Questions to the Topic What is the purpose of clefs? What do they fasten to the musical note? Speak about the C-clef. Describe the G-clef. Characterize the F-clef. | . Name notes, fastened by different clefs. In what kind of music is the C-clef mostly used? Enumerate instruments you know. Which clef are used for them? OIAWEE NS LESSON 9 Ways of Shortening in the System of Musical Notation To avoid repetitions and additional signs in musical notation composers u: special ways of shortening: 1. To avoid a great number of additional lines we use an octave dotted lin (8 ~~~). The octave dotted line is written above notation if music is written in the C clef or below notation if music is written in the F-clef. If it’s necessary to notate musical text with octave doubling we use the sign “con 8 ~ 2. Fast repeating of one or several tones is called tremolo. It is designated t one or several short lines placed on the stem of the corresponding note. | 1.5.3: pigs = 3. Glissando is a manner of playing when we slide on the strings or keys ¢ the instrument with one finger. For this purpose we write only the first and the la notes. Between them we draw a thin straight or waved line and above it write tt word “gliss”. 4, If we want to play arpegglo we draw a waved line along the notes of tt on BiackaHoBako 3a Aonomoroiw CamScanner5. The most spread way of shortening the notation is a reprise. The repeating mark consists of two parallel vertical bar lines and two dots, one of them above the third line of the staff and another one below it. The straight reprise indicates the beginning of repetition. The returning reprise indicates the beginning of the reprise itself. The double reprise indicates the place from which it’s necessary to repeat the previous excerpt and to begin the next one. stright double returning reprise reprise reprise 6. Ina returning reprise with a different ending we write two voltas over the coresponding measures: 1. the prima volta 2. the second volta. fo fe 7. Sometimes we use the sign % (Dal segno) which means "from this sign” when the repeated performance of a certain part of the musical composition is meant to the word “Fine”. % % Vocabulary additional signs — nonatkosi 3HakH Ways of shortening © — cHCTeMa CKOpoueHHa HOTHOTO TIMCbMa . octave dotted line — 3Hax, Kili BKasye Ha Te, INO HOTHHH TeKcT Heo6xiHO rpavH Ha oKTaBY BHINe YH HIKE octave doubling — oxrapHe nogBoeHHa fast repeating — uacre i mBuaKe NoBTopeHHs tremolo — tpemono designate — nosnavarn elissando — raicangzo slide — koB3aTH arpeggio — apnemxio chord — axopa Teprise a Tepeat mark — 3Hak nosTopy straight reprise — mpama penpwa Teturning reprise — spopotua penpu3a double reprise — nogpifina penpasa excerpt — ypuBoK ending — saxinuenna 25 BiackaHoBako 3a Aonomoroiw CamScannervolta — nombTa prima volta — nepuia nomsta second volta — apyra nonsra Fine — xinews Dal segno — ceuso Questions to the Topic Why do we use different ways of shortening in notation? What ways of shortening do you know? Characterize all ways of shortening you know. Which ways of shortening do you use more often? How do you play glissando on your favourite instrument? What moods can be expressed by glissando? Da pwpe LESSON 10 Accidentals (or Inflections). Key signatures At first there existed only a diatonic gamut. It is a gamut which compris seven steps within an octave. The main representatives of the diatonic gamut, a cording to the European tradition, are diatonic major and minor scales. At the san time there are other varieties of diatonic gamut, the representatives of which are tr ditional folk modes. The main characteristic of the diatonic gamut is that it consists « five whole steps and two half steps. To say plainly any gamut built on any white p ano key and using only white keys is a diatonic gamut. ‘Whole! Whole comin ofthe white keys step {step {step} step! from Cw C.The tones we 7 SP | MAP MEP. ef ep eithe «whl sep oe hall + fy step apar You hea hese i off steps when you sing do-e- oi og mi-fe-sobletindo oF C{D/E|F{GfA|B|[C vo | re | mi | ra [sou] ta | m1 | 0 26 BiackaHoBako 3a Aonomoroiw CamScanneradded - ae ae we jexacr But in the course of time the main seven steps were enhanced with semitones. first those new tones hadn't their own names and were considered as variants of ain steps. Later accidentals or chromaticisms were used and added to the names of e main steps. Steps, which appeared as the result of raising or lowering of the main eps, are called derivative or chromatic. Black piano keys got their names from the ighbouring white keys. If the black key in question is situated rightward, we add to fe main name a sharp, if leftward — a flat. Besides, there exists white chromaticism ‘white neighbouring keys (e-f, b-c). A Malt’, Half hromatic, or Twelve- step fone Scale consists ofall black and white keys thin an octave, such as fom C to C on the piano, ones in the chromatic ale are always a half step pan. go Cc Do Mq| Fa {sou} LA But the half-tone system isn’t the single in ¢ world. Musical art of India has big tones fomprising four half tones or three half-tones. The List of Accidentals # _ sharp — indicates raising the note a semitone or half-step. — double sharp — indicates raising the note a tone or full step. b — flat — indicates lowering the note a semitone or half-step. bh — double flat — indicates lowering the note a tone or full step. 4 — natural (or cancel) — indicates cancellation of the previous sign. Accidentals, placed next to the clef, are alled key signatures. One must know the differ- nce between simple accidentals and key signa- John van Eyk, 143 Angels Having Some Music 27 BiackaHoBako 3a Aonomoroiw CamScanneri y in them. Key signat tures. Simple accidentals occur only in measures and act only in y are characteristic of tonality and act within the boundaries of the whole piece of mi sic. Vocabulary diatonic «> K _ — Aiatorivadt diatonic gamut cree — diaronisnnii ssykopan gamut roses — l.spyropaa 2.rama | diatonic major and minor scales — aiarouiani Ma@kopHi i MiHOpHI TaMH folk modes 2..." — wapomni naan mode sou ~ — nay whole step 27 — nimi tow halfstep + — nistou main seven steps — cin ronosumx crynenip semitone « ° — miston accidentals |, socel» — 3naxn ansrepauit chromaticism or chromatism — xpomarH3m raising or lowering of main steps — niqeumenna wn nomnxexna ronop ptt rouble crynenin derivative =. bern — noxigunit chromatic “yee '« — xpomarnaEni sharp ie) | — nies flat peo — Geom double sharp 7 — ayGm nies double flat — nym: Genons cancel or natural «0/7 — Gexap white chromaticism — Gini xpomaria (Bincrass Mix Harypas a ee abHHMH Mi i a Ta ci i 20) key signatures — kmouoni suaxn tonality -rercar — ToHanbuicts Questions to the Topic 1. What is diatonic gamut? 2. What kind of connection is there between diatonic 3, In what way was diatonic gamut enhanced? eat 4, Name all accidentals, 5. Speak about key signatures, 6. What is common and what is different in accidentals and key signatures? 28 BiackaHoBako 3a Aonomoroiw CamScanner