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    Chap8 Binomial Theorem

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    Manli Ran

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The binomial theorem Contents: A_ Binomial expansions B The binomial theorem for n € Z+ € The binomial theorem for n € Q 194 THE BINOMIAL THEOREM (Chapter §) OPENING PROBLEM ‘The cube alongside has sides of length (a+b) em. Its volume is (a +b)* em, The cube has been subdivided into smaller blocks by making 3 cuts parallel to the eube’s surfaces as shown. ‘Things to think about: a How many blocks have been created? b How many blocks are: I abyabya Hi abyabyb iii aby bbyd b by b by b? © By adding the volumes of the blocks, can you write an expression which is equivalent to (a+b)? ANIMATION The sum a@ +b is called a binomial as it contains two terms. ‘Any expression of the form (a+ 6)” is called a power of a binomial. We are already familiar with the perfect square expansion (a +)® =a? +2ab+ 6%, In this Chapter we study how (a +)" is expanded for other powers. SIONS The following algebraic expansion for (a-+5)* should confirm your result from the Opening Problem: (a+b)? = (a+b)(a +b)? = (a+b)(a*+2ab +0) — {pefect square expansion} a + 20% + ab? + ab + 2ab? + b8 +3a7b+3ab? +65 {collecting like terms} ‘The binomial expansion of (a + b)® is a® + 3a + 3ab? +b%. INVESTIGATION 1 What to do: 1 Expand (a+b)! using (a +)! = (a +0)(a+0)*. 2 Hence expand (a-+6)° using (a+6)° =(a+b)(a+b)4. ‘THE BINOMIAL THEOREM (Chapter 8) __ 195 3 The cubie expansion (a +})® = a3 + 3a7b + 3ab? +08 contains 4 terms. They are written in order so that the powers of a decrease. We observe that their coefficients are: 1 3 3° 1 ‘@ With the terms written in this order, what happens to the powers of b? b Does the pattern in a continue for the expansions of (a+)* and (a+)? € Use your results to continue this pattern of coefficients up to the case n= 5. ‘4 The triangle of numbers we are considering is called Paseal’s triangle. a How can each row of Pascal's triangle be predicted from the previous one? & Predict the elements of the 6th row of Pascal’s triangle. ¢ Hence write down the binomial expansion of (a + b)°® Check your result algebraically using (a +6)° = (a +6)(a+0)°. From the Investigation, you should have observed that in Bae row 1 Pascal's triangle: 121 row 2 ‘the values on the end of each row are always 1 1 3 1 row 3 ‘each of the remaining values is found by adding the rissa? uey teuay eiaert row 4 two values diagonally above NANNY NY 1 ‘sid 1's 1 rows ‘You should have also found that (a + 6)! = a + 4a*b + 6a7b? + 4ab* + b4 = ab? + 403d! + Gab? + ald? + ab! Notice that: ‘* As we look from left to right across the expansion, the powers of a decrease by 1, while the powers of b increase by 1. © The sum of the powers of a and 6 in each term of the expansion is 4. * The number of terms in the expansion is 4+1=65. ‘* The coefficients of the terms are row 4 of Pascal’s triangle. For the binomial expansion of (a +5)" where n © N: ‘* As we look from left to right across the expansion, the powers of a decrease by 1, while the powers of b increase by 1. ‘© The sum of the powers of a and b in each term of the expansion is n. ‘© The number of terms in the expansion is n +1. ‘The coefficients of the terms are row n of Pascal’s triangle. Btu Cats Use (a +b)® =a + 302+ 3ab? + 6° to find the binomial expansion of (27 +3) (2-5) In the expansion of (a +8)° we substitute a = (2r) and b= (3). (2x + 3)5 = (2x) + 3(2x)?(3) + 3(2x)*(3)? + (3)° = 82° + 3627 + 54x + 27 We substitute a= (z) and b= (—5). (a —5)* = (2)® + 3(@)?(—5) + 3()(—5)? + (5)? a — 15a? + 75x — 125 re eee Grce DRTC Find the: A 2 5th row of Pascal’s triangle binomial expansion of (= = =) iil the Ist row, for (a+b)! fee Tiers eS 14641 1 5 10 10 5 1+— the 5th row, for (a+b)® Using the coefficients obtained in a, (a +6)° = a5 + 5a%b + 10a°b? + 10070 + Sab* + BP Letting @ EXERCISE 8A Use the binomial expansion of (a +b)* to expand and simplify: (+ay* (r+ (2+2)5 (4-2) (3e -1)8 (2x + 5)8 @-13 (2a —b)* wen! (o-3) (3) ‘THE BINOMIAL THEOREM (Chapter 8) 197 2 a d 9 2 a Use (a +b)" =a! +4a%b + 6076? + 4ab* +0! to expand and simplify: (te)! b (x-2/! « (3-2)! (1+ 22)4 e (2c~3)! f (20 +b)* (e+4) h (xr-4)' 1 @+yat Expand and simplify: i (ay? ii (a0)! Compare the expansions in a with those of (a+)® and (a +6)‘. Discuss the signs of the corresponding terms. Write down the 5th row of Pascal’s triangle, Hence copy and complete: (a +5)° = Find the binomial expansion of: i (+2) i (w@—2y)® ii (1+22)° 5 @ Write down the 6th row of Pascal's triangle. b Hence copy and complete: (a + b)° = © Find the binomial expansion of: 16 i (@w+2° li Qe-1)6 iii («+4) 6 Expand and simplify: a (1+v2)* & (v5+2)' « (-v3)° 7a Expand (2+2)8 b Hence find the value of (2.01). 8 Expand and simplify (2x +3)(x + 1)4 9 Find the coefficient of: 2 ab? in the expansion of (32+ b)® bab in the expansion of (20+ 36)° ACTIVITY Suppose “shallow diagonals” are drawn on Pascal’s triangle as shown alongside: by your answers to 1? Can you explain why this occurs? What to do: — 1. Find the sum of the numbers in each diagonal, ce 2 Do you recognise the sequence of numbers formed 15 w 10 16 1 20 1 6 198 THE BINOMIAL THEOREM (Chapter 8) (E) THE BIWoMiaL THEOREM FoR n <7 For higher powers of a binomial, generating rows of Pascal’s triangle by hand is very tedious. To efficiently expand (a +0)", we need a general formula for each term of the expansion. INVESTIGATION 2 Consider the expansion of (a +8)" = (a +6)(a+8)(a+6)...(a+6). What to do: 1. Suppose you expanded the brackets completely without simplifying “like” terms, How many terms would there be? 2 Each of these terms is generated by selecting one term, either a or b, from each of the n sets of brackets. a Ifb is chosen r times, how many times is a chosen’? In how many ways could b be chosen r times from the n sets of brackets? ¢ When you collect the “like” terms, how many terms of the form a”~"b” will there be? @) 3 a Evaluate this triangle of numbers: (ca @ @ @ @ @) &) © Copy and complete: The rth number in the nth row of Pascal’ triangle #8... From the Investigation, you should have found that: Pe # In the expansion of (a-+ 8)", the coefficient of w""by is () = Ty. (”) is hence called the binomial coefficient. © (") is the rth number of the nth row of Pascal’s triangle, for ne Zt, reN, r (")(-1)"a"—"" ELL DSi we In the expansion of (+4) i. the coefficient of 2° the constant term. a=(e), 6= (4), nt n=12 the general term | T;.1 = (72) (2?)!2-" (y = (2 )a 4 = (22) anata If 24—3r If 24-3r=0 then 3r = 18 then 3r=24 r r=8 Tr = (2) 4828 Ty = (12)482° the coefficient of ° is the constant term is (72) 48 = 3784704. (3)48 = 32440320. Consider the expansion of (ar + 2)8 Write down the general term of the expansion, Find the coefficient of Consider the expansion of (xr +b)" Write down the general term of the expansion, Find b given that the coefficient of a‘ is —280. r+a)” Write down the general term of the expansion, Find the coefficient of: 2 a a Consider the expansion of (3 Find the constant term in the expansion of: (3) (3) Find the coefficient of: (@-3) el” in the expansion of (3+ 2x2) 2° in the expansion of (207 12 ay? in the expansion of (22? — 3y)® !2 in the expansion of (202 - +) Consider the expression (22y ~ 2y?)®. Find the term in which « and y are raised to the same power. The third term of (1+.r)" is 362%. Find n, and hence find the fourth term. ‘THE BINOMIAL THEOREM (Chapter) 201 " 13 4 Find the value of a given: a the coefficient of xx® in the expansion of (2x +a)® is 448 ve a the coefficient of 4 in the expansion of (v = £) is 1792 © the fourth term in the expansion of (ax + v2)" is 3027 0 the coefficient of 2" in the expansion of (@ + 4) is 15. EL | +) Self Tutor | Find the coefficient of 2° in the expansion of (x +3)(2r— 1). (w+3)(2x—1)® = (e+ 3)[(22)° + ({)(22)*(1) + (§) 22)? + --] = (p+ 3)(2%a8 — (7) 254 + (9) 244 — t 5 $ So, the terms containing x° are ()2*x° from (1) and —3(%)2%x° from (2) the coefficient of x° is ($)24—3({)2° = Find: a the coefficient of x in the expansion of (sr + 4)(« —3)° b the term containing ° in the expansion of (2—<)(3e +1)? © the coefficient of « in the expansion of @+a(2 22) the coefficient of 2? in the expansion of (a — 2)?(1— 2x) 6 © the coefficient of ~? in the expansion of («+ 1)* (Z 7 2) rica fhe constant em nthe expansion of (22+ 1)" (2-2) If (1+ kar)" = 1-128 +600? —...., n€ Z+, find the values of k and n. a Write down the first 5 rows of Pascal’s triangle. & Find the sum of the numbers in: i rowl ii row 2 row 3 iv row4d W row 5. © Copy and complete: “The sum of the numbers in row n of Pascal’s triangle is . Show that (L+a)"= (5) + ({)at (S)a? +o t (0) amt + (2) a @ Hence deduce that: 1 ()+G) +) t+ Gs) +) = (5) — (1) + (2) -G) ++ ae (Q) <0 CSD ECT) ACP tnt Cae By considering the binomial expansion of (1 +r)", find Src ) 202 _THE BINOMIAL THEOREM _ (Chapter 8) 15 a Write down the first four and last two terms of the binomial expansion (3 +r)" b Hence simplify 3" + (71) 3" + (3) 3-2 + (4) 3°84 + Bn 41 16 Expand (1+ 2 ~2?)° in ascending powers of « as far as the term containing ar, 17. Prove Pascal’s rule (") +(,",) = (1) forall neZt+, reN, r (")a"-rb" n(w=1)(n=2)...dn—= 7+ 1) + is the binomial coefficient for n wir' = ite geometric sequence, we now have the binomial coefficient (,”,) which varies with each term. However, just as the infinite geometric nomi be sequence converges for |r| <1, the binomial expansion converges for || <1 Most importantly, for the series to converge, the terms must become smaller in size as k increases. This, means that we can approximate the binomial expansion by truncating it at a finite number of terms. Brooes Cats Consider the binomial expansion of L vite Write down the first 4 terms of the expansion. State the interval of convergence for the complete expansion, 1 Use the expansion to estimate Check your answer by direct calculation, The series converges provided |2| <1, which is the interval —2

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