Day5-2-Exceptions - 2 hours https://devnation.notion.site/Day5-2-Exceptions-2-hours-392303065d4...

Day5-2-Exceptions - 2
hours
Dart Exceptions are the run-time error. It is raised when the program gets
execution. The program doesn't report the error at compile time when the
program runs internally and if Dart compiler found something not
appropriate. Then, it reports run-time error and the execution of program
is terminated abnormally. This type of error is called Exceptions. For
example - A given number is divided by the zero or we try to access the
elements from the empty list.
Dart supports the following types of built-in exceptions.

Show All

Built-in Exceptions
Exceptions

DefferedLoadException

FromatException

IntegerDivisionByZeroException

IOEException

IsolateSpawnException

Timeout

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The main objective of the exception is to handle the run-time error and
prevent the program from terminating abruptly. Every exception in the
Dart is a subtype of the pre-defined class Exception. Dart provides the
following techniques to handle the exceptions.

The try/on/catch Blocks

The try block is used to hold the block of code that might be thrown an
exception. The on block is used to when we require specifying the
exceptions. The catch block is used to when handler needs the exception
object.
If the try block finds the error, it throws to the catch block and the catch
block has the code to handle the error. The try block must be followed by
the exactly one block either on/ catch or one finally block.
The syntax of exceptional handling is the given below.

Syntax:

try { // code that might throw an exception } on Exception1 { //

Specify the exception } Catch Exception2 { // code for handling
exception }

One should remember the following points.

• We can handle the multiple exceptions using the more than one catch
block.

• The on block and the catch block is mutually inclusive that means we
can associate the both - the on block and catch block with the try
block.
In the following example, the variable x is divided by the y variable
respectively. The code is thrown when it tries to divide by the zero. The on
block consists of the code to handle the exception. Let's understand the
following code.

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Example - Using the on block

void main() { int x = 12; int y = 0; int res; try { res = x ~/

y; } on IntegerDivisionByZeroException { print('Cannot divide by
zero'); } }

Output
Cannot divide by zero

Explanation:
In the above code, we declared the three variable x, y and res in main
() function. We written the suspect code in try block divided the x by the 0
that might be thrown an exception. The try block found the error the
control transferred to the on block that has the code to handle the error.
By using this, the program did not stop its execution.
Let's understand the following example using the catch block.

Example - Using the catch Block

void main() { int x = 12; int y = 0; int res; try { res = x ~/

y; } // It returns the built-in exception related to the occurri
ng exception catch(E) { print(E); } }

Output
IntegerDivisionByZeroException

Now look at the example of on…catch block together

Example 3: on…catch block

void main() { int x = 12; int y = 0; int res; try { res = x ~/

y; } on IntegerDivisionByZeroException catch(E) { print(E); } }

Output
IntegerDivisionByZeroException

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IntegerDivisionByZeroException

Copy the above code and paste it into DartPad below to practice:

Hope you enjoyed

The Finally Block

The finally block always executes whether there is exception occur or not.
It executes unconditionally after the try/on/catch.
The syntax of finally block is given below.

Syntax -

try { // code that may be throw an exception } on Exception1 {

// exception handling code or specifying the exception } catch E
xception2 { // code for exception handling } finally { // code t

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xception2 { // code for exception handling } finally { // code t

hat should always execute; whether exception or not. }

Let's understand the following example of finally block.

Example -

finally { void main() { int x = 12; int y = 0; int res; try { re

s = x ~/ y; } on IntegerDivisionByZeroException { print('Cannot
divide by zero'); } print('Finally block always executed'); } }

Output
Cannot divide by zero
Finally block executed

Copy the above code and paste it into DartPad below to practice:

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Hope you enjoyed

Throwing an Exception
We can raise an exception explicitly or forcefully. The explicitly raised
exception should be handled to avoid the program from existing sharply.
The syntax is given below.

Syntax:

throw new Exception_name()

Let's understand the following example.

Example -

main() { try { check_marks(-10); } catch(e) { print('The marks c

annot be negative'); } } void check_marks(int marks) { if(marks
<0) { throw new FormatException(); // Raising explanation extern
ally } }

Output
The marks cannot be negative

Custom Exceptions
As we discussed above, each of the exception in dart is the subtype of the
built-in class Exception. Dart provide the flexibility to create custom
exception by extending the existing exception class. The syntax is given
below.

Syntax: Defining the Exception

class Custom_exception_Name implements Exception { // can contai

n constructors, variables and methods }

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n constructors, variables and methods }

Let's understand the following code.

Example -

class AmtException implements Exception { String expMsg() => 'En

tered Amount should be greater than zero'; } void main() { try {
withdraw_amt(-1); } catch(E) { print(E.expMsg()); } finally { pr
int('Ending requested operation.....'); } } void withdraw_amt(in
t amt) { if (amt <= 0) { throw new AmtException(); } }

Output
Entered Amount should be greater than zero
Ending requested operation.....

Explanation:
In the above example, we created a custom exception, AmtException. The
code raised the exception if the entered amount is not within the
excepted range and we enclosed the function invocation in the try…catch
block.
Copy the above code and paste it into DartPad below to practice:

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