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PHYSICS
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11th Standard
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VOLUME - I & II
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Based on the updated New Textbook
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FreWorkbook
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Practic with
anual
Lab M
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Salient Features
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Prepared as per the updated New Textbook
Exhaustive Additional MCQs, VSA, SA, LA questions with answers are given in each
chapter.
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All the objective type (1 Mark) questions, are given with 4 options.
(i) Choose the correct option (v) Choose the correct pair
(ii) Match the following (vi) Choose the incorrect pair
(iii) Fill in the blanks (vii) Assertion-Reason
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(iv) Choose the odd one out (viii) Choose the correct or incorrect
statements
Govt. Model Question Paper (2018) [Govt. MQP-2018], First Mid-Term Test (2018)
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[First Mid-2018], Quarterly Exam - 2018 [QY-2018], Half Yearly Exam - 2018
[HY-2018], March - 2019 & 2020 [Mar.-2019 & 2020], June - 2019 [Jun.-2019] Quarterly
Exam - 2019 [QY-2019], Half Yearly Exam - 2019 [HY. 2019] and September - 2020
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SURA PUBLICATIONS
Chennai
2021-22 Edition
© Reserved with Publishers
ISBN : 978-93-5330-061-6
Code No : SG 264
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Author :
Mr.J.M.Joseph M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
Chennai.
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Reviewed by :
Mr. P. George Paul M.Sc.,M.Ed., M.Phil, PGDCA
Vice-Principal
Annai Veilankanni’s Matric Hr. Sec. School
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81, VGP Salai, Saidapet, Chennai - 600 015
Head Office:
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1620, ‘J’ Block, 16th Main Road, Anna Nagar,
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e-mail
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website : www.surabooks.com
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Also available 1 Mark Q & A (EM/TM),2,3 Marks (EM/TM) and 5 Marks Q & A
(EM / TM) for all Subjects.
(ii)
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It gives me great pride and pleasure in bringing to you Sura’s Physics guide for
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11th Standard. It is prepared as per the New Syllabus and New Textbooks Vol. I & II.
A deep understanding of the text and exercises is rudimentary to have an insight into
the subject. The students have to carefully understand the topics and exercises.
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Our guide encompasses all the requirements of the students to comprehend the
text and the evaluation of the textbook.
It will be a teaching companion to teachers and a learning companion to students.
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Concept Map, Must know Definitions are given in all units.
Exhaustive Additional MCQs, VSA, SA, LA, HOTS questions with answers are
given in each units.o
These features will help students practice and learn effectively all the sections
of the textbooks.
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In order to learn effectively, I advise students to learn the subject sectionwise and
practice the exercises given.
Though these salient features are available in our Guide, I cannot negate the
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indispensable role of the teachers in assisting the student to understand the subject
thoroughly.
I sincerely believe this guide satisfies the needs of the students and bolsters the
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I pray the almighty to bless the students for consummate success in their
examinations.
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Sura Publications
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Contents
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VOLUME - I
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UNIT I : Nature of Physical World and Measurement........................................................................1 - 38
UNIT II : Kinematics.........................................................................................................................39 - 87
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UNIT III : Laws of motion...............................................................................................................88 - 133
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UNIT V : Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Bodies.............................................................168 - 204
VOLUME - II
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UNIT VI : Gravitation....................................................................................................................205 - 235
Govt. Supply. Exam September Question Paper ...........................................................425 - 426
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STUDENTS
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Sura Publications
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(v)
PHYSICS
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VOLUME - I
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o Contents
VOLUME - I
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UNIT II : Kinematics.........................................................................................................................39 - 87
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(vi)
UNIT
Nature of
01 Physical World and
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Measurement
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Concept Map
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Nature of Physical World and Measurement
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Fundamental Quantities
and their units
Science - Introduction o Measurement
FPS
Physics - Introduction
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of Physics
Errors in Measurement
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Rounding off
FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
(1) Distance travelled by light in one year in vaccuum = [velocity of light × 1 year in seconds]
m
= 3 × 108× 365.25 × 24 × 60 × 60
= 9.467 × 1015m
(2) π radian = 180º
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180º 180º × 7
(3) 1 radian = = = 57.27 º
π 22
(4) Also 1º (degree of arc) = 60′ (minute of arc) and 1′ (minute of arc) = 60′′ (seconds of arc)
s.
Relations between radian, degree and minutes:
π
(5) 1º = rad = 1.745 × 10–2 rad
180
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1º 1.745 × 10 −2
(6) 1′ = = = 2.908 × 10–4 rad
60 60
≈ 2.91 × 10–4 rad
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1º 1.745 × 10 −2
(7) 1′′ = = = 4.847 × 10–6 rad
3600 3600
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≈ 4.85 × 10–6 rad
a1 + a2 + a3 + .......... + an 1 i=n
(9) Absolute error am = or am = n ∑ ai ; am → true value of measured quantity,
n i =1
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n → number of values
n
1
(10) Mean Absolute error Dam= n ∑ ∆ ai ; D am → Mean absolute error, n → number of values
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i =1
∆am
(11) Relative error (or) Fractional error Da = ; am → Mean value
am
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∆am
(12) Percentage error, Da = a × 100%
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(3) 1 nanometer, 1nm = 10–9 m
(4) 1 micron (or) micro meter, 1µm = 10–6 m
(5) 1 Light year = 9.467 × 1015m
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(6) 1 Astronomical unit, 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m
(7) 1 Parallactic second, 1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016 m = 3.26 light year
(8) 1 CSL = 1.4 times, the mass of the sun
s.
(9) 1 shake = 10–8 s (or) 10 nanoseconds
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Multiple Prefix Symbol Sub multiple Prefix Symbol
101 deca da 10–1 deci d
102 hecto h 10–2 centi c
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103 kilo k 10–3 milli m
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106 mega M 10–6 micro µ
109 giga G 10–9 nano n
1012 tera T 10–12 pico p
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phenomena.
Unification : Attempting to explain diverse physical phenomena with a few concepts and
laws.
Reductionism : An attempt to explain a macroscopic system in terms of its microscopic
constituents.
Technology : The application of the principles of physics, i.e. knowledge for practical
purposes in various fields to invent and produce useful products or to solve
problems.
Classical mechanics : The study of forces acting on bodies whether at rest or in motion
Thermodynamics : The study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy
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Optics : The study of light
Electricity and : The study of electricity and magnetism and their mutual relationship
magnetism
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Acoustics : The study of the production and propagation of sound waves
Astrophysics : The branch of physics which deals with the study of the physics of astronomical
bodies
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Relativity : One of the branches of theoretical physics which deals with the relationship
between space, time and energy particularly with objects moving in different
ways .
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Quantum mechanics : The study of the discrete nature of phenomena at the atomic and subatomic
levels
Atomic physics : The branch of physics which deals with the structure and properties of the atom
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Nuclear physics : The branch of physics which deals with the structure, properties and reaction
of the nuclei of atoms.
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Condensed matter : The study of the properties of condensed materials (solids, liquids and
physics those intermediate between them and dense gas). It branches into various
sub-divisions including developing fields such as nano science, photonics
etc. It covers the basics of materials science, which aims at developing new
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Range of masses : From heavenly bodies to electron, 1055 kg (mass of known observable
universe) to 10−31 kg (mass of an electron) [the actual mass of an electron is
9.11×10–31 Kg].
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Measurement : The comparison of any physical quantity with its standard unit is known as
measurement.
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Physical Quantities : Quantities that can be measured, and in terms of which, laws of physics are
described are called physical quantities.
Fundamental : Fundamental or base quantities are quantities which cannot be expressed in
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Quantities terms of any other physical quantities. These are length, mass, time, electric
current, temperature, luminous intensity and amount of substance.
Derived Quantities : Quantities that can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities are called
derived quantities. Eg. area, volume, velocity, acceleration, force.
Unit of the quantity : An arbitrarily chosen standard of measurement of a quantity, which is accepted
internationally is called unit of the quantity.
Fundamental or base : The units in which the fundamental quantities are measured are called
units fundamental or base units.
Derived Unit : The units of measurement of all other physical quantities, which can be
obtained by a suitable multiplication or division of powers of fundamental
units, are called derived units.
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System of units : A complete set of units which is used to measure all kinds of fundamental
and derived quantities is called a system of units.
Radian (rad) : One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in
length to the radius of the circle.
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Steradian (sr) : One steradian is the solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere, by that
surface of the sphere, which is equal in area, to the square of radius of the sphere
macrocosm : Large objects like the galaxy, stars, Sun, Earth, Moon etc., and their distances
s.
constitute a macrocosm. It refers to a large world, in which both objects and
distances are large.
Microcosm : Objects like molecules, atoms, proton, neutron, electron, bacteria etc., and
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their distances constitute microcosm, which means a small world in which
both objects and distances are small-sized.
Parallax : The shift in the position of an object (say, a pen) when viewed with two eyes,
keeping one eye closed at a time is known as Parallax.
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Accuracy : Accuracy refers to how far we are from the true value.
Precision : Precision refers to how well we measure.
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Systematic errors : Systematic errors are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the
same direction.
Least count error : Least count is the smallest value that can be measured by the measuring
instrument, and the error due to this measurement is least count error.
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Astronomical unit : It is the mean distance of the centre of sun from the centre of earth
1AU = 1.496 × 1011m
Light year : It is the distance travelled by light in vacuum in one year.
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Error measurement : The uncertainity in the measurement of a physical quantity is called error.
Error = True value – Measured value
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Dimensions : Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental
quantities must be raised.
Dimensional constant : Physical quantities which possess dimensions and have constant values are
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EVALUATION
I. Multiple Choice Questions: 8. The dimensional formula of Planck’s constant
h is [AMU, Main, JEE, NEET]
1. One of the combinations from the fundamental (a) [ML2T–1] (b) [ML2T–3]
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physical constants is hc . The unit of this (c) [MLT–1] (d) [ML3T–3]
expression is G
[Ans. (a) [ML2T–1]]
2 3 –1
(a) kg (b) m (c) s (d) m 9. The velocity of a particle v at an instant t is
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[Ans. (a) kg2] given by n = at + bt2. The dimensions of b is
(a) [L] (b) [LT–1]
2. If the error in the measurement of radius is
2%, then the error in the determination of (c) [LT–2] [Ans. (d) [LT–3]]
(d) [LT–3]
volume of the sphere will be 10. The dimensional formula for gravitational
s.
[Sep. - 2020]
(a) 8% (b) 2% (c) 4% (d) 6%
constant G is [Related to AIPMT 2004]
(a) [ML3T–2] (b) [M–1L3T–2]
[Ans. (d) 6%]
(c) [M–1L–3T–2] (d) [ML–3T2]
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3. If the length and time period of an oscillating [Ans. (b) [M–1L3T–2]]
pendulum have errors of 1% and 3% 11. The density of a material in CGS system of units
respectively then the error in measurement of is 4 g cm–3 . In a system of units in which unit of
acceleration due to gravity is length is 10 cm and unit of mass is 100 g, then
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[Related to AMPMT 2008] [HY-2018] the value of density of material will be
(a) 4% (b) 5% (c) 6% (d) 7% (a) 0.04 (b) 0.4 (c) 40 (d) 400
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[Ans. (d) 7%] [Ans. (c) 40]
4. The length of a body is measured as 3.51 m, 12. If the force is proportional to square of
if the accuracy is 0.01m, then the percentage velocity, then the dimension of proportionality
constant is [JEE–2000] [QY-2019]
error in the measurement is (March 2020)
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[HY-2019]
5. Which of the following has the highest number [Main AIPMT 2011]
of significant figures? (a) length (b) time
(a) 0.007 m2 (b) 2.64 × 1024 kg (c) velocity (d) force
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15. A length-scale (l) depends on the permittivity 3. Write the rules for determining significant
(e) of a dielectric material, Boltzmann figures.
constant (kB), the absolute temperature (T), Ans. (i) All non-zero digits are significant
the number per unit volume (n) of certain (ii) All zeros between two non-zero digits are
charged particles, and the charge (q) carried significant
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by each of the particles. Which of the following (iii) All zeros to the right of a non-zero digit but
expression for l is dimensionally correct? to the left of a decimal point are significant.
[JEE (advanced) 2016] (iv) a) The number without a decimal point,
the terminal or trailing zero(s) are not
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(a) l = nq 2 (b) l = e kBT
e kBT nq2 significant.
b) All zeros are significant if they come
(c) l = q2 (d) l = q2 from a measurement
2
e nkBT (v) If the number is less than 1, the zero (s) on
s.
e n 3 kBT
εkBT the right of the decimal point but to left of
[Ans. (b) l= ]
nq2 the first non-zero digit are not significant.
II. Short Answer Questions. (vi) All zeros to the right of a decimal point and
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1. Briefly explain the types of physical quantities. to the right of non-zero digit are significant.
Ans. (i) Physical quantities are classified into two types. (vii) The number of significant figures does not
There are fundamental and derived quantities. depend on the system of units used.
(ii) Fundamental or base quantities are quantities
4. What are the limitations of dimensional
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which cannot be expressed in terms of any
other physical quantities. These are length, analysis? [Govt. MQP-2018; HY-2018; Jun.-2019]
mass, time, electric current, temperature, Ans. Limitations of Dimensional analysis:
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luminous intensity and amount of substance. (i) This method gives no information about the
(iii) Quantities that can be expressed in terms of dimensionless constants in the formula like
fundamental quantities are called derived 1, 2, ……..π,e, etc.
quantities. For example, area, volume, velocity, (ii) This method cannot decide whether the given
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Accuracy: The closeness of a measured value to (c) Knowing the distance x, the height h can be
the actual value of the object being measured is determined.
called accuracy.
RADAR method
Example: Suppose a man's true height is exactly (i) The word RADAR stands for radio detection
5′9″. When it is measured with a yardstick, the and ranging.
value is 5′0″. Hence measurement is not accurate.
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(ii) A radar can be used to measure accurately
When height is measured with a laser yardstick, the distance of a nearby planet such as Mars.
the value is 5′9″ then measurement is accurate. In this method, radio waves are sent from
If the height is measured consistently as 5′0″ transmitters which, after reflection from the
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with a yardstick, then measurements are precise. planet, are detected by the receiver.
III. Long Answer Questions (iii) By measuring, the time interval (t) between the
1. (i) Explain the use of screw gauge and vernier instants the radio waves are sent and received,
caliper in measuring smaller distances. the distance of the planet can be determined
(ii) Write a note on triangulation method and radar as
s.
method to measure larger distances. [Govt. MQP- Distance(d) = Speed of radio waves × time
2018]
v×t
Ans. Measurement of small distances: taken d =
2
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(i) T he screw gauge is an instrument used for
measuring accurately the dimensions of objects (iv) where v is the speed of the radio wave. As
up to a maximum of about 50 mm. the time taken (t) is for the distance covered
(a) It is used for measuring external dimensions. during the forward and backward path of the
i.e. diameter.
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(b) The least count of the screw gauge is distance of the object.
0.01 mm. (v) This method can also be used to determine
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A vernier caliper is a versatile instrument the height, at which an aeroplane flies from
for measuring the dimensions of an object the ground.
namely diameter of a hole, or a depth of a
hole. i.e. internal & external dimensions. 2. Explain in detail the various types of errors.
The least count of vernier caliper is [Mar., QY-2019]
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(March 2020)
(1) Instrumental errors : It arises when an
(a) Let AB = h be A instrument is not calibrated properly at the
the height of the time of manufacturing. It can be corrected
tree or tower to by choosing accurate instruments.
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(5) Least count error : Least count is the = Z ± (ΔA + ΔB)
smallest value that can be measured by (or) ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB
the measuring instrument, and the error The maximum possible error in the sum of two
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due to this measurement is least count quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
error.
errors in the individual quantities.
(b) Random error :
(ii) Error in the difference of two quantities :
(1) It arises due to random and unpredictable
variations in experimental conditions like Let ΔA and ΔB be the absolute errors in the
s.
pressure, temperature, voltage supply, two quantities, A and B, respectively. Then,
etc. Measured value of A = A ± ΔA
(2) It also arises due to personal errors by the Measured value of B = B ± ΔB
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observer. It is sometimes called ‘chance Consider the difference, Z = A – B
errors’. The error ΔZ in Z is then given by
(3) It can be minimised by repeating the Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA) – (B ± ΔB)
observations a large number of times
= (A – B) ± ΔA + ΔB
the observations.
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and taking the arithmetic mean of all
= Z ± ΔA + ΔB
(c) Gross error : (or) ΔZ = ΔA+ ΔB
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(1) The error caused due to the shear carelessness The maximum error in difference of two
of an observer is called gross error. quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
(2) It can be minimized only when an observer errors in the individual quantities.
is careful and mentally alert. (iii) Error in the product of two quantities
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3. What do you mean by propagation of errors? Let ΔA and ΔB be the absolute errors in the
Explain the propagation of errors in addition two quantities, A and B, respectively. Consider
and multiplication. (March 2020)
the product Z = AB
Ans. A number of measured quantities may be involved
.s
4. Write short notes on the following. To convert a physical quantity from one system
(a) Unit of units to another
(b) Rounding - off (i) This is based on the fact that the product
(c) Dimensionless quantities of the numerical values (n) and its
Ans. (a) Unit : An arbitrarily chosen standard of corresponding unit (u) is a constant. i.e, n
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measurement of a quantity, which is accepted [u] = constant (or) n1[u1] = n2[u2].
internationally is called unit of the quantity.
(ii) Consider a physical quantity which has
The units in which the fundamental quantities
are measured are called fundamental or base dimension ‘a’ in mass, ‘b’ in length and ‘c’ in
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units and the units of measurement of all other time. If the fundamental units in one system
physical quantities, which can be obtained by are M1, L1 and T1 and the other system are
a suitable multiplication or division of powers M2, L2 and T2 respectively, then we can
of fundamental units are called derived units. write, n1 [M1a L1b T1c] = n2 [M2a L2b T2c]
(b) Rounding - off : The result given by a
s.
(iii) We have thus converted the numerical value
calculator has too many figures. In no case of physical quantity from one system of
should the result have more significant figures units into the other system.
than the figures involved in the data used
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for calculation. The result of calculation with IV. Numerical Problems.
numbers containing more than one uncertain
digit should be rounded off. 1. In a submarine equipped with sonar, the
(c) Dimensionless quantities : time delay between the generation of a pulse
and its echo after reflection from an enemy
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(i) Physical quantities which have no
dimensions, but have variable values submarine is observed to be 80 s. If the speed
are called dimensionless variables. of sound in water is 1460 ms–1. What is the
ab
Examples are Gravitational constant, distance of enemy submarine?
Planck’s constant etc. Ans. The speed of sound in water v = 1460 ms–1
(ii) Quantities which have constant values Time taken by the pulse for to and fro :
and also have no dimensions are called
T 80s
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T
[HY-2018 & 19] \d = v × 2 = 1460 × 40
Ans. Principle of homogeneity of dimensions :
It states that the dimensions of all the terms in a = 58400 m or 58.40 km.
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[QY-2019]
[LT–1]2 = [LT–2]2 + 2 [LT–2] [L] Ans. Radius of the circle r = 3.12 m
[L2T–2] = [L2T–2] + 2[L2T–2] Area of the circle A = ?
This method is used to A = p r2 = 3.14 × 3.12 × 3.12 = 30.566016
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m
analysis. (related to JIPMER 2001) = 142872.677 × 103 m
Ans. γ ∝ la Fb mc = 142872.677 × 103 × 10–3 km
γ = K la Fb mc d = 1.428 × 105 km.
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K - dimensionless constant of proportionality 5. The measurement value of length of a simple
a, b, c - powers of l, F, m pendulum is 20 cm known with 2 mm accuracy.
The time for 50 oscillations was measured to be
Dimensional Formula of F = [MLT–2] 40 s within 1s resolution. Calculate the percentage
Dimensional Formula of linear density accuracy in the determination of acceleration
s.
mass [M] 1 –1 due to gravity ‘g’ from the above measurement.
m= =
length [L] = [M L ]
Ans. The errors in both l & T are least count errors.
writing dimensions of γ = K la Fb mc
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[M0L0T–1] =[L]a [M1L1T–2]b [ML–1]c T = 2π l 2 2 l
g ⇒ T = 4π . g
= LaMbLb T–2b McL = [M]b+c[L]a+b–c [T]–2b
M0L0T–1 = [M]b+c [L]a+b–c [T]–2b ∴g = 4π2 l
T2
Applying the principle of homogeneity of
dimension
o The errors in both l & T are least count errors
b + c = 0 ....(1) ∆g ∆l 2 ∆T
= +
ab
a + b – c = 0 ....(2) g l T
1 Length of simple pendulum l = 20 cm
–2b = –1 or b = + accuracy Δ l = 2mm = 0.2 cm
2
1 Time for 50 oscillations T = 40 s
From c = –b = − 1 ∴c=−
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2 2 resolution Δ T = 1 s
1 1 1 1 ∆g 0.2 1 0.2 2 1.2
From a + – ( − ) = 0 a + + = 0 ∴ = + 2 = + =
2 2 2 2 20 40 20
g 20 40
∴ a = −1
.s
g 20
1 F
γ= . % accuracy in g = 6%.
l m
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4. Jupiter is at a distance of 824.7 million km from Government Exam Question & Answers
the Earth. Its angular diameter is measured to
be 35.72˝. Calculate the diameter of Jupiter. I. Multiple Choice Questions :
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1 Mark
Ans. Distance of Jupiter from the earth,
D = 824.7 × 106 km 1. A substance whose mass is 4.27 g occupies
D = 824.7 × 109 m 1. 3 cm3. The number of significant figure in
Angular diameter θ = 35.72" density is [Govt. M.Q.P - 2018]
= 35.72 × (4.85 ×10–6 rad) (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
[1" = 4.85 ×10–6 rad] [Ans. (d) 4]
2. Triple point of water is : [QY. - 2018] 3. What are random errors? How to minimise
(a) 273.16 k (b) 237.16 c it? [First Mid-2018]
(c) 273.16 c (d) 0 k [Ans. (a) 273.16k] Ans. (i) Random errors may arise due to random and
3. Mass, temperature, electric current are unpredictable variations in experimental
________ [QY. - 2018] conditions like pressure, temperature, voltage
(a) fundamental quantities supply, etc. Random errors are sometimes
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(b) scalar quantities (c) vector quantities called “chance error”.
(d) both a and b [Ans. (d) both a and b] (ii) Random errors can be evaluated through
statistical analysis and can be reduced by
The significant figure of the number 0.003401
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4. averaging over a large number of observations.
is: ________ [QY. - 2019] 4. Write down the number of significant figures
(a) 6 (b) 3 in the following: (i) 0.007 (ii) 400.[Govt. MQP-2018]
(c) 5 (d) 4 [Ans. (d) 4] Ans. (i) One (ii) One
5. The amplitude and time period of a simple 5. What are the advantages of SI system?
s.
pendulum bob are 0.05 m and 2 s respectively. [QY-2018]
Then the maximum velocity of the bob is : Ans. (i) It is a rational system, in which only one unit
is used for one physical quantity.
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[Mar. - 2019]
a) 0.157 ms–1 b) 0.257 ms–1 (ii) It is a coherent system, which means all the
c) 0.10 ms–1 d) 0.025 ms–1 derived units can be easily obtained form basic
[Ans. (a) 0.157 ms–1] and supplementary units.
(iii) It is a metric system which means that multiples
II. Very Short Answer Questions : and submultiples can be expressed as powers
2 Marks
o of 10.
Check the dimensional correctness for the 6. What is fractional error?
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1. [QY-2018]
given equations. [First Mid-2018] Ans. Ratio of mean absolute error to the mean value
1 (or) relative error or fractional error = mean
(a) V = u + at (b) s = ut + at absolute error / mean value.
2
(a) v = u + at Apply dimensional formula on
Ans.
III. Short Answer Questions :
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both sides
[LT−1] = [LT−1] + [LT−2] [T]
3 Marks
[LT−1] = [LT−1] + [LT−1] 1. Write a note on radar method to measure larger
(Quantities of same dimension only can be distances.
.s
[First Mid-2018]
added) Ans. (i) The word RADAR stands for radio detection
Since dimensions on both sides are same, and ranging.
the given equation is dimensionally correct. (ii) A radar can be used to measure accurately
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(b) [L] = [LT−1] [T] + [LT−2] [T2] the distance of a nearby planet such as Mars.
[L] = [LT−1 + 1] + [LT−2+2] In this method, radio waves are sent from
transmitters which, after reflection from the
[L] = [LT0] + [LT0]
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during the forward and backward path of the IV. Long Answer Questions :
radio waves, it is divided by 2 to get the actual 5 Marks
distance of the object.
(iv) This method can also be used to determine 1. The force F acting on a body moving in a circular
the height, at which an aeroplane flies from path depends on mass of the body(m) velocity(v)
the ground. and radius (r) of the circular path. Obtain the
m
2. The voltage across a wire is (100 ± 5) v and the expression for the force by dimensional analysis
current passing through it is (10 ± 0.2) A. Find method. (k = 1). [First Mid-2018; Mar.-2019]
the resistance of the wire. [First Mid-2018] Ans. F ∝ ma vb rc ; F = k ma vb rc
co
Ans. Voltage V = (100 ± 5)V where k is a dimensionless constant of
Current I = (10 ± 0.2)A proportionality. Rewriting the above equation in
Resistance R = ? terms of dimensions and taking k = 1, we have
Then resistance R is given by Ohm's law [MLT–2] = [M]a [LT–1]b [L]c = [Ma Lb T–b Lc]
s.
V 100 [MLT–2] = [M]a [Lb+c] [T–b]
R = = = 10 W
I 10 Comparing the powers of M, L and T on both sides
∆R ∆V ∆I a = 1; b + c = 1 –b = –2; 2 + c = 1, b = 2
= +
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R V I a = 1, b = 2 and c = –1
∆V ∆I 5 0.2 From the above equation we get F = ma νb rc
DR = + R= +
100 10
× 10 mv 2
V I F = m1v2r−1 or F =
= (0.05 +0.02) × 10 = 0.07 × 10 = 0.7 r
The resistance R = (10 ± 0.7)W.
o 2. Obtain an expression for the time period T of a
simple pendulum. [The time period T depend
ab
3. Check the correctness of the equation
E = mc2 using dimensional analysis method. upon (i) mass m of the bob, (ii) length l of the
[Govt. MQP-2018; Jun.-2019] pendulum and (iii) acceleration due to gravity
Ans. Consider the equation, E = mc2 g at the place where pendulum is suspended.
Apply dimensional formula on both sides Assume the constant, k = 2π].
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[]
ML2T–2 = [M] ∙ [LT–1]2 Ans. [Govt. MQP-2018; QY, HY-2019]
ML2T–2 = [M] ∙ [L2T–2]
T ∝ ma lb gc ; T = k. ma lb gc
The equation is dimensionally correct.
4. Two resistances R1=(100 ± 3)Ω and R2=(150±2)Ω Here k is the dimensionless constant.
.s
are connected in series. What is their equivalent Rewriting the above equation with dimensions.
resistance ? [Govt. MQP-2018] [T1] = [Ma] [Lb] [LT−2]c
Ans. R1 = 100 ± 3 Ω ; R2 = 150 ± 2Ω
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3. In a series of successive measurements in This is based on the fact that the product of
an experiment, the readings of the period of the numerical values (n) and its corresponding
oscillation of a simple pendulum were found to unit (u) is a constant. i.e, n [u] = constant (or)
be 2.63 s, 2.56 s, 2.42 s, 2.71 s and 2.80 s. Calculate n1[u1] = n2[u2].
(i) the mean value of the period of oscillation
(ii) the absolute error in each measurement Consider a physical quantity which has
m
(iii) the mean absolute error (iv) the relative error dimension ‘a’ in mass, ‘b’ in length and ‘c’
(v) the percentage error. Express the results in in time. If the fundamental units in one system
proper form. [Govt. MQP-2018] are M1, L1 and T1 and the other system are
M2, L2 and T2, respectively, then we can write,
co
Ans.
t1 = 2.63s, t2 = 2.56s, t3 = 2.42 s, n1 [M1a L1b T1c] = n2 [M2a L2b T2c].
We have thus converted the numerical value
t4 = 2.71s, t5 = 2.80 s of physical quantity from one system of units
t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + t5 into the other system.
s.
(i) Tm =
5 (ii) To check the dimensional correctness of a
2.63 + 2.56 + 2.42 + 2.71 + 2.80 given physical equation.
= Let us take the equation of motion
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5
13.12 v = u + at
Tm = = 2.624 s
5 Apply dimensional formula on both sides
Tm = 2.62 s (Rounded off to 2nd decimal
place) o [LT−1] = [LT−1] + [LT−2] [T]
(ii) Absolute error ΔT = Tm – t [LT−1] = [LT−1] + [LT−1]
D T1 = 2.62 – 2.63 = – 0.01 (Quantities of same dimension only can be
added)
ab
D T2 = 2.62 – 2.56 = +0.06s
D T3 = 2.62 – 2.42 = +0.20s We see that the dimensions of both sides are
same. Hence the equation is dimensionally
D T4 = 2.62 – 2.71 = – 0.09s
correct.
D T5 = 2.62 – 2.80 = – 0.18s
(iii) To establish the relation among various physical
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∑ ∆Tt quantities.
(iii) Mean absolute error =
n If the physical quantity Q depends upon the
0.01 + 0.06 + 0.20 + 0.09 + 0.18 quantities Q1, Q2 and Q3, i.e., Q is proportional
D Tm = +
.s
(Rounded off to 2nd decimal place) dimensional formula of Q, Q1, Q2 and Q3 are
(iv) Relative error: substituted, then according to the principle of
∆Tm 0.11 homogeneity, the powers of M, L, T are made
ST = = = 0.0419 = 0.04
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= (2.62 ± 0.11)s s = ut + at
2
4. What are the applications of dimensional analysis. Substituting dimensions
Verify S = ut + 1/2 at2 by dimensional analysis. [L] = [LT–1][T] + [LT–2][T2]
[Govt.MQP-2018; QY-2018 ; Sep.-2020] [L] = [L] + [L]
Ans. (i)
To convert a physical quantity The equation is dimensionally correct.
from one system of units to another.
m
The dimensional formula of pressure P is 1 −1
1g 1cm 1s
−2
co
1 −1 −2
10−3 kg 10−2 m 1s
M
a
L
b
T1
c = 76 × 13.6 × 980
We have P2 = P1 1 1 1 kg 1 m 1s
M 2 L 2 T2
–3 2
= 76 × 13.6 × 980 × [10 ] × 10
P2 = 1.01 × 105 Nm–2.
s.
Additional Questions
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I. Multiple Choice Questions : 5. What is the range of astronomical time scales
to microscopic scales?
1 Mark (a) 1015s to 10–15s (b) 109s to 10–18s
A. Choose the best answer :
o (c) 1018 to 10–22s (d) 1011s to 10–16s
[Ans. (c) 1018 to 10–22s]
ab
1. The word scientia is meaning to _______.
(a) exact (b) to know 6. The law of electricity and magnetism is used to
(c) control (d) implement (a) Wireless communication
[Ans. (b) to know] (b) Nuclear reactor (c) Steam engine
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2. Astronomical Scale is dealt with the _______ (d) Aeroplane[Ans. (a) Wireless communication]
Physics. 7. Match the following.
(a) Mesoscopic (b) Microscopic (1) Steam (a) Bernoulli's
.s
3. Microscopic group of Physics dealt with the (3) Production of (c) Controlled
study of _______. ultra high nuclear fission
(a) classical physics (b) statistical mechanics magnetic fields
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(c) fluid mechanics (d) quantum physics (4) Aeroplane (d) Super conductivity
[Ans. (d) quantum physics] (1) (2) (3) (4)
(a) b c a d
Which deals with the study of materials of an
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4. (b) d a b c
intermediate length scale. (c) c d a b
(a) Mesoscopic physics (d) b c d a [Ans:(d) b c d a]
(b) Macroscopic physics
(c) Microscopic physics
(d) All the above [Ans. (a) Macroscopic physics]
8. Match the following fundamental forces with 17. The acceleration of 20 m/s2 in km/h2 is
respect to relative strengths. (a) 2.59 × 105 km/h2 (b) 1.29 × 105 km/h2
(1) Gravitational force (a) 1 (c) 2.0 × 103 km/h2 (d) 3.5× 105 km/h2
[Ans. (a) 2.59 × 105 km/h2]
(2) Electromagnetic force (b) 10–39
10–2 18. Which device is used for measuring the mass
m
(3) Weak nuclear force (c)
(4) Strong nuclear force (d) 10–13
of atoms?
(a) Spectrograph (b) Fermi
(1) (2) (3) (4) (c) Telescope (d) Microscope
co
(a) a d b c [Ans. (a) Spectrograph]
(b) b c d a 19. Which of the following statement is wrong?
(c) c d a b
(a) one fermi = 1015m
(d) c a b d [Ans: (b) b c d a] (b) All non-zero digits are significant.
s.
9. How many gram make 1 deca gram? (c) 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011m
(a) 10g (b) 100g (c) 1kg (d) 100kg (d) Speed is a derived unit.
[Ans. (a) 10g] [Ans. (a) one fermi = 1015m]
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10. 1 nano second is equivalent to
20. Which of the following statement is wrong?
(a) 10–6s (b) 10–3s
(a) Strain is a dimensionless quantity.
(c) 10–15s (d) 10–9s[Ans. (d) 10–9s]
o (b) Fundamental quantity is also called the base quantity.
11. Which unit is used to measure size of a nucleus? (c) force = mass × acceleration
(a) Angstrom (b) Micron (d) 1 Solar year = 1500 days.
[Ans. (d) 1 Solar year = 1500 days]
ab
(c) Nano (d) Fermi
[Ans. (d) Fermi] 21. Which of the following statement is true?
12. One parallactic second is, (a) Velocity is a fundamental unit.
(a) 3.08 × 1016m (b) 1.49 × 1011m (b) 1 Solar day = 24 hours. (c) 1 Shake = 104s
(d) mass is a derived unit.
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15. One lunar month is equal to __________ 24. The displacement of a particle moving
(a) 29 days (b) 27.3 days along x-axis with respect to times is given by
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m
Hint: [Ans. (c) velocity] ∆x
30. The fractional error
x
∆a ∆a
(a) ± (b)
→ → → →
F = q (E + v × B) ±n
a a
co
→
∆a ∆a
∴The dimensions of E are the (c) ± n log e (d) ± n log10
→ a a
same as those of vB
∴The dimensions of E/B = dimension of v. [Ans. (b) ± n ∆a ]
s.
a
26. If force •F•, velocity •v•and time •T• are taken
as to fundamental units then the dimensions of 31. How many light years make 1 par sec?
(a) 3.26 LY (b) 6.67 LY
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mass are
(a) Fv–1T (b) Fv–1T (c) 1.5 LY (d) 9.4 LY
(c) FvT–1 (d) FvT–2 [Ans. (a) 3.26 LY]
Hint: [Ans. (c) FvT–1] 32. If p = 3.14, then the value of p2 is
mv mv
o (a) 9.8596 (b) 9.860 (c) 9.86 (d) 9.9
F= t [m] = [F
T] v [Ans. (c) 9.86]
∵ a = t
ab
t
33. Which of the following pairs of physical
27. The dimensions of K.E. is
quantities have same dimension?
(a) M2L2T–1 (b) M1L1T1 (a) Force and Power
(c) M1L2T–2 (d) M2L2T–2 (b) Stress and Pressure
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(a) M–2L3T–2 (b) M–2L2T–1 34. The Dimensional formula for Boltzmann
(c) M–1L3T–2 (d) ML2T–1 constant is
(a) [ML2T–1] (b) [ATmol–1]
[Ans. (c) M–1L3T–2]
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37. If E and B respectively, represent electric field 4. The temperature at which Saturated vapur,
and magnetic field of Induction, then the ratio pure and melting ice are all in equilibrium is
of E and B has the dimensional formula of called __________.
(a) [LT–2] (b) [MLT–2] (a) sublimation (b) melting point
(c) [LT–1] [Ans. (c)
(d) [MLT–1] [LT–1]] (c) Triple point of water (d) heat capacity
m
38. Which one has more significant figures [Ans. (c) Triple point of water]
(a) 600800 (b) 5213.0
5. The expression for Solid Angle is __________.
(c) 2.65 × 1024 (d) 0.0006032
(a) rod/s (b) surface area / (radius)2
co
[Ans. (b) 5213.0]
(c) (radius)2 (d) surface area / radius
39. Angle of 1 Second of arc is
[Ans. (b) Surface Area / (radius)2]
(a) 48.5 × 10–6 rad (b) 0.485 × 10 –5 rad
(c) 4.85 × 10–6 rad (d) 48500 × 10–6 rad 6. J Kg–1K–1 is the unit for _________.
s.
[Ans. (c) 4.85 × 10–6 rad] (a) Heat capacity (b) Latent heat
40. 1 Yotta = ______. (c) Specific heat (d) Energy
(a) 1021 (b) 10–24 (c) 10–21 (d) 1024 [Ans. (c) Specific heat]
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[Ans. (d) 1024] 7. 1 degree = __________ rad.
41. If mass of an electron is 9.11 × 10–31 Kg, then (a) 1.754 × 10–2 (b) 1.745 × 102
how many electrons would weight in 1 mg? (c) 1.745 × 10–2 (d) 1.547 × 10–2
(a) 1.68 × 1018 (b) 1.097 × 1024 [Ans. (c) 1.745 × 10–2]
(c) 1.45 × 1022
o
(d) 1.970 × 1023
8. ________ means a large world in which both
[Ans. (b) 1.097 × 1024]
objects and distances are large – sized.
ab
B. Fill in the blanks : (a) Macrocosm (b) Microcosm
1. An attempt to explain a Macroscopic system (c) Astronomy (d) Universe
in terms of its Microscopic constituents is [Ans. (a) Macrocosm]
ur
2. The range of masses from heavenly bodies to 10. The error caused due to the shear carelessness
electro is ___________. of an observer is called ___________.
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(a) 1052 kg to 10–28 kg (b) 1055 kg to 10+28 kg (a) Absolute Error (b) Gross Error
(c) 1055 kg to 10–31 kg
(d) 10–55 kg to 1031 kg (c) Instrumental Error (d) Zero Error
[Ans. (b) Gross Error]
[Ans. (c) 1055 kg to 10–31 kg]
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m
13. Formula (or) expression for surface energy is (1) (2) (3) (4)
__________. (a) b d a c
(a) work / length (b) force / length (b) d b a c
co
(c) work / time (d) work / area (c) c d a b
[Ans. (d) work / area] (d) d c a b [Ans:(d) d c a b]
14. Relative error is also called as _________. 4. Devices Principles
(a) Gross Error (b) Percentage Error (1) Steam engine (a) Bernollis Principle
s.
(c) Absolute Error (d) Fractional Error (2) Nuclear Reactor (b) Laws of
[Ans. (d) Fractional error] thermodynamics
(3) Production (c) Controlled chain
15. The name Physics was introduced by
of ultra high reaction
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__________ in 350 B.C magnetic fields
(a) Thalus (b) Ptolemy (4) Aeroplane (d) Super
(c) Aristotle (d) Copernicus conductivity
[Ans. (c) Aristotle] (1) (2) (3) (4)
(a) b c a d
C. Match the following :
o (b) d a b c
1. Branch Major Focus (c) c d a b
ab
(1) Acoustics (a) About space, time (d) b c d a [Ans:(d) b c d a]
and energy
(2) High energy (b) About sound 5. Types of fundamental Strengths
physics forces
(3) Quantum (c) About nature of par-
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sub-atomic levels
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)
(a) c b d a (a) a d b c
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(b) c a d b (b) b c d a
(c) b c d a (c) c d a b
(d) d c b a [Ans:(c) b c d a] (d) c a b d [Ans: (b) b c d a]
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(1) (2) (3) (4) 2. (a) Absolute Error (b) Relative Error
(a) b d a c (c) Percentage Error (d) Gross Error
(b) b c a d [Ans. (d) Gross Error]
(c) c d b a
3. (a) Solar clock (b) Electronic Oscillators
(d) a c d b [Ans: (c) c d b a]
(c) Radio active dating (d) Electronic balance
m
7. Physical quantity Dimensional [Ans. (d) Electronic balance]
Formula
(1) Surface Tension (a) [ML–1T–1] 4. (a) Energy (b) Work
co
(2) Heat Capacity (b) [ML2] (c) Torque (d) Force [Ans. (d) Force]
(3) Moment of Inertia (c) [MT–2]
5. (a) Length (b) Mass
(4) Co-efficient of (d) [ML2T–2K–1]
(c) Time (d) Volume [Ans. (d) Volume]
viscosity
(1) (2) (3) (4) (a) f.p.s (b) c.g.s
s.
6.
(a) c d b a (c) m.k.s (d) r.m.s [Ans. (d) r.m.s]
(b) a d c b
7. (a) Optics (b) Acoustics
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(c) a c d b
(c) Astrophysics (d) Nuclear Physics
(d) b a c d [Ans: (a) c d b a]
[Ans. (d) Nuclear Physics]
8. Errors Cause
(1) Systematic (a) due to shear 8. (a) Force constant (b) Planck's constant
(c) Boltzmann constant (d) Refractive Index
(2)
Errors
Random Errors (b)
o
carelessness
Fractional Error [Ans. (d) Refractive Index]
E. Choose the Incorrect Pair :
ab
(3) Gross Errors (c) Chance Error
(4) Relative Errors (d) Reproducible
inaccuracies 1. (a) Work - Energy
(1) (2) (3) (4) (b) Stress - Pressure
(a) b c d a (c) Force - Tension
ur
m
2. (a) Telescope - Microscope 5.
(b) Screw gauge - Radar Method moment of Inertia.
(c) Parallax Method -Vernier Caliper Reason : Rotational mass explains about
(d) Spring balance - Common balance radius of Gyration.
co
[Ans. (d) Spring balance - Common balance] [Ans. (a) Assertion and Reason are correct
and Reason is correct explanation of
3. (a) Torque - Nm
Assertion]
(b) Planck's constant - J / s
(c) Specific heat - J kg k–1
6. Assertion : Very large distances such as distance
s.
(d) Moment of Inertia - kg/m2 of a planet or star can be measured
[Ans. (a) Torque - Nm] by parallax method.
Reason : For measuring small masses of atomic /
G. Assertion & Reason :
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sub - atomic particles, mass spectrograph
Directions : is used.
[Ans. (b) Assertion and Reason are true but
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
correct explanation of Assertion Reason is the false explanation of
the Assertion]
o
(b) Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the
7. Assertion : The least value that can be measured
false explanation of the Assertion
using screw gauges, vernier calipers
ab
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false
is called least count.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Reason : The magnitude of difference between
1. Assertion: Attempting to explain diverse the true value and the measured value
physical phenomena with a few is called relative error or fractional
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constituents is reductionism.
[Ans. (b) Assertion and Reason are true but Reason : 10200 has three significant figures
Reason is the false explanation of [Ans. (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true]
9. Assertion : Dimensional analysis method is used
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the Assertion]
2. Assertion: Study of light is called optics to convert a physical quantity from
Reason : Properties of light is studied in optics. one system of units to another
Reason : 1 mv2 = mgh
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Assertion]
the Assertion]
3. Assertion: Quantities that can be expressed in
terms of fundamental quantities
are derived quantities.
Reason : Examples are Mass, Length, Time
etc.,
[Ans. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false]
h. Choose the Correct or Incorrect 7. (I) Least count of screw gauge is 0.01mm
Statements : (II) Least count of vernier caliper is 0.1mm
Which one is correct?
1. (I) RADAR method is used for measurement
(a) I only (b) II only
of length in the case of long distances
(c) both are correct (d) none
(II) The uncertainty in a measurement is called
m
error. [Ans. (c) Both are correct]
Which statement is correct?
8. (I) Parallax angle, θ = Unknown distance (x)
(a) I only (b) II only base (b)
(II) Distance of the planet,
co
(c) Both are correct (d) None e
d = Velocity of radio wave (V ) × time taken (t)
[Ans. (c) Both are correct]
Which statement is incorrect?
2. (I) GCGS = 6.6 × 10–8 dyne Cm2 g–2
(a) I only (b) II only
(II) T = 2 π g (c) Both are correct (d) None
s.
l [Ans. (a) I only]
Which statement is correct? 9. (I) Frequency and angular velocity has same
(a) I only (b) II only
dimensional formula
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(c) Both are correct (d) None
(II) Torque is also called as rotational force
[Ans. (a) I only]
Which one is correct?
3. (I) Expression for charge is current / time (a) I only (b) II only
(II) Expression for Faraday constant is Avagadro (c) Both are correct (d) None
constant × elementary charge [Ans. (c) Both are correct]
Which statement is correct?
o
(a) I only (b) II only II. Very Short Answer Questions :
ab
(c) Both are correct (d) None
[Ans. (b) II only] 2 Marks
4. (I) Force constant and Faraday constant are 1. What is science?
examples for Dimensional constant Ans. (i) The word science comes from a Latin word
'scientia' meaning 'to know'.
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(c) Both are correct (d) None 2. What are the steps involved in scientific method?
[Ans. (b) II only] (or) What are the general features of scientific
5. (I) The ratio of mean absolute error to the method?
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6. (I) Distance of moon from earth is 1011m Ans. (i) Physics is a branch of science.
(II) Mass of a cell is 10–10 kg (ii) The word comes from a Greek word meaning
Which statement is incorrect? 'nature'.
(a) I only (b) II only (iii) It deals with the study of nature and natural
(c) Both are correct (d) None
phenomena.
[Ans. (a) I only]
m
system of particles. quantity and derived physical quantity.
5. Write a note on scope of physics. 13. Define unit of a physical quantity.
Ans. (i) Physics has a large scope as it covers a various Ans. Unit of a physical quantity is defined as the
co
physical quantities. (Length, mass, time, energy). established standard used for comparison of
(ii) It deals with the Macroscopic group (Mechanics, the given physical quantity. It is classified in to
electrodynamics, thermodynamics and optics) fundamental and derived unit.
and microscopic group (Quantum physics).
14. What are the things needed to express the
s.
Example:
measurement of a physical quantity?
Range of time scale (astronomical scale to
Ans. (i) The unit in which the quantity is measured
microscopic group (Quantum physics).
(ii) The numerical value or the magnitude of
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6. What is MKS system ?
the quantity (n), the number of times that
Ans. The mks system is based on metre, kilogram and
unit (u) is contained, in the given physical
second as the fundamental units of length, mass, quantity. Q = nu.
and time respectively. o
7. What is the aim of our Science Education? 15. Name the prefixes for powers of ten with its
symbol.
Ans. According to part IV Article 51A (h) of Indian
ab
Constitution “It shall be the duty of every citizen Ans. (i) 101 = deca and its symbol is da
of India to develop scientific temper, humanism (ii) 106 = mega and its symbol is M
and spirit of inquiry and reform’’. This is the aim (iii) 1012 = tera and its symbol is T
of our Science Education. (iv) 10–1 = deci and its symbol is d
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8. Name three practical units to measure mass. (v) 10–6 = micro and its symbol is m
Ans. (i) Pound 1b = 0.4536 kg (vi) 10–12 = pico and its symbol is p
(ii) Quintal 1q = 100–9 kg 16. Name four units to measure extremely small
.s
one revolution around the sun in its orbit. (i) 1 micron or micrometer, 1 mm = 10–6m
(ii) 1 Solar year = 365.25 average Solar days (ii) 1 nanometer, 1 nm = 10–9m
(iii) 1 Angstrom unit 1Å = 10–10m
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m
astronomical unit subtends an angle of 1 second 25. What are Dimensional variables? Give example.
of arc. 1 par sec = 3.084 × 1016m = 3.26 ly.
Ans. Physical quantities, which possess dimensions
18. What is an error? Name the three Errors in and have variable values are called dimensional
co
Measurement. variables. Examples are length, velocity, and
Ans. The uncertainty in a measurement is called an acceleration etc.
error. 26. What is meant by Dimensionless variables?
The three possible errors are Give example.
s.
(i) Systematic errors Ans. Physical quantities which have no dimensions,
(ii) Random errors but have variable values are called dimensionless
(iii) Gross errors variables. Examples are specific gravity, strain,
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refractive index etc.
19. What is Absolute Error.
27. Define Dimensional Constant. Give example.
Ans. The magnitude of difference between true value
and the measured value of a quantity is called Ans. Physical quantities which possess dimensions
absolute error.
o and have constant values are called dimensional
constants. Examples are Gravitational constant,
∆an = am – an
Planck’s constant etc.
20. What is Mean Absolute error?
ab
28. What is meant by Scientific method?
Ans. The arithmetic mean of the magnitude of absolute
Ans. The scientific method is a step-by-step approach
errors in all the measurements is called the mean in studying natural phenomena and establishing
absolute error. laws which govern these phenomena.
If am is the true value and Δam is the mean absolute
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error, then the magnitude of the quantity may lie 29. What do you mean by unification and reductionism?
between am + Δam and am - Δam. Ans. Unification: Attempting to explain diverse physical
phenomena with a few concepts and laws is unification.
21. What is Relative error?
Reductionism: An attempt to explain a macroscopic
.s
Mean absolute error ∆am Ans. The study of forces acting on bodies whether at
Relative error = = a
Mean value m rest or in motion.
22. What is Percentage error? 31. What is Thermodynamics?
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Ans. The relative error expressed as a percentage is Ans. The study of the relationship between heat and
called Percentage error. other forms of energy.
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34. What is meant by Quantum mechanics? 42. Define the SI unit of mass. (or) What is one
Ans. The study of the discrete nature of phenomena at kilogram in SI system of units?
the atomic and subatomic levels. Ans. Kilogram is the SI unit of mass. One kilogram
35. Which branches of physics deal at the level of is the mass of the prototype cylinder of platinum
atom & nucleus? iridium alloy (whose height is equal to its diameter),
m
Ans. Atom : Atomic physics. preserved at the International Bureau of Weights
Nucleus : Nuclear physics. and Measures at Serves, near Paris, France.
36. What are types of discoveries in physics? 43. Define the SI unit of time. (or) What is one
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Ans. (i) Accidental discoveries and well-analysed second in SI system of units?
research outcome in the laboratory based Ans. Second is the SI unit time. One second is the
on intuitive thinking and prediction. duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation
(ii) For example, magnetism was accidentally corresponding to the transition between the two
observed but the reason for this strange
s.
hyperfine levels of the ground state of Cesium-133
behavior of magnets was later analysed
atom.
theoretically.
(iii) This analysis revealed the underlying phenomena 44. Define the SI unit of electric current. (or) What
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of magnetism. With this knowledge, artificial is one second in SI system of units? (or) Define
magnets were prepared in the laboratories. one ampere (S.I standard for current)
37. What is meant by Range of time scales? Ans. "ampere" is the SI unit of electric current. One ampere
Ans. Range of time scales: astronomical scales to is the constant current, which when maintained
microscopic scales, 1018s to 10−22s.
o in each of the two straight parallel conductors of
infinite length and negligible cross section, held
38. What is meant by Range of masses?
ab
one metre apart in vacuum shall produce a force
Ans. Range of masses: from heavenly bodies to electron,
per unit length of 2 × 10−7 N/m between them.
1055 kg (mass of known observable universe) to
10−31 kg (mass of an electron) [the actual mass 45. What is the SI unit of temperature and define
of an electron is 9.11×10–31 kg]. it? What is one kelvin in SI system of units?
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39. How Physics is related to technology and define Ans. Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. One degree
technology with respect to Physics. 1
Ans. Technology is the application of the principles of kelvin is the fraction of of the thermodynamic
273.16
.s
of planets and other heavenly bodies in the sky. Ans. Mole is the SI unit of amount of substance. One
Radio telescopes have enabled the astronomers to mole is the amount of substance which contains
observe distant points of the universe. Studies of as many elementary entities as there are atoms
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47. What is meant by one candela? and which base 55. Define mass.
quantity is measured by this unit? (or) Define one Ans. Mass of a body is defined as the quantity of matter
candela (S.I standard for Luminous intensity) contained in a body. The SI unit of mass is kilogram
Ans. One candela is the luminous intensity in a given (kg).
direction, of a source that emits monochromatic 56. Write the masses of tiny as well as huge matter?
m
radiation of frequency 5.4 × 1014 Hz and that has Ans. A tiny mass is of electron (9.11×10−31kg). The huge
1
a radiant intensity of watt/steradian in that mass is of the known universe (= 1055 kg).
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direction. 57. Write the methods to determine the masses of
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48. What is meant by the triple point of water? objects?
Ans. Triple point of water is the temperature at which Ans. The mass of an object is determined in kilograms
saturated vapour, pure and melting ice are all in using a common balance. Spring balance, electronic
equilibrium. The triple point temperature of water balance are also used. For measuring larger masses
s.
is 273.16K. like that of planets, stars etc., gravitational methods
are used. For measurement of small masses of atomic/
49. What is meant by Parallax? subatomic particles etc., mass spectrograph is used.
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Ans. Parallax is the name given to the apparent change
58. What is clock? Write the principle and its types.
in the position of an object with respect to the
background, when the object is seen from two Ans. A clock is used to measure the time interval. An atomic
different positions. standard of time, is based on the periodic vibration
produced in a Cesium atom. Some of the clocks
50. What is 1 Light year?
o developed later are electric oscillators, electronic
Ans. 1 Light year is distance travelled by light in vacuum oscillators, solar clock, quartz crystal clock, atomic
ab
in one year. 1 Light Year = 9.467 × 1015 m. clock, decay of elementary particles, radioactive dating.
51. Define a Astronomical Unit. 59. Which units are used to measure large distance
Ans. 1 astronomical unit is the mean distance of the Earth i.e. distance of planets and stars? Which method
from the Sun. 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m. is used for measurement?
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52. What is parsec? (or) Define one parsec (parallactic Ans. AU - The mean distance between earth and star
second) 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m
Ans. 1 parsec, Parallactic second is the distance at which Light year - The distance travelled by light in
.s
54. Write the largest and the smallest practical 60. Is it possible to have length and velocity both
unit of mass and time respectively. (or) Define as fundamental quantities? Why?
Ans. No, length is fundamental quantity whereas velocity
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61. Which of these unit is largest: AU, light year 67. What is dimensional equation? Give an example.
and parsec. Express the average distance of Ans. When the dimensional formula of a physical
earth from the sun in (i) light year (ii) per sec. quantity is expressed in the form of an equation,
Ans. Parsec is the largest unit. such equation is known as the dimensional equation.
parsec > light year > AU Ex: acceleration = [M0LT-2]
m
Average distance of earth from the sun is (d) 68. Define FPS system of units.
(astronomical unit). Ans. It is the British Engineering system of units, which
uses foot, pound and second as the basic units
(i) d = 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m
for measuring length, mass and time respectively.
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1.496 × 1011 69. Define CGS system of units.
= 15
= 1.58 × 10 −5 light year.
9.46 × 10 Ans. It is the Gaussian system of units, which uses
1.496 × 1011 centimeter, gram and second as the basic units
(ii) d = par sec.
3.08 × 1016 for measuring length, mass and time respectively.
s.
= 4.86 × 10–6 par sec. 70. Define MKS system of units.
62. The radius of gold nucleus is 41.3 Fermi. Ans. It is the Metric system of units, which uses metre,
Express its volume in m3. kilogram and second as the basic units for measuring
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Ans. Radius of gold nucleus = 41.3 × 10–15 m
length, mass and time respectively.
4 3 4 71. Define one radian (S.I standard for plane angle)
Volume (V) = πr = × 3.14 × (41.3 × 10–15)3 Ans. It is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle
3 3
by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle.
V = 2.95 × 10–40 m.
o 180º
1 rad = p = 57.27º.
63. Describe the relation of Physics with mathematics.
72. Define one steradian (S.I standard for solid
ab
Ans. (i) Physics is a quantitative science.
(ii) Physics is closely related to mathematics as angle)
Ans. It is the solid angle subtended at the centre of a
a tool for its development.
sphere, by that surface of the sphere, which is
64. What is the difference between Accuracy and equal in area to the square of radius of the sphere.
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close to true value. close to each 1. Give any three applications of physics in our
other. society.
2. All the accuracy All the precised Ans. (i) Basic laws of electricity and magnetism led
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Ans. These errors occur due to individual performing revolutionized the concept of communication.
experiment without initial setting up or careless (iii) Microelectronics, lasers, computers,
observation without precautions. superconductivity and nuclear energy have
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66. Describe the errors due to external causes. comprehensively changed the thinking and
Ans. These errors are due to external conditions like living style of human beings.
change in temperature, humidity or pressure during
an experiment.
2. What are fundamental quantities and derived 6. Give the values for the following units with
quantities? (Sep. 2020) prefixes.
Ans. Fundamental quantities (i) 1 Mega ohm (ii) 1 milliampere
Fundamental quantities are quantities which (iii) 1 deca gram (iv) 1 nano second
cannot be expressed in terms of any other (v) 1 micro volt (vi) 1 centimetre
physical quantity.
m
Ans.
Example: Quantities like length, mass, time, (i) 1 Mega ohm (MW) = 106 Ω
temperature are fundamental quantities.
(ii) 1 milliampere (mA) = 10–3A
Derived quantities:
(iii) 1 daca gram (da g) = 10g
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Quantities that can be expressed in terms of
fundamental quantity are called derived quantities. (iv) 1 nano second (ns) = 10–9s
Example: Quantities like area, volume, velocity (v) 1 microvolt (mV) = 10–6V
are derived quantities. (vi) 1 centimetre (cm) = 10–2m
3. What are fundamental units and derived units?
s.
7. What are the advantages of the SI system?
Ans. Fundamental units:
Ans. (i) This system makes use of only one unit
The units in which the fundamental quantities are
for one physical quantity, which means a
measured are called fundamental units. It is also
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rational system of units.
known as base units.
Derived units: (ii) In this system, all the derived units
The units in which the derived quantities are can be easily obtained from basic and
measured are called Derived units. supplementary units, which means it is a
coherent system of units.
Example:
o
Unit of distance m (iii) It is a metric system which means that
Unit of speed = = s = ms–1
ab
Unit of time multiples and submultiples can be expressed
as powers of 10.
ms–1 is a derived unit.
4. Name the SI unit for electric current and give 8. Distinguish between fundamental and derived
a definition for it. units.
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conductors of infinite length and negligible cross quantities are quantities are
section, held one metre apart in vacuum shall measured measured
produce a force per unit length of 2 × 10−7 N/m 2. These units cannot These units can be
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m
It is the time taken by the moon to complete
12. Explain unification with example.
one revolution around the earth in its orbit.
Ans. (i) Attempting to explain diverse physical phenomena
1 lunar month = 27.3 days.
with a few concepts and laws is unification.
co
10. What is Gross Error & How can it be
(ii) Newton’s universal law of gravitation explains
minimised? the motion of freely falling bodies towards the
Ans. Gross Error
Earth, motion of planets around the Sun, motion
(i) The error caused due to the shear carelessness of the Moon around the Earth, thus unifying the
s.
of an observer is called gross error. fundamental forces of nature.
For example 13. Explain reductionism with example.
(ii) Reading an instrument without setting it Ans. (i) An attempt to explain a macroscopic system
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properly. in terms of its microscopic constituents is
(iii) Taking observations in a wrong manner reductionism.
without bothering about the sources of (ii) For example, thermodynamics was developed to
errors and the precautions. explain macroscopic properties like temperature,
(iv) Recording wrong observations. These errors
o
can be minimized only when an observer is
entropy, etc., of bulk systems.
(iii) The above properties have been interpreted
careful and mentally alert.
ab
in terms of the molecular constituents
11. Explain Random errors.
(microscopic) of the bulk system by kinetic
Ans. Random errors
theory and statistical mechanics.
(i) Random errors may arise due to random and 14. How are theoretical predictions useful?
unpredictable variations in experimental Ans. (i) Theoretical predictions aided with recent
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conditions like pressure, temperature, voltage simulation and computation procedures are
supply etc. widely used to identify the most suited materials
(ii) Errors may also be due to personal errors by for robust applications.
the observer who performs the experiment.
.s
(ii) Carrying out new challenging experiments to 19. How is physics useful in geology and
unfold the secrets of nature and in verifying oceanography?(or) Describe the relation of
or falsifying the existing theories. Physics with Geology.
(iii) Probing and understanding the science behind Ans. (i) Diffraction techniques helps to study the crystal
natural phenomena like the eclipse, and why structure of various rocks.
m
one feels the heat when there is a fire? (or) (ii) Radioactivity is used to estimate the age of
What causes the wind, etc. rocks, fossils and the age of the Earth.
16. Write the role of Physics in Technology. (iii) Oceanographers seek to understand the physical
Ans. (i) Basic laws of electricity and magnetism led and chemical processes of the oceans. They
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to the discovery of wireless communication measure parameters such as temperature,
technology which has shrunk the world with salinity, current speed, gas fluxes, chemical
effective communication over large distances. components.
(ii) The launching of satellite into space has 20. How can the systematic errors be minimised?
s.
revolutionized the concept of communication. Ans. (i) By choosing the instrument carefully.
(iii) Microelectronics, lasers, computers, (ii) Necessary correction is to be made.
superconductivity and nuclear energy have (iii) High precision instrument is to be used.
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comprehensively changed the thinking and (iv) Proper setting up of experiments is to be
living style of human beings. done.
17. In what way Physics is in relation to Chemistry. (v) Taking proper precautions is a must, while
Ans. (i) In physics, we study the structure of atom, making observations.
o
radioactivity, X-ray diffraction etc. 21. What are systematic errors? (or) What are the
(ii) Such studies have enabled researchers in Classifications of Systematic errors?
ab
chemistry to arrange elements in the periodic Ans. Systematic error is reproducible inaccuracies that
table on the basis of their atomic numbers. are consistently in the same direction. They can
(iii) This has further helped to know the nature of be classified as
valence and chemical bonding and to understand (i) Instrumental errors,
the complex chemical structures. Inter-disciplinary (ii) Imperfection in experimental technique or
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Ans. (i) Biological studies are impossible without a (v) Least count error.
microscope designed using physics principles. 22. Describe the relation of Physics with Psychology.
(ii) The invention of the electron microscope has Ans. (i) All the psychological interactions can be
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made it possible to see even the structure of a derived from a physical process.
cell. X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques (ii) The movements of neurotransmitters are
have helped us to understand the structure governed by the physical properties of diffusion
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(iii) These errors can be rectified by using the 2. Explain propagation of errors in the difference
good quality instruments. of two quantities and also in the division of two
24. Write a note on parallax method. quantities.
Ans. (i) Parallax is the name given to the object with Ans. Errors in the difference of two quantities :
respect to the background, when the object Let ΔA and ΔB be the absolute errors in the two
is seen from two different positions. quantities, A and B, respectively. Then,
m
(ii) The distance between the two positions is Measured value of A = A ± ΔA
called basis (b). Measured value of B = B ± ΔB
(iii) This method is used for measuring very large Consider the difference, Z = A – B
The error ΔZ in Z is then given by
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distance such as distance of a planet or star.
IV. Long Answer Questions : Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA) – (B ± ΔB)
5 Marks = (A – B) ± (ΔA + ΔB)
= Z ± (ΔA + ΔB)
1. Discuss the relation of physics with other branches (or) ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB
s.
of science The maximum error in difference of two
Ans. Physics is the most fundamental branch of science. quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute
It has played a key role in the development of all errors in the individual quantities.
branches of sciences. Error in the division or quotient of two
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Physics in relation to mathematics quantities
ÊÊ Physics is a quantitative science. Mathematics Let ΔA and ΔB be the absolute errors in the two
provides the necessary signs and tools which quantities A and B respectively.
the physicist use. A
Consider the quotient, Z =
o
ÊÊ It has played an important role in the B
development of theoretical physics. The error ΔZ in Z is given by
ab
ÊÊ Had newton not invented calculus, he would ∆A
A 1 ±
not have been able to discover the universal A ± ∆A A
law of gravitation. Z±Z = = ∆B
B ± ∆B B 1±
Physics in relation to chemistry:
B
ÊÊ In physics, we study the structure of atom,
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−1
A ∆A ∆B
radio activity, X-ray diffraction, etc. = 1± 1±
B A B
ÊÊ Such studies have enabled chemists to arrange
elements in the periodic table on the basis of ∆A ∆B
their atomic numbers. or Z ± ∆Z = Z 1± A 1 B
.s
ÊÊ This has further helped to know the nature [using (1+x)n ≈ 1 + nx, when x<<1]
of valency and chemical bonding and to
understand the complex chmical structures. Dividing both sides by Z, we get,
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∆A ∆B. ∆A ∆B
ÊÊ Optical microscopes are extensively used in = 1± ±
A B A B
the study of biology. As the terms ΔA/A and ΔB/B are small, their
ÊÊ With the help of an electron microscope, one product term can be neglected.
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m
(ii) Instrumental Associated with the v) If the digit to be i) 3.35 is rounded
errors faulty calibration dropped is 5 or 5 off to 3.4
or change in followed by zeros, ii) 8.350 is
conditions. then the preceding rounded off to
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(iii) Random errors Getting difficult digit is raised by 1 8.4
results for the same if it is odd
measurement done 5. Explain the rules framed to count significant
repeatedly figures with the examples.
s.
(iv) Personal errors Associated with the
Ans.
individual performing
the experiment ie. Rule Example
improper precautions, 1. All non-zero digits 1342 has four
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are significant significant figures
incorrect initial set up
2. All zeros between 2008 has four
of experiment. two non-zero digits significant figures
(v) Systematic errors Which tends to be in are significant
the same direction. 3. All zeros right 30700. has five
4.
o
Write the rules for rounding off. (or) Explain
to nonzero
digit but left to
significant figures
the rules framed for rounding off the numbers decimal point are
ab
with the examples. significant.
Ans. 4. The terminal or 30700 has three
trailing zeros in the significant figures
Rule Example number without
i) If the digit to be i) 7.32 is rounded decimal point are
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then the preceding ii) 18.159 on 7. The number of 1.53 cm, 0.0153 m,
digit should be being rounded significant figures 0.0000153 km all
raised by 1 off to first doesn’t depend on have three significant
decimal, the system of units figures.
become 18.2. used
m
(a) 1.5 × 105m (b) 2.5 × 106m Quantity of speed in m/s = 40
18
(c) 1.5 × 1011m (d) 2.5 × 1010m Quantity of speed in km/h = 40 ×
5
[Ans. (a) 1.5 × 105m] = 144 kmh–1.
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Hint: 7. The speed of an object v = 90km/h. The same
1 AU = 1.5 × 1011m. quantity of speed in m/s is,
(a) 90 (b) 25 (c) 45 (d) 180
1.5 × 1011 m
1 AU in 1000 km = [Ans. (b) 25]
s.
106 m
[ 1000km = 106m] Hint:
Quantity of speed in km/h = 90
= 1.5 × 105m 5
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Quantity of speed in m/s = 90 × = 25 m/s.
2. How many AU present in one light year? 18
(a) 6.30 × 104m (b) 9.46 × 1015m 8. 3.5kg mass of a metal plate has the volume of
1.5m3. Find the density of metal plate.
(c) 6.2 × 102m (d) 9.4 × 1016m
(a) 1.5 kg/m3 (b) 2.3 kg/m3
Hint:
o
[Ans. (a) 6.30 × 104m]
(c) 3.4 kg/m3 (d) 4.8 kg/m3
No. of µm in 1m = = 106 mm 2π π 22
10 −6
1° = = = = 1.745 × 10–2 rad
360 180 7 × 180
4. Express the derived unit of pressure.
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Ans.
10. How many parsec are there in one kilometer?
Force
Pressure = Area (a) 3.084 × 10–16 (b) 3.08 × 108
unit of force N (c) 3.24 × 10–14 (d) None
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= = 2 = Nm–2
unit of Area m Hint: [Ans. (c) 3.24 × 10–14]
5. What is the formula representation of Mean 1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016m
Absolute error?
3.08 × 1016m = 1 parsec
1 n
Ans. Mean Absolute error, Dam = ∑ ∆ai 1 × 103
n i= 1 1km = 3.08 × 1016 parsec = 3.24 × 10–14 parsec
11. The angle of an object is 18.2°. What is the Area = length × breadth
angular diameter of the object in radians? SI unit of length =m
(a) 36.4 rad (b) 3.64 × 10–2rad SI unit of breadth Þ (length) = m
Area = length × breadth
(c) 31.74 × 10–2rad (d) 3.17 rad = m × m = m2.
m
Hint: [Ans. (c) 31.74 × 10–2rad] 16. SI unit of the universal constant of gravitation
(G) is,
18.2 π 18.2 3.14 (a) kg–2 m–2 (b) kg ms–1
q = 18.2° = 60 × 60 × 180 = 60 × 60 × 180
(c) Nm2 kg–2 (d) Nm–1
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= 31.74×10–2rad [Ans. (c) Nm2 kg–2]
Hint: Universal constant of gravitation (G) is,
12. If a circle with 10 m radius and angle 60° at Fr 2 m1m2
centre, then what will be the length of arc? = mm [F = G. 2 ]
r
s.
1 2
(a) 5.24m (b) 6.21m SI unit of force = N
(c) 7.1 mm (d) 10m [Ans. (a) 5.24m] SI unit of distance (r) = m = r2 = m2
SI unit of masses m1 and m2 = kg2
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Hint: π
Radius r = 10m, angle θ = 6 (60°) Fr 2 Nm 2
π Þ mm = = Nm2 kg–2.
kg 2
Length of the arc (l) = rq = 10 × 6 = 5.24m 1 2
o 2 Marks
13. The mass of an iron sheet is 0.250 kg and
1. Using a screw gauge the thickness of a wire
volume of the sheet is 1.5m3. Then what is the
was measured as 5mm. Calculate (i) the
ab
density of the iron sheet? Express the result in
SI unit system. fractional error (ii) the percentage error.
Given data:
(a) 0.267kg m–3 (b) 0.167 kg m–3
Thickness of the wire (t) = 5mm
(c) 0.255 kg m–3 (d) 0.285 kg m–3 Accurancy Dt = 0.01mm
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Mass 0.250
Density = = 1.5 = 0.167 kg m–3 ∆t
Volume (ii) Percentage error = δt = × 100%
14. What is the SI unit of linear momentum? t
= 0.002 × 100% = 0.02%
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Hint:
Given data:
Linear momentum = mass × velocity
Mass of a proton = 1.67 × 10–27kg
SI unit of mass = kg
1.67 × 10–27kg is mass of 1 proton.
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distance m
SI unit of velocity = = = ms–1 Solution:
time s
Linear momentum = kg ms–1. 1
1 kg is the mass of 1.67 × 10−27 protons
15. What is the SI unit of Area? = 0.5988 × 1027 protons
(a) m (b) m2 (c) Nm–1 (d) cm–1 = 5.988 × 1026 protons
Hint:
[Ans. (b) m2] 5.988 × 1026 protons will be present in 1kg.
3. Calculate angle of 1 second of arc. 7. The ratio of stress and strain of a wire is
Solution: 3 : 2. Find the co-efficient of elasticity. Express
1° the result in SI unit system.
1 second of arc = 1′′ = Solution:
60 × 60
The ratio of stress and strain of a wire is 3 : 2
1 π 1 3.14 π
m
= × = × 1º = Force N
SI unit of stress = = = Nm–2
60 × 60 180 3600 180 180 Area m 2
1 second of arc = 4.85 × 10–6 rad. Strain is dimensionless variable.
–15 Stress
The radius of a nucleus is 1.5 × 10 m of the
co
4. So, co-efficient of elasticity of a wire is = Strain
order fermi. Find the volume of the nucleus.
Solution:
3 Nm −2
Radius of a nucleus r = 1.5 × 10 –15
m. = = 1.5 Nm–2.
2 ( No unit )
s.
4
Volume of the nucleus V = 3 pr3. 3 Marks
1. In a following physical units, how many units
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4 4 are there in 1 metre?
= 3 × 3.14 × (1.5 × 10–15)3 = 3 × 3.14 × (4.5 × 10–45)
(i) 1 Astronomical unit (AU = 1.496 × 1011m
(ii) 1 light year = 9.467 × 1015m
= 18.84 × 10–45m3
(iii) 1 micron (m) = 10–6m
Volume of the nucleus is V = 18.84 × 10–45m3
5.
o
A beam of metal has length, breadth and height
(iv) 1 p a r a l l a c t i c s e c o n d ( p a r s e c )
= 3.08 × 1016m
as 4m, 3m and 5m respectively. Then what will
ab
Given data:
be the volume of the metal beam? Express the
result in SI unit system. 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011m
Solution: 1 ly = 9.467 ×1015m
Volume = length × breadth × height 1 mm = 10–6m
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m
1 = 0.3 × 10–10m
1metre is equivalent to
3.08 × 1016 Volume of helium nucleus
= 0.324 × 10–16 = 3.24 × 10–17m 4
× 3.14 × (0.3 × 10–10)m3 = 1.256 × 10–30m3
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V=
In one metre 3.24 × 10–17 parsec are present. 3
Number of atoms in 1 mole of helium atom
2. How many parallactic second are there in one
= Avogadro's number(N) = 6.023 × 1023
Astronomical unit?
Atomic volume of 1 mole of helium atoms (v΄)
s.
Given data:
V΄ = V × N
1 parallactic second = 3.08 × 1016 m V΄ = V × n
1 Astronomical unit = 1.496 × 1011 m = 1.256 × 10–30 × 6.023 × 1023
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Solution: = 7.564 × 10–7m.
1 AU 5. The radius of the platinum atom in a nucleus
1.496 × 1011 1.496 × 1011 × 10 −16
= = is 60.2 fermi. Find the volume of the nucleus.
1 parsec 3.08 × 1016 3.08
o Why fermi is used to measure size of a nucleus?
1.496 × 10 −5 Solution:
= = 0.485 × 10–5
3.08 The radius of the nucleus = 60.2 fermi
= 4.85 × 10–6 par sec.
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4.85 × 10–6 parsec present in one astronomical = 60.2 × 10–15m
unit. Volume of the platinum nucleus
3. If mass of an electron is 9.11 × 10–31 kg, how 4 4
= 3 pr3m3 = 3 × 3.14 × (60.2 × 10–15)3 m3
many electrons would weigh in 1 mg?
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Given data: 4
Mass of an electron = 9.11 × 10 kg –31 = 3 × 3.14 × (218167 × 10–45)
9.11 × 10–31kg is the mass of 1 electron 4
.s
Vo l u m e o f t h e p l a t i n u m n u c l e u s i s
= 9.11 × 10–25 mg 9.133 × 10–40m3.
1 fermi is used for measure very small distance so
1mg is the mass of electron
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m
from a flight in the sky. She was surprised, 35.72 π
but initially the flight looked stationary, q = 35.72" = 60 × 60 × 180 rad
after some time it was glowing brightly q ® is angular diameter
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moving towards her. So she went and asked
Diameter, d = ? ; d = D × q
her father. Why this effect occured?
35.72 π
(ii) Is RADAR used in launching a missile from = 824.7 × 106 × 60 × 60 × 180 km
the ground to hit the target (i.e. fight air
craft)? 35.72 π
= 824.7 × 106 × km
s.
×
Ans. (i) Any moving object, which is perpendicular 3600 180
to our eye sight will look like a stationary = 824.7 × 106 × 35.72 × 3.14 km
thing for a while. But as the moving object 3600 × 180
ok
changes its angle of vision, its movement will Diameter of Jupiter = 1.427 × 105 km
be known. 4. In a submarine fitted with a SONAR, the
(ii) Yes, RADAR is used in launching missile time delay between generation of a signal and
from the ground. o reception of its echo from an enemy ship is
110.3 seconds. If speed of sound in water is
Creative Questions (HOTS) 1450 ms–1 then calculate the distance of the
ab
1. Why has 'second' been defined is terms of periods enemy ship from the submarine.
of radiations from cesium-133? Solution:
Ans. Second has been defined is terms of periods of Speed of a sound in water 1450 ms–1
radiations because Time delay T = 110.3s
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1 light year = 9.46 × 1015m the distance of the enemy ship from the
Solution:
surveillance ship.
Solution:
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1 ly 9.46 × 10 15
15 −11 Time delay T = 5.6s
= = 9.46 × 10 × 10
1 AU 1.496 × 10 11 T 5.6
1.496 t = 2 = 2 = 2.8
9.46 × 104
= = 6.32 × 104AU Speed of radiowaves = speed of light (v)
1.496
Distance from the surveillance ship to enemy Least count of vernier calipers
ship D = v × t = 3 × 108 × 2.8 = 8.4 × 108m
= 1MSD – 1VSD = (1– 19 20 ) MSD
Distance (D) = 8.4 × 108 km.
1
= = 0.05cm.
Conceptual Questions 20
m
So screw gauge is more precise than vernier.
1. Why is it convenient to express the distance of
stars in terms of light year (or) parsec rather 3. If humans were to settle on other planets,
than in km? which of the fundamental quantities will be
co
in trouble? Why?
Ans. The distances of astronomical objects like stars,
Ans. Time will be in trouble. Time becomes irrelevant.
planets etc from the earth are huge. The distance
on the earth are relatively small so it can be Because day and year based on spinning and
measured in km. revolution of the planet. So each planet has its
s.
own year length.
For Example :
Eg. : Uranus and Neptune move too slow.
The distance to be next nearest big galaxy
Andromeda is 21,000,000,000,000,000,000 km. 4. Having all units in atomic standards is more
ok
useful. Explain.
i.e. 21 × 1018 km.
Ans. All units in atomic standards are more useful
This number is so large that it becomes hard to
because they never change with time.
write and to interpret.
5. Why dimensional methods are applicable only
So astronomical units like light year, parsec A.U
are used for large distances.
o up to three quantities?
Ans. If a quantity depends on more than three factors
2. Show that a screw gauge of pitch 1 mm and
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than dimensional formula cannot be derived.
100 divisions is more precise than a vernier
Because on equating the powers of M, L & T
caliper with 20 divisions on the sliding scale.
on either side of the dimensional equation, three
Ans. Least count of screw gauge
equations can be obtained, from which only three
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