Gas chromatography

Packed Column
Capillary columns
PLOT
Support material
• Kieselguhr or diatomaceous earth
Column Oven Method I
Column oven Method II
Separation mechanism
• Dispersive
• Dipole
• Hydrogen Bonding
• Retention factor,(Distribution Coefficient (Partition Coefficient) (Kc)
• Factors affecting separation
Dispersive interactions
Dispersive interactions
Polar Interactions
Polar Interactions
Polar Interactions
Polar Interactions
Polar Interactions
Polar Interactions
Retention factor,(Distribution Coefficient (Partition Coefficient) (Kc)

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Factors affecting separation in GC

• Vapor pressure
• The polarity of components versus the polarity of stationary phase on
column
• Column temperature
• Carrier gas flow rate
• Column length
• Amount of material injected
Detectors
• Ideal properties
• Detection properties
• Classification of detectors
Ideal properties
• High sensitivity
• Good stability and reproducibility
• A linear response
• Negligible baseline noise
• Cheap
Ideal properties

• Provide info on identity of solute

• Operate at temp btwn RT and 400 degree centigrade
• A short response time independent of flow rate
• High reliability and easy to operate
• Should be non-destructive
• Response should be independent of mobile phase composition
 Detection properties
• Bulk properties
• Specific properties
Parts of a detector
• Sensor
• Electronic equipment
When used together they serve as transducers
• Concentration dependent detectors
• Thermal conductivity detector
• Electron capture
• Mass flow dependent detectors
• Flame ionization detector
• Nitrogen phosphorous detector
• Flame photometric detector
• Others
• Photoionization detectors
• Atomic emission detectors
• Sulphur chemiluminiscence detector
• Mass spectrometer detector
Electron capture
Electron capture
C + radiation C+ + e-
Flame ionization detector
Nitrogen phosphorous detector
Flame photometric detector
Photoionization detector
Helium Ionization detector
Argon ionization
Argon ionization detector
Atomic emission detectors
Chemiluminiscence Detector