
something like TESDA so they can apply for other
can be linked to the participants’ statements, as they
job.)
have expressed that they became employed in the
mining industry primarily because of their economic
The participants have expressed hope to be lifted from
and educational necessities, since small-scale mining
their condition, it was suggested that the governments
generated employment opportunities for seasonal
should provide economic and educational assistance
that can rescue them from the dangers of involvement workers such as students. (Ahmad, 2019)
in mining activities. Indeed, the youth are the hope of
Hazardous Work Environment
our nations, and they should be supported in terms of
their education and skill acquisition through a program
In relation to the struggles encountered by the
that realizes their potential.
participants, the majority of the young miners
described how hazardous their working environment
Discussion is. Participants have mentioned that not all the tunnel
holes are well-timbered, which resulted in erosion
inside and injuries after being hit by falling rocks. It
This section presents a discussion of the research was also revealed that they are passing through a
findings. This phenomenological study aimed to sinkhole while dragging seventy to eighty kilos of
capture the experiences of young laborers working in stock. The tiny holes contributed to the struggles of the
mining areas through an in-depth interview and focus participants, they have experienced being scraped on
group discussion. Participants’ sentiments were sharp stones while performing their tasks. Thus, the
systematically analyzed to identify the themes that participants sometimes felt like they were already
emerge per research objective. being buried inside the tunnel.
Struggles of Young Laborers Working in Mining A study by Ahmad (2019) highlighted that the fatality
Areas rate of small-scale mining in developing countries is
90 times higher than that in developed countries.
To interpret the data obtained from the interviews, Further, it was concluded through the study of Trzop et
thematic analysis was employed. There are four al. (2021) that working inside the tunnel is extremely
themes emerged for the struggles of young laborers risky and difficult. Similarly, according to the
working in mining areas: (1) Scarcity of basic needs; narration of one participant, that he witnessed how his
(2) Hazardous Work Environment; (3) Psychological coworker died when hit by a huge rock. Attributed to
Struggles; and (4) Physical Health Problems. the hazard in the workplace are the leaks observed by
the participants in the tunnel. Thus, mining is
Scarcity of Basic Needs considered a hazardous form of labor (Ismail et al.,
2021).
Basic need are those things we need for survival. All
of the participants pointed out that because of poverty, Moreover, the participants expressed their life-
they engaged in mining activities. It was revealed that threatening encounter while working inside the tunnel
the participants were employed in mining areas, one such is that half of a participant’s body was buried

Research Article
due to the erosion inside. The study by Ismail et al. among those who are employed in small-scale mining
(2021) considered mechanical failures, geological (Nakua et al., 2019). In the same study, it was reported
factors, and poor workplace conditions to be the main that abrasion with a 45.5% distribution of types of
causes of accidents in mining areas. Further, a injuries are common injuries in mines workplaces.
participant also witnessed how his coworker was This injury occurs when the skin is scraped on a sharp
trapped while laboring the stocks in the tunnel, this or rough surface. Moreover, it was perceived that
resulted in the coworker becoming physically disabled. digging and blasting were major injury risk factors
(Singo et al., 2022). Thus, the participants were injured
Psychological Struggles because of the nature of their job.
One of the major themes emerged in this study is the Meanwhile, difficulty breathing was commonly
psychological struggles. It also takes emotional encountered by the participants in the tunnel. It has
courage to accomplish the task, while dragging the been said that the air in mines has the potential to be
gold-bearing rocks, they also carried their fears and contaminated because of the presence of other gases
worries about possible accidents. Working in mining like hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, and
areas, according to Pizarro and Fuenzalida (2021), can carbon monoxide (“The Most Dangerous Gases in
have a negative impact on mental health, causing Mining,” 2019). In addition, employing blasting
symptoms and illnesses such as anxiety, depression, devices led the participants to inhale toxic smoke and
sleeping disorders, and mental fatigue. In addition, the dust. Further, the result of the study by Ahmad (2019)
participants expressed loneliness, felt hopeless when showed that dust inhalation can lead to respiratory
struggling, and wished to quit because of the hardships diseases. Thus, working in the tunnel is indeed
in their working environment. challenging, the participants performed the intensive
tasks while dealing with poor ventilation in their
The study of Tynan et al. (2018) presented the workplace.
associated factors in mining areas that affect the
mental health of the employees: the long hours spent Coping mechanisms of young laborers working in
working; the nature of the job that is repetitive and mining areas.
physically demanding; the distance of the workplace
from their home; and family and peer support. In the After careful analysis of the data obtained through the
context of the participants, it was revealed that they in-depth interviews and focus group discussion, there
have spent a day and night inside the tunnel, the are four themes emerged that showed the coping
distance is approximately fifteen kilometers from their mechanisms of the participants: physiological
relocated site to the workplace, and it was also readiness; practice safety precautions; Divine
expressed that they were forced to do so because of the Providence and Positive Outlook; and Motivational
survival needs of their families. Meanwhile, a study of Coping.
James et al. (2018) shows that there is a moderate to
very high level of psychological distress among those Physiological Readiness
employed in the mining industry.
To cope with the struggles encountered in mining
Physical Health Problems areas, it is necessary to become physiologically
prepared before entering the workplace. Participants
From the data obtained through an interview, the shared their mechanisms to ease the challenges
participants expressed that the felt physical fatigue due associated with the nature of the job. That is, by
to the physical demands of the job. This is maintaining physical conditioning, the participants
unsurprising in the mining industry (Bauerle et al., were assured adequate rest before entering the tunnel.
2018), since it requires an intensive labor force Taking enough food is also one of the considerations,
combined with the long hours of working a repetitive they also packed their meals for the rest of the day so
task. In addition, the factors that are associated with they could maintain efficiency in their work.
the increased risk of fatigue in mining areas include Meanwhile, in dealing with their physically
tedious job duties, poor ventilation in the tunnel, and demanding task, the miners revealed that they intake
unfixed shifting schedule (Dugdale et al., 2022). energy boosters to become active in their workplace
(Gyebi, 2022).
Further, it was also revealed that the young miners
acquired injuries while performing their tasks. According to a study of Kemmis (2019), getting
Research showed that there is a high injury incidence enough sleep can boost productivity. Enabling the

Research Article
young miners to cope with the physical demands of Divine providence refers to the cooperation of the
their work, it is important to take enough time for Supreme Being in anything that happens. It was shared
sleep as one way of ensuring they are physically during the interview that the participants were aware
conditioned before proceeding to the workplace. of the potential dangers of their engagement in mining
Further, the participants shared their strategies to deal operations, which resulted in their entrusting their
with physical exhaustion and keep working fears and worries to divine providence. Achour et al.
productively. When they were tired, they paused from (2019) highlighted that prayer greatly helps in
their task, resting while taking their meals. It has been alleviating emotional struggles and enhancing
said that resting is essential for our mental and employee well-being. Thus, prayer is helpful to the
physical health. The benefits of resting include stress participants, it contributes positive feelings, and one
management, decision making, and work efficiency such is motivation (Cannon et al., 2019).
(“The Science of Resting,” 2022). Meanwhile, food
fuels the young miners working performance and Moreover, part of the coping strategies of the
productivity (Behbahani, 2023). Taking enough food is participants is maintaining a positive outlook and self-
on top of participants’ minds before entering the entertainment. The young miners endured the worries
tunnel, they are also bringing their meals inside to and fears about potential hazards by having a positive
endure the long hours of working in the mining areas. mindset and entertaining themselves. Further, when
their lives were threatened, the young miners kept
Practice Safety Precautions holding onto the hope that they could get out of the
tunnel alive. It was also shared that having a
Mining belongs to a labor-intensive industries, it is conversation in mind was also their strategy to ease the
often perceived as a hazardous form of labor. The challenges they have encountered. In addition, self-talk
occurrence of risks from the involvement of mining is an example of positive thinking, this mindset can
activities allowed the participants to observe safety develop motivation, problem-solving skills, and
precautions. To cope with the hazardous working productivity (Naval, 2023). These coping skills can
environment, the young miners ensured safety and keep them afloat even in challenging times
protective gear before entering the workplace. Skull (Ackerman, 2018).
guards, boots, and flashlights are some of the
equipment necessary in mining operations. In addition, Motivational Coping
the study of Aram et al. (2021) suggested that
protective equipment can assure safety conditions. The motivational coping of the participants includes
Further, it was implied that in order to increase safety personal and familial responsibilities. The majority of
consciousness among miners, there should be the young miners expressed that they are determined to
legislation centered on occupational health and safety. accomplish their tasks so they can purchase goods for
the consumption of their families. They need to endure
Moreover, part of the preventive measures taken by the pain so they can sustain their educational needs.
the participants was to be cautious in their Thus, the young miners are motivated despite the risks
surroundings. It was expressed during the interview of their involvement because of the monetary
that the young miners are observant of the potential advantage.
hazards in their workplace and remain careful in the
performance of their task. The study of Wang et al. Consistent with the ecological system theory of
(2022) revealed that miners unsafe behaviors are a Bronfenbrenner, an individual’s development is
significant cause of accidents. Thus, to cope with the influenced by all the systems that are significantly
risky environment, participants maintained their attributed to their lived experiences (Bronfenbrenner,
presence of mind inside the tunnel to avoid a life- 1994, as cited in Crawford, 2020, p. 1). The families
threatening encounter. Research showed that 94% of and other people with whom they have consistent
accidents in mining sites were correlated to human contact belong to what Bronfenbrenner called the
factors, including the unsafe behavior of miners (You microsystem, this system greatly influences the
et al., 2019). Since accidents are unpredictable, for the behavioral changes of an individual (Crawford, 2020).
participants to endure the pain due to the physical Similarly, it was revealed by the participants that it
demands of the job, safety precautions should be was for addressing the needs of their families that
guaranteed, as they are motivated by their personal and made them work in mines. They also shared during the
familial responsibilities. interview that mining is the only job opportunity
available for them. Moreover, the young miners
Divine Providence and Positive Outlook expressed that they were forcing themselves into

Research Article
hazardous labor and dealt with the difficulties just to Participants highlighted that the money you will earn
provide for the needs of their familes. from working in the tunnel can easily disappear
because of their personal and familial obligations. In
Meanwhile, parallel with the study in Ghana, the addition, financial management behavior includes
miners desire to accomplish their work to gain money, allocating resources toward some goal (Topa et al.,
and the majority of their income is saved for 2018).
educational purposes (Gyebi, 2022). In addition, a
study also showed that employees are motivated and A study in Sub-Saharan Africa highlighted that
less likely to consider quitting because of the artisanal mining provides income opportunities to
promising income when a job is accomplished miners and is used to purchase foods (Walters et al.,
(Andrews, 2019). 2021). In addition, the participants have realized the
challenges inside the tunnel, so they guaranteed proper
Insights and Learning of Youth Working in Mining allocation of their income rather than wasting it. Thus,
Areas mining on the other side is also advantageous to the
young miners because it alleviates poverty and reduces
After the thorough classification of the participants’ inequality (Tsaurai, 2021).
sentiments, three major themes emerged from the
insights and learning of youth working in mining Necessitating Government Assistance
areas: Education as Hope; Valuing Financial
Management; and Necessitating Government The only institution that is capable of providing human
Assistance. development programs is the government. The
participants aspired for socio-economic and
Education as Hope educational assistance for the youth working in mining
areas. Programs that will guarantee rescuing them
It has been said that there is always light at the end of
from their conditions include supports for their
the tunnel. The participants strongly believed that
education and skill acquisition that can help them
through education they can lift their lives from their
realize their potential.
situation. Acquiring education is the young miners’
strong weapon to defeat the vicious cycle of poverty. As showed by the study, mining statistically
As a mechanism for eradicating poverty in some contributed to students’ academic performance
countries, education has the power to break the
(Ghanney et al., 2020). Similarly, some of the
transmission of poverty from generation to generation
participants who are working students have difficulty
(Zhu, 2020). The participants expressed that it is more
coping with their tasks and projects since their
sustainable than laboring in mines.
available time was utilized for work. Thus, for the
miners to give their full attention to schooling, there
Moreover, it is only through equitable and inclusive
education that we can lead a society free from poverty should be educational subsidies for them so they will
(Zakar, 2021). However, it was revealed by one no longer feel the necessity to gamble their lives in
participant that some youth were not attending their mining. Further, a study from South Africa on the
classes and chose to work in the tunnel because of education interventions of mine companies showed
monetary advantage. Similarly, in the country of that there is a higher pass rate when schools are
Guinea, the parents pushed their children out of school situated further from mine areas than those closer to
and practiced ASM to address survival needs (Gueye, the mines (Kilian, 2014). This is due to the continued
2018). Thus, to guarantee a better future for the young involvement of the students in mining despite the said
miners, the importance of education should be initiative. The educational support package to be given
realized. to miners can prevent them from working in mining.
Moreover, it was proven effective in South Africa that
Valuing Financial Management skills development empowered the mineworkers to
pursue alternative careers by targeting their local
To give justice to the struggles that the young miners economies (Ngcwangu, 2020). Finally, the participants
have gone through, they have to make wise economic are hopeful for the skills training program that can aid
decisions about allocating their income. The them in landing other careers.
participants learned to spend their earnings on
necessities, most of their income was used to help their
parents address the needs in their households.

Research Article
Conclusion Behbahani, N. (2023). Foods fuels employee performance and

productivity. Linkedin.
https://www.fastcompany.com/90795521/science-of-resting-well
In this research, it is not the gold that glitters, it is the
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stories of the participants. During the course of the
thematic analysis and code development. SAGE Publication Inc.
study, I have realized what it takes to be a researcher. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-08155-000
Despite the challenges I went through just to arrive at
the mining site, including those fears I felt when I Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human
development. International Encyclopedia of Education, (3).
entered the tunnel, all the sacrifices made in this
https://impactofspecialneeds.weebly.com/uploads/3/4/1/9/3419723/e
research are worthy. It was not the shine of gold- cologial_models_of_human_development.pdf
bearing rocks that mesmerized me, it was the revealed
sentiments and hopes of the participants. Further, Cannon, E., Bauer, R., Finch, M., Wallen, H., & Shaw, A. (2019).
Prayer circles and the perception of work environment. Medsurg
through this research, I understand what my purpose as Nursing, 28(5).
a social studies educator is: to describe social issues in https://www.proquest.com/openview/5d57dad8b711b61a27980fa2d
a scholarly manner. This study provides me with a 886b461/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=30764
comprehensive understanding of the issue of youth
Chantrea, B., Chansophy, H., &Chantyta, H. (2022). Working and
involvement in the mining industry, including its studying at the same time. The University of Cambodia, Phnom
pervasive effects on their studies and on their lives in Penh, Cambodia.
general. I hope that this research helped the https://uc.edu.kh/userfiles/image/2018/Working%20and%20Studyin
participants as a bridge in expressing their sentiments. g%20at%20the%20Same%20Time.pdf
This may also be utilized in aid of legislation. Clancy, C., Glied, S. & Lurie, N. (2021). From research to health
p ol i cy i m p a c t . He a lt h Se r v i c e R e s e a rc h , 47 (2 ).
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Behind The Glitters of Gold: Traversing The Lives of Young Drudgers in Mt. Diwata

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Behind The Glitters of Gold: Traversing The Lives of Young Drudgers in Mt. Diwata

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BEHIND THE GLITTERS OF GOLD: TRAVERSING

THE LIVES OF YOUNG DRUDGERS

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

Behind the Glitters of Gold: Traversing the Lives of

Introduction to be widely recognized as an activity that is

Bacaro & Sinang 1098/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1099/1121

numerous areas have thousands of holes left behind by

This research aimed to capture unheard voices about

Bacaro & Sinang 1100/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1101/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1102/1121

Once selected, participants were oriented on their

To guarantee ethical consideration in the conduct of

This chapter presents the results of the study about the

Bacaro & Sinang 1103/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1104/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1105/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1106/1121

(I want to surrender. I felt hopeless in my life, I felt no Sometimes, a participant felt,

Bacaro & Sinang 1107/1121

P4) was injured, but later I was healed.)

Bacaro & Sinang 1108/1121

diha na gamitag balbag. (IDI- P5)

A participant emotionally answered,

It was also shared from the FGD,

The young miners suffered health issues because of the

Coping mechanisms of young laborers working in

Bacaro & Sinang 1109/1121

P3) brought back our foods so others can keep working.)

A participant also revealed, Another participant added as he shared,

Bacaro & Sinang 1110/1121

kataas nga singking. (FGD- P6) plans in case accidents happen.

Bacaro & Sinang 1111/1121

sa makagaws nami (FGD- P7) could not do anything, so I endured it.)

Bacaro & Sinang 1112/1121

Moreover, it was also expressed,

Further elaborated by one participant,

It was also advised by one participant as shared,

Bacaro & Sinang 1113/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1114/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1115/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1116/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1117/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1118/1121

Conclusion Behbahani, N. (2023). Foods fuels employee performance and

Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and

Bacaro & Sinang 1119/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1120/1121

Bacaro & Sinang 1121/1121

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