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    115 views135 pages

    MC KITTRICK Katherine - Black Geographies and The Politics of Place

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    robard.felix

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    Black Geographies and the Politics of Place edited by Katherine McKittrick and Clyde Woods Between the Lines South End Press “ont, One Combe, Massachusetts ak Georgian he Poo Phe Contents (© 207 Kaden Naki ant Ua and Aces Cana Cassin in Paton us ial ee pl Ke Mei an Wo HARTER | page “Sita on Top ofthe World” “The Changes of Bhs a Hip Hop Geoay de ds curren | page 82 Memories of Ail | tn laa te cba caren | page “Tie Lost Tribe of Lost Tbe” Acknowledgements ak eh Cd te te of Spe uk Gara andthe of Pace a eet of ining inert in developing and sting ques abo the nections cove ce, Backes, ab pl pols inthe dar. Ae et oat shore interes, which aie hela polis of Back expres cl tues and uneven geographies, have ee chalenged nl complement by the cowie #5 tt clon ~ we hk al ofthe fo thnk and ‘wing tour menting ne and erp conceals of Bick gsnpic| ‘Weabo want hank group of elec, musi and writes and Misisipp, devastated at they were preceded and followed Hurricane Katrina, ne sacred ples continues o both inspire the woe and shape the i, Katherine MeKitick nd Clyde Woods Katherine wera .& Clyde Woods “No One Knows the Mysteries at the Bottom of the Ocean” ‘described whe peal los of if ae “igniicant.” Over the net Fe ys, 1s Katrina weal its havo onthe ity, with masive Hoding, some ofthe Shipping industis. They were the victims of federal aundogment and ‘cents of rac segregation ear fous, a es: momentarily legacy of uneven geographies, of tone Jocations ong ocaped by dans de le terethe etches ofthe earth es ofthe homeless, the jobless, he incacerate, the invisible the refuge, the poveished, the abandoned, the unescaped 9 these parcuar human geographies were rey erphasized and 2 | Bock Geogptoe ‘he underside is, for some, not an underside at al, bu is, ates, the every say Indeed, Katrina ea “eper the rts and grooves of oc oppression and explition.™ ‘Submarine Roots: Towards a Reconstruction of the Global or win thr racalized spaces: geographies, for exp Melati & Wend: "No One Knows he Moti laved, the incarcerated the disposable, Wein these pst Syphilis ada the cn Adscusion of back geographies, hen, we need consider tow te unoowable ies in he pr ic on mage o ‘hart. This ension,Derwcen the mapped ar the known, ecoafgues nowldg, sagging thar places, experenss, history, and people that ao one knows A] ak cengrepine ‘Convene should the pre-conguest and post-onquest geographic teadone of resting and preserving sacred places be abandoned? Are rec fing gestion he prone, igs sloping anal paced MAU Waa Mh On Rae a Msn "as pesons from Afica to Avie have differen esis for home, They want tion ofthe loa commanise Dilemmas in the Convergence of Race and Space ‘This book explores these tension an themes by wnraelng the oterible acer ited, and by no means over a cohesive genelogy of Hack. tographics and back geographic though, they doa least nat a dics sion of how we might Begin eo work through the dilemmas tha contin thr han ocons ha py juste, perpen ghee, or ng Space and Place: Local Concerns and Alternative inthe relation and redeition of Ain peo- atonal." daspoie migrations and ideologies underwrite 2 “tanlic Maroon” famework, Spencer analyz che rael of give save Henry Box Brown tal into question the stasis atached eo the bodily eal, and representative geographie of back bondage. She angus for an understanding of sistance dat i geopo- Iicalydasposie and thus noe snchore tone nation or region. Rains question: In what ways can nde human seaterngs indicate ‘Metre Woods None Kaowethe tants..." 1 8 chapter draws on the back diaspora geographies of Ntzake Shange. She explores how Shange' vison ofthe Afian disper which Stange often poston 2 counteraraive to the mtonstate~ Jnings of Back queer sabjess underwrite the production of space. The | presence of blackness in queer cures necesuly reconfigues space rough black me's imeenal csques of back homophobia and white ‘acm, Whe black men are relegated to the imaginay aa el margins of {sy repons, thir daly aves and understandings of mascaiiy oer a ew or lfferent local production of rained (white and. non-white) how Canadian cous an leyiaaton map out patriarchal es. She suggest that hese documents and their attendant ‘ot only criminalize blk femininity and mothethood but | tls havea sae in geographic management, ths pushing our understand ing of space and race beyond the body Stnky Naas chapter expands hee continuing work on the geographies of the dancehall and performance practi. She explores black performance practices sh save ship ances, ius geographies, urban ghetoes, ad the Kwaito music gee in Poseapatheid South Afica to delineate the contnsties amoag expresve slaspora cues. Carnie gel obacer Mow ‘Towards African Diaspora Citizenship Pouitic1zING aN ExisTinG GLOBAL GEOGRAPHY aspora~ the dispersion of Affican people all over the fect an area exiting global rian peo iar. and Indian Ocean wade and exploratory ian Ocean tansalanc and tran Saharan ese inthe modern period), and induced lapel of Afcan peoples based on word ‘The Aftan American Migration Experience,” 2 ‘eres mouned by Syiane Diouf and Howat Dodson, which docunenis uy {range of black migrations, largely concearating on four handed yes of ‘migration to, witha and ou ofthe United States ™ ‘Despite this itemationl dispersal dat became the Afcan dora, ‘0 institutionalize geopolitical realty we sil ave to develop tna network of eas ant pratces that cn then be postone at 3 ble pit Jal body forthe bref of eammeon yet separate snd dispersed with ce terson concerning Aca INSPIRED by the noble ie tha id he ding etl Oration and goes of i Afi inthe 10 promot ni sly nkesion and cooperation song the pope of ‘Aad the Alcan Sete Wile nce providing afl dfinvon of Afican peoples, this most impor ‘ 7 states, and secure a place fr a ange (of dipliced Afncan daspor peoples Thee stv incade WEB. De Bois, Anna Julia Cooper, Sylester Willams, George Padmore, CIR. ‘Bape Daves Mins Tod Aston Dosoramenstio. | 15 in Ac respective of time pero and geographical loeston In this, ‘onl AfScan commit that we cll the Aan spor. ‘Historical Background and Citizenship Rights nationality thats uigue in both historia and eos-culurl perspective. The histor of Euro-American imperil’ howler rasgressons and the lager sumption of coazel of human and physkal resources, ‘nlmited pace, and movernent serv asthe counercotexta background ‘oye Davies Mow: Towards KicenBorpra isan) | 17 for thi discussion. The development of wingule trade oats though he ‘mide passage and the economics of savery and colonial facitated te rite of Burpean shodesiey Contemporary notions of globlizason, ne can concude, have always been economic. The frameworks that ensured European corral ofthe Work sours were pu in place withthe ie European mower, Ben before the pei of transac avery, Afcan dispersal hal slready ocured through the uaas-Saharan pseage and trade outs that ‘of pol formations specific from pre-olnial nations, emits, ni ate amr i pola traces (oe mean “by ‘wansformed ito neo-colonal eaters that were (and ae) not abe pro 1B | Rk Cangeption Seca within tem wee aay imps bad and ‘the Ko Kine Klan and Night Ries. They were the victns of chings and rope and commit destacon (ssh tthe baring of entire towns, as ‘Boye Davie Bow: Towards Anan DiomprsCeentip. | 18 ‘ven compared to he sucess of second generation European immigrant ag of eight, vas deporea ro England rather than being alowed to go back ther pce hin a the fal analysts, these varios deni of entry, eis of right 10 ‘ection, and aco ple Hes. The Inematiemal Convention ot Boys Daves Bow: Toward Aion Diapera Carat | 21 and Punishment ofthe Cre of Apartheid (2068 [XV], 1973) arse the South Aan phenomenon, Despite these nes Colonial structure a “French oversea territories, The colnally imposed ties and stacures that separate the Caribbean iin remain in place>* ting sty for regional neato, how ine them as being within the grate Carian. A more relic way of tndestanding the Carbean, then, might be to speak ofthe circum Caribbean, pls the ind, The Caribbean {Comnmniy nl Conaness Marker (CARICOM) and 2 variety f related, ‘orginizaions have atempeed regional co-operation within the Cakbean region, bur ther actions ar gly economic. Cala sraccres, voli ‘exchanges such asthe Caribbean common markt ad CARIPESTA, have been set in place; but a5 of et there hasbeen no te of interated regional setion inthe "One Caribbean language dough the cos regional werk of ‘ural ais aac, African Diaspora Claims in Relation to Nation State Sovereignty Atcan diaspora communis have expesed thie common goals asthe scqsiion of fl cghs inthe nsonstaes in which they lve as well right of acess to the Afican countries of origin, of choice, ad thereby of the continent” The specific sim elite to Alcan dasporacienship 1. Clrims ofcommonali hat Aftican diaspora peoples, becase of thir history of engin, havea righ to recur to the continent and thereby hve acess claims, defined as legal entry residency, and cizenship Fights ina coun of oie, us goverment of counties housing African dspors pope lations recognize the aces chime of tansational ciienship and ‘hereby low legally insted dul czeship rights, rights inthe nasonstates in which they have should be ase, cthims have been made, at leat to some extent Sovereigns wherever they may be, and for poiding benefits equivalent to czeshi, cational and knowledge exchanges, and the lke. The ogaizationa FEameworks ofthe Organization of Altican Unity (OAU) cae out of this postinnependene period and politic. ‘rious Aftcan dspos plc! movements and ergaiations have approached the issues and sates of pan-Aficanism in diferent ways. At tines par Afni have developed ematve or romanized statgers, ter tas have been pola directed and assertive. Marcus Garey’s Back to Afica movement, launched inthe ely eed eaury and peed though his UNIA (Univeral Negro Improvement Associstion), ‘ici, diplacement, and cizerahp™ Although here have been legal ctalleages around slfpresenation sues in rems of thing, hai, music, se busi aspects of personal syle and taste within various mation tats, ‘Aven diaspora religions have been the most formally co-ordinated. in 24 lack Geneon righ. aspora cizenship cams are assed the cual eel. The ele Pract and histones tend tobe diferent sytematied cro the da ora albeit unde ferent names ~ but provide a ear ientfeston ofan ‘Aca presence in Se New World Nation-State Sovereignty Claims ‘The history of eater atempes wo resnateAfican peoples onthe. lair nation-state sotersigny cm The staan of Alan eM fourth sats of Sera Leone and Libera can be described sulted in the displacement of local inhabitants in both Pcs. On a smal el, even a hit ecm migration granted the righ of ‘izes to AMfcans formerly displaced by the transac lave trade, ‘the heaton of «new population instal! sn unending ers that would emerge ater on ashes ns may bet eam fo the pst and the nature of the process of reining with regard to these two saspra nation states. The mistake inthis case was the colonial ate of {he project, which dated ack to plans st proposed in the eghtenth en "uA the hear ofthese pls Were arguments about the pony oF Afscans geing utc inthe United Seater andthe need for hem to ay and fight again svery and for fale rights, Another argument core cerned she role hat bck American colon " and "cviiing” Alien. However, he Which goes the hear of ue agua for A ‘was the ational for the proces. Indeed, the Ameti ‘he Chrisianicng and civiring mission embedded in the ealy debts may cerainy have had something to do withthe tensions bexween Block Geogophine ‘Sierra Leone Creoles in relation othe local populations, ‘The largest obstacle to AMfcan diaspora citizenship cms, but para oxi the grestese opportunity for the exerci of domeric human rights, char ett in the sovercgnty chins ofthe nason-state in which 2 ‘number of daspora peoples reside. Independence fom cloniaism, inthe ‘Caribbean fom the 1980s onward, broughe island nation state asersons 2 reper fr he ove il negra See nd fine eyo Davi Mow, Ton Ais Days Cali | 27 recognition of migration and muliple Iocation of pple: on the other Sail there recent being the lise geographies and connections of Venezuela sand oa leser degre Baz. The recent poll decations om the ‘oun took it wp thensees to dvd up sawing up borders and chiming accreting nations and thereby destroying pre-e. ing geographical an clarl and natural boundaries. The eae continent in various nason-eates. The movement for an Affe dasa ctzeship ‘can benefit and lean from these processes rom Poticel to Legal African Diaspora Citizenship: Recent Advances ‘The African Diaspora and the Afiean Union ‘The Affcan Union, which on iestaishment in 199 accepted the plk- ‘al famework ofits predecessor, the Organization of Afican Unity, began by asserting a pan-Afécanist ciewaton, beginning with 4 continental ‘CONSCIOUS of he ft dha the sg of confit in Ac cones Iyer impetiment © te Seeenac devon ofthe Satins at ofthe nr pote pace, sy snd tly a a pre foe te implementation of ow deveopnee nd rption agen In its Contiative Acs the Affcan Uni took into consideration the Tasska Summit Decision of 2001 on the “esablshment ofa seategic ffamework for a Plcy of Migration in Ac,” therefore gesting towards the development of aur eaonship withthe Alcan diaspora “he Isa Sumit Dacson encourages Member Sats work vans Ue deelopent of arp famerk for migration poly in Ac that luboration with the Aftcan Union iacading 2 plan of action a a ei sphere scering commie." One of the conference® most important ‘esolutons,aceped unanimously, lle forthe creation of co-ordinating body for the Afscan Union Westem Hemisphere spor. This body has 2 one of is iniatives a propa forthe eblshment of an Aftian dis ora component to the Afican Union and i representative bodies, pari ‘bly the Pun-AffcanPaiamene (Arte 17) andthe Commision ofthe inatve © convene a workshop that woul claborte 2 framework and the represenaies of the Diaspora in their counties of accrediation." Ethiopia and Rastafari Rights to Return Rasafir as its os, in pare, n he teachings of Maris Garey, who in the 1930s preached» neageof black selfempomeament ad inated “Back ‘0 Afica” movement. The egacy of Gare’ teachings watt be the de | ‘tin of thee communes fom the dominant nation at's practices. 20 | Biz Geogopion "rom all scounts, dhe land granted to dhe Rastaisians by Halle Ses — while the move appeared o bea hmsntaran act made swage by the Palsiins agains the Isls, o che native people against ‘he Amero Lberians or the Sera Leonean Ceals, Some negotiate co ‘the local commit has to be seen 3 part ofthe conditions ‘the Government of Ethiopia drew up a draft proclamation ng foreign national ight in tei hme county. The proc ‘mason stated its objective as “ening foreign nationals of Eehiopian ‘yn Daves Mow: Towards Acon Diepra Css | 51 ‘ign wns ode amt de de ce The document a cabled "Rigs and Response olds of the Meicaton Cad of Foreign Nasal of Ethiopian Origa ‘ig aio of ihopian orn boing the ton Cox © Wile this docamene apples largely to the secondlevel Aftican dis pov of the mira ews cory migrations, he approach cre Implcons fries of Acandasporactzeasip andres questions that ae atthe hear ofthe Aftican Unions deiitions ofthe Afcan dias por Ic also cates implctons for other Aicandispor groups and ‘hein in ciming residence in Ein rican Nation-State Abode Rights - The Ghana Example Regulations 2001, offers Acar bor in the depos the sight so reside sin Ac, inthis ase in Ghana. Applicants who want ro be considered for the “ight 10 abode” have ‘hrough the Dieeoc” The eli 1348) A pesan of Afcan doce inthe dagors who wits tobe ons tre forte grant fight of abode, shal be aj eftion rote Which ees among ober ings (a)anszenaton by two Ghia whe ae ates pul nye Seb pe oes or oer ct of eons spied by the Maier tthe ect tht he apple of goed racer and ‘hu tey hive known the apne penonly fo ad oo te fie yas (bya drain by te applicant the feet the appl bas orem once of ny criminal fee an been weed © imgrsonment for tem owe mon of more (© proucion by te apa of dosanenty eee of anit seaming, (the spat ething he Miner tht the appl capbe Bape Devi Bins Towed Asie iowa Ciaestio | 38 ‘ountri developmens. Rope lng outside of thir home counties who ‘maintain responses at home offen have cea peices of helping thie amie there va remittances, evel wanting to ensure the interests an wol-eing of thse home countries f sustain ehce own general sense of aggresive hamesing ofthese human resources has to be par of the sti 2eaship famewotk, which leads © new se of gographil ndcstor in Considering the contre ofthe mainte Tiree, an examination of the Chinese diaspora sugges Diasec as inply sme frm of brercraing exarin fsa mecement under seion 7A(1)(8). The minors of perons mentioned lve ar als lle for Overseas Citizenship. ™* ‘Atricon Diaspora Citizenship as Transnational Citizenship: Complementing and not Replacing Nationa Citizenship" A derdopng by of ecru ages for wasnt neti. Much ot aod a come fom the tates of Chan le scl ach a “Maca, Onto in Calfoena® Thi transnational izenhp es ings # made op of Lain Amsrcanhr gs who go bck an Fah 98 | Beck Geocronton why the transnational zen has become key in migration sis. Tics inched the grounded peace and meanings of wansetionalczenship, which tansatonal mgrets can be transnational ctiems and whys dhe “The work of scholars engaged i enstfing the contours and posites ‘of wansetonal iiznship wil hare impudon fra aes eaten of oye Des Bow: Towa aus Ciionis | 97 is cane achome and abroad. Each nation sae has had to come to ters The Buopean model may ofer a contemporary appmach - one alcead implemented. ~ t0 this problem of rights and the ineation and practialies of ansoatonalcienship. The European model is mul State, ensuring all is member eesience and izes ight inthe areas permanent sight of residence inthe howe member state" The EU directive stip of he Union i bey ease, very pon olin te A masive set of documents, representing a movement silin proces, with facreaching implictions, che European Union legit is one of the most advanced versions of mulsstat, transnational citizenship right. It ‘Eemonstates the poses of Aftcan digpora citizenship for sates in 98 | Bek Grain _Aftca and the New Wodd, which can parcipte is developing siniaty Simagnnve ways of interpreting ctzenship Wie the EU contin in. ‘varbus ways to stragge with iste of raionaly and sovereignty andi ‘idl sate? deste, these are problems to be anipated in any regional, -polical sructre, Whats peaps most imporane athe strategies Sti ‘phe to work through and sats sovereignty ssc and rights, “Towards African Diaspora Citizenship: Implementation Activities pot be organized to establish el fo fll representation inthe Aca “Unio The working group member suggested thar member ofthe dis “por be represented on the basis of regions, with eprsenation coming, fe pouty to oe f Revisiting the Geography of the African Diaspora 40 | Bek Geopopine cechange would sa, “Why should we give p a continent in xchange for an sand” eis in the global common teres of Aca daspors peoples thac we begin 2 proces of rain African disporsciizenp. Curent tens inthe development of ransatonal cizeahip rights ~paricalaiy 1s represented by the European Union ~ indicate that with the develop ‘ments in communication anda range of hee process of glbalision in the contemporary estates ci, ‘hd ms, work collboraiey to ensure the advancement of thei well bing and the rights of tel cizens, Given thatthe Affian diaspora is a pre-exiting demographic and cultural cond ‘on of globlizaton, what reins fru so ative various economic and political eomponens ino an efeve poi and economic ace ino model that would ensre that base caegovies of human rights an begin be achieved ‘The language of “Afican peoples in the AU Consus Act sendy & Shuerytreetanrer pede Arie Ego the [oon Coma Se rt pan cam Dace 441 ocx Geocrosins ‘oye Davis Mow: Towards Roa DasoraCsraip. | 4S “Sittin’ on Top of the World” ‘Tae CHuaLLENGrs or Buurs AND Hip Hop GEOGRAPHY topology, and ecology of other masons. According to Anwar Shah, the practice of aco-ltersn ‘jie a totes rose in stand eco theory ‘Maes erent opal nd sel soc ucts Te ined tat if mares ate lowed ones without esti thy woul ‘Optimally ere al sore nese ie all ona rou, tc automaticaly gtr fillerployen rl esas who uy wih wok? Acconting t geographer and social theorist David Harvey, an inadequate tunderstanirg ofthe spatial contexts ad histories emphasize vitin the tdscipline offuman geography rls ic to easy th US opr l a the bere fwvesl pic ones whe suing bln the US ah ber of got hic laney goes on to ask several questions, What would social just co ‘mopolin ethic lok like? How can “geographical knowledges be recons long stading sociosputial demonizaon of Affcan Americans and ote subaler groupe; andthe imagined ethical possible of the bles epite- ‘ology. We mast start with the nique se of repona eations that gave ‘Campaigns against supposed black moral deviancy and crimialiy inorder to beth devolve the feral sate and marginalize the most progressive se torof de body pols ‘Ye much of he Iteraure on neoibeaism and globalization conve- ily ignores the iterate on the hitode “Southern Strategy” instina~ ‘onal raignment in the United Star. Scant anenion is gien t0 the onde “Shon Topathe Wes” | ton teen i Regen done ne el ons ‘rumination ofthe genealogy and process of sxiospail demenizaton inthe United States. As prt of this evi; would be necessary simply tsk what ae the soil ethics ofthe groups most consistently demonized boyhegemoni dicoune? During Hurricane Katrin, hegemonic neo-eral course camel deployed planation and white supremacist resent ties to define Aan Americans a cxaals, oes, pists ad isu [gas Those who bail New Orleans over the coure of three sets es, and te dination ofthe mein of ove: Which methods povidethe tools necessary to understand this inersection” Sas who uch imenigtons eating te aca workings of roribeaism will evenly encounter the bes eadion Ta addition 48 | Back Ommtion “being 2 musical tation, the ss Anowledge stem indigenous the Uated Sets that i expend trough an ererexpanding vary of cul eonci, pots ad sacl tation Embedded within the "Sie ron ate hghlydevoped ad instal forms of pio Ti pute Sonomg so thay and prac, and geographic kw ras Satara gp i wii ea tion. This ini investigation past of a larger project designed #0 Treover and pad indigenous Affican American forms of consciousness, ‘oval investigation, comminity development, and democratic governance. “Standing Here Lookin! One Thousand Miles Away”: Sites {or the Production of Geographic Knowledge’? ‘The ipa ising grog the oe vos es fs among. those who fel that ao-sdense are besieging the tradiion wl comtne to play 2 central rol inthis aang the couse of the event century innumerable debates is eel aon ha en ‘cl, zancational, and “usivesal Another tendency resognine the pos bier of indigenous knowlege systems but teats them 25 eiphenomenal ‘Desied is the presence of indigenous issntions, the maple meanings of 30 | Mack Guogupbion esti movements, muikiple forms of historical continuity, class-based {jvclral production, and the posibiity of iaesregional dispersion of| inelicnal toovement- Wie rioal formation theory provides vakabe insights ito the workings of moverentled socal transformations, it sa the seron of ther of neon eon ren, ‘opportunity 10 fundamentally reconsider che rebtionship ocean socal strates, However, frther advancement in this several interventions, paiculaly inthe area of ogra pedagogy a an expanded couse on he easton of sensi ‘nguin” Theswcably eto wosking-cls daily fe, the bes epistemology and oer partly acute geographic knowledge systems ean embody tll of these dimensions. Ye he imperial disciplinary boundaries of existing Eogapn sol pola wien, an ool operat gmt Sint conceal epistemological movemens premised upon compres ‘itm of meocpinrey Frapening te scalspatal gl obs thar ierdisiplinary investigations open up def atempts to rode polhonal fora ofKaowledge and Kaowledge-makng. Ar the same time, few inteiscpinry procs have embedded in sham implicit slencing, stra. Tor example in his effort to provide vocal pai fifo he ei (Of Nichel Foucault, anguce that thee is a powerfl lak berween Knowle ‘ge, power, and insttons. Cerin isiuions ae their speci forms ‘Of knowlege are said tobe citeal to the discipline of geography: state ‘on The discipline of geography is considered to be a contested site that “Woods: “Stn on Top ofthe Wei” | St “Loa kw, fr exampl fen amour 10 fee comple geo phil docnptons er scr fom cn prc pepsi Loa a pina ees, corner athens but (in ee mation st) ond the formation apd arin of een nd of ggg (ote srg colored by eadroamenalst seotinens) unfetandngs ‘Geogphers ng wih amoplog) have radon pid dese on he lcd "rc of kag” an was of ad in doin 0 have Ie eget 2 highlight ee coir everson owes dine oma goverment and lclned Koos tt pels ne sd sci enement identi ‘These historically evolved, and regionally dint, pre-and post ‘Ses, regions ethnics, and nations. In 1960 novelit and activist Richan! Weigle argued thatthe unigue combination of tragedy, reali, Sensuality and ith led the global expansion ofthe Bus tain: Noe only she Bas on fo ti eal moving in Afi, ra portal aco th Ae, nse ut Rosle codons of Hb hey Tee id ond of thi feng and longings in those acouning re flow wong known te pnt, ad thee docendas, fed and ast {pon tht ova in an sen cre, created the De, a fom of enerinly {eral (svery and white supremacy) and incemal (the movements of “Woose “Sis on Tepattte Wad” | 59 back women) on patrichy inhuman history. Alough the Bes and Loner similar adios ae often described as parochial and ilated, they hive provided theaces and prcoces fering iter

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