Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa
Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu MC (born Anjezë

Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ
bɔjaˈdʒi.u]; 26 August 1910 – 5 September
1997), better known as Mother Teresa,[a]
was an Albanian-Indian Catholic nun and
the founder of the Missionaries of Charity.
Born in Skopje, then part of the Ottoman
Empire,[b] at the age of 18 she moved to
Ireland and later to India, where she lived
most of her life. On 4 September 2016, she
was canonised by the Catholic Church as
Saint Teresa of Calcutta. The anniversary
of her death, 5 September, is her feast day.
Mother Teresa founded Missionaries of

Charity, a religious congregation, which
grew to have over 4,500 nuns across 133
countries as of 2012.[6] The congregation
manages homes for people who are dying
of HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and tuberculosis. The
congregation also runs soup kitchens,
dispensaries, mobile clinics, children's and
family counselling programmes, as well as
orphanages and schools. Members take
vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience
and also profess a fourth vow: to give
"wholehearted free
Saint
service to the Teresa of Calcutta
poorest of the MC
poor."[7]
Mother Teresa
received several
honours, including
the 1962 Ramon
Magsaysay Peace Mother Teresa in
1995
Prize and the 1979
Nobel Peace Prize. Virgin
A controversial Born Anjezë
figure during her life Gonxhe
and after her death, Bojaxhiu

26 August
Mother Teresa was
admired by many for 1910
her charitable work, Üsküp,

Kosovo
but was criticised
Vilayet,
for her views on
Ottoman
abortion and
Empire
contraception, as
(present-
well as the poor day Skopje,
conditions in her North
houses for the Macedonia)
dying. Her Died 5

authorised September
biography, written by 1997
Navin Chawla, was (aged 87)
published in 1992, Calcutta,

West
and she has been
Bengal,
the subject of many
other works. On 6 India
September 2017, (present-

day
Mother Teresa and
Kolkata,
Saint Francis Xavier
West
were named co-
Bengal,
patrons of the
India)
Roman Catholic
Venerated in Catholic
Archdiocese of
Church
Calcutta.
Beatified 19
October
2003,
Saint
Peter's
Square,
Vatican
City by
Pope
Biography John
Paul II
Early life
Canonized 4
Septembe
2016,
Saint
Memorial House of Mother Teresa in
her native Skopje
Peter's
Mother Teresa's Square,
given name was Vatican

City by
Anjezë Gonxhe (or
[8] Pope
Gonxha) Bojaxhiu
Francis
(Anjezë is a cognate
Major Mother
of Agnes; Gonxhe
shrine House of
means "flower bud"
the
[9]
Albanian). She
Missionaries
was born on 26 of Charity,
August 1910 into a Calcutta,

West
Kosovar Albanian
[10][11][12] Bengal, India
family in
Skopje, Ottoman Feast 5
September[1]
Empire (now the
capital of North Patronage World You
Day
Macedonia).[13][14]
Missionar
She was baptised in
of Charity
Skopje the day after
Archdioce
[8]
her birth. She later
of Calcutt
considered 27 (co-
August, the day she patron)[2][
was baptised, her
[13]
Title Superior
"true birthday".
general
She was the Personal
youngest child of Religion Catholicism
Nikollë and
Nationality Ottoman
Dranafile Bojaxhiu subject
(Bernai).[15] Her (1910–
father, who was 1912)
involved in Albanian- Serbian
community politics subject
in Ottoman North (1912–

1915)
Macedonia, died in
Bulgarian
1919 when she was
subject
[13][c]
eight years old.
(1915–
He was born in 1918)
Prizren (today in Yugoslavi
Kosovo), however, subject
his family was from
Mirdita (present-day (1918–
Albania).[16][17] Her 1943)

Yugoslavi
mother may have
citizen
been from a village
(1943–
[18]
near Gjakova,
1948)
believed by her
Indian
offspring to be subject
Bishtazhin.[19] (1948–
1950)
According to a
Indian
biography by Joan citizen[4]
Graff Clucas, Anjezë (1950–
was in her early 1997)
years when she Albanian
became fascinated citizen[5]
by stories of the
lives of missionaries (1991–
and their service in 1997)

Honorary
Bengal; by age 12,
American
she was convinced
citizenship
that she should
(awarded
commit herself to
1996)
religious life.[20] Her
Denomination Cathol
resolve
Signature
strengthened on 15
August 1928 as she Institute Sisters of
Loreto
prayed at the shrine
(1928–
of the Black
1948)
Madonna of Vitina-
Missionaries
Letnice, where she
of Charity
often went on
pilgrimages.[21]
Anjezë left home in (1950–
1928 at age 18 to 1997)
join the Sisters of Senior posting
Loreto at Loreto Period 1950–

Abbey in in office 1997
Rathfarnham, Successor Sr.
Ireland, to learn Nirmala
English with the Joshi,
intent of becoming a MC
missionary; English
was the language of instruction of the
Sisters of Loreto in India.[22] She saw
neither her mother nor her sister again.[23]
Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when
they moved to Tirana.[24]
She arrived in India in 1929[25] and began
her novitiate in Darjeeling, in the lower
Himalayas,[26] where she learned Bengali
and taught at St. Teresa's School near her
convent.[27] She took her first religious
vows on 24 May 1931. She chose to be
named after Thérèse de Lisieux, the patron
saint of missionaries;[28][29] because a nun
in the convent had already chosen that
name, she opted for its Spanish spelling of
Teresa.[30]
Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May

1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto
convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta,
taking the style of 'Mother' as part of
Loreto custom.[13][31][32] She served there
for nearly twenty years and was appointed
its headmistress in 1944.[33] Although
Mother Teresa enjoyed teaching at the
school, she was increasingly disturbed by
the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta.[34]
The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery
and death to the city, and the August 1946
Direct Action Day began a period of
Muslim-Hindu violence.[35]
In 1946, during a visit to Darjeeling by train,

Mother Teresa felt that she heard the call
of her inner conscience to serve the poor
of India for Jesus. She asked for and
received permission to leave the school. In
1950, she founded the Missionaries of
Charity, choosing a white sari with two blue
borders as the order's habit.
Missionaries of Charity
Missionaries of Charity motherhouse

in Calcutta
On 10 September 1946, Teresa

experienced what she later described as
"the call within the call" when she travelled
by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling
from Calcutta for her annual retreat. "I was
to leave the convent and help the poor
while living among them. It was an order.
To fail would have been to break the
faith."[36] Joseph Langford later wrote,
"Though no one knew it at the time, Sister
Teresa had just become Mother
Teresa".[37]
She began missionary work with the poor

in 1948,[25] replacing her traditional Loreto
habit with a simple, white cotton sari with a
blue border. Mother Teresa adopted Indian
citizenship, spent several months in Patna
to receive basic medical training at Holy
Family Hospital and ventured into the
slums.[38][39] She founded a school in
Motijhil, Calcutta, before she began
tending to the poor and hungry.[40] At the
beginning of 1949, Mother Teresa was
joined in her effort by a group of young
women, and she laid the foundation for a
new religious community helping the
"poorest among the poor".[41]
Her efforts quickly caught the attention of

Indian officials, including the prime
minister.[42] Mother Teresa wrote in her
diary that her first year was fraught with
difficulty. With no income, she begged for
food and supplies and experienced doubt,
loneliness and the temptation to return to
the comfort of convent life during these
early months:
Our Lord wants me to be a free

nun covered with the poverty of
the cross. Today, I learned a
good lesson. The poverty of the
poor must be so hard for them.
While looking for a home I
walked and walked till my arms
and legs ached. I thought how
much they must ache in body
and soul, looking for a home,
food and health. Then, the
comfort of Loreto [her former
congregation] came to tempt
me. "You have only to say the
word and all that will be yours
again", the Tempter kept on
saying. ... Of free choice, my God,
and out of love for you, I desire
to remain and do whatever be
your Holy will in my regard. I
did not let a single tear come.[43]
Missionaries of Charity in
traditional saris
On 7 October 1950, Mother Teresa
received Vatican permission for the
diocesan congregation, which would
become the Missionaries of Charity.[44] In
her words, it would care for "the hungry, the
naked, the homeless, the crippled, the
blind, the lepers, all those people who feel
unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout
society, people that have become a burden
to the society and are shunned by
everyone".[45]
In 1952, Mother Teresa opened her first

hospice with help from Calcutta officials.
She converted an abandoned Hindu
temple into the Kalighat Home for the
Dying, free for the poor, and renamed it
Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart
(Nirmal Hriday).[46] Those brought to the
home received medical attention and the
opportunity to die with dignity in
accordance with their faith: Muslims were
read the Quran, Hindus received water
from the Ganges, and Catholics received
extreme unction.[47] "A beautiful death",
Mother Teresa said, "is for people who
lived like animals to die like angels—loved
and wanted."[47]
Nirmal Hriday, Mother Teresa's
Calcutta hospice, in 2007
She opened a hospice for those with

leprosy, calling it Shanti Nagar (City of
Peace).[48] The Missionaries of Charity
established leprosy-outreach clinics
throughout Calcutta, providing medication,
dressings and food.[49] The Missionaries
of Charity took in an increasing number of
homeless children; in 1955, Mother Teresa
opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the
Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart,
as a haven for orphans and homeless
youth.[50]
The congregation began to attract recruits

and donations, and by the 1960s it had
opened hospices, orphanages and leper
houses throughout India. Mother Teresa
then expanded the congregation abroad,
opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with
five sisters.[51] Houses followed in Italy
(Rome), Tanzania and Austria in 1968, and,
during the 1970s, the congregation opened
houses and foundations in the United
States and dozens of countries in Asia,
Africa and Europe.[52]
The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was
founded in 1963, and a contemplative
branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay
Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled
in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the
Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay
Missionaries of Charity. Responding to
requests by many priests, in 1981, Mother
Teresa founded the Corpus Christi
Movement for Priests[53] and with Joseph
Langford founded the Missionaries of
Charity Fathers in 1984 to combine the
vocational aims of the Missionaries of
Charity with the resources of the
priesthood.[54]
By 1997, the 13-member Calcutta
congregation had grown to more than
4,000 sisters who managed orphanages,
AIDS hospices and charity centers
worldwide, caring for refugees, the blind,
disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and
homeless and victims of floods, epidemics
and famine.[55] By 2007, the Missionaries
of Charity numbered about 450 brothers
and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600
missions, schools and shelters in 120
countries.[56]
International charity
Mother Teresa said, "By blood, I am

Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith,
I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I
belong to the world. As to my heart, I
belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus."[4]
Fluent in five languages – Bengali,[57]

Albanian, Serbian, English and Hindi – she
made occasional trips outside India for
humanitarian reasons.[58] These included,
in 1971, a visit with four of her sisters, to
Troubles-era Belfast. Her suggestion that
the conditions she had found justified an
on-going mission was the cause of some
embarrassment.[59] Reportedly under
pressure from senior clergy, who believed
"the missionary traffic should be in other
direction", and despite local welcome and
support, she and her sisters abruptly left
the city in 1973.[60][61]
At the height of the Siege of Beirut in 1982,

Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped
in a front-line hospital by brokering a
temporary cease-fire between the Israeli
army and Palestinian guerrillas.[62]
Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she
travelled through the war zone to the
hospital to evacuate the young patients.[63]
When Eastern Europe experienced
increased openness in the late 1980s,
Mother Teresa expanded her efforts to
Communist countries which had rejected
the Missionaries of Charity. She began
dozens of projects, undeterred by criticism
of her stands against abortion and
divorce: "No matter who says what, you
should accept it with a smile and do your
own work." She visited Armenia after the
1988 earthquake[64] and met with Soviet
Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov.[65]
Mother Teresa travelled to assist the

hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at
Chernobyl and earthquake victims in
Armenia.[66][67][68] In 1991 she returned to
Albania for the first time, opening a
Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in
Tirana.[69]
By 1996, the Missionaries of Charity

operated 517 missions in over 100
countries.[70] The number of sisters in the
Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve
to thousands, serving the "poorest of the
poor" in 450 centres worldwide. The first
Missionaries of Charity home in the United
States was established in the South Bronx
area of New York City, and by 1984 the
congregation operated 19 establishments
throughout the country.[71]
Declining health and death
Mother Teresa had a heart attack in Rome

in 1983 while she was visiting Pope John
Paul II. Following a second attack in 1989,
she received a pacemaker.[72] In 1991,
after a bout of pneumonia in Mexico, she
had additional heart problems. Although
Mother Teresa offered to resign as head of
the Missionaries of Charity, in a secret
ballot the sisters of the congregation
voted for her to stay, and she agreed to
continue.[73]
In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell, breaking

her collarbone, and four months later she
had malaria and heart failure. Although
she underwent heart surgery, her health
was clearly declining. According to
Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian
D'Souza, he ordered a priest to perform an
exorcism (with her permission) when she
was first hospitalised with cardiac
problems because he thought she might
be under attack by the devil.[74] On 13
March 1997, Mother Teresa resigned as
head of the Missionaries of Charity. She
died on 5 September.[75][76][77]
Reactions
Mother Teresa lay in repose in an open

casket in St Thomas, Calcutta, for a week
before her funeral. She received a state
funeral from the Indian government in
gratitude for her service to the poor of all
religions in the country.[78] Cardinal
Secretary of State Angelo Sodano, the
Pope's representative, delivered the homily
at the service.[79] Mother Teresa's death
was mourned in the secular and religious
communities. Prime Minister of Pakistan
Nawaz Sharif called her "a rare and unique
individual who lived long for higher
purposes. Her life-long devotion to the
care of the poor, the sick, and the
disadvantaged was one of the highest
examples of service to our humanity."[80]
According to former U.N. Secretary-
General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, "She is the
United Nations. She is peace in the
world."[80]
Recognition and reception
India
From the Indian government, under the

name of Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, Mother
Teresa was issued a diplomatic
passport.[81] She received the Padma Shri
in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award
for International Understanding in 1969.[82]
She later received other Indian awards,
including the Bharat Ratna (India's highest
civilian award) in 1980.[83] Mother Teresa's
official biography, by Navin Chawla, was
published in 1992.[84] In Calcutta, she is
worshipped as a deity by some Hindus.[85]
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of

her birth, the government of India issued a
special ₹5 coin (the amount of money
Mother Teresa had when she arrived in
India) on 28 August 2010. President
Pratibha Patil said, "Clad in a white sari
with a blue border, she and the sisters of
Missionaries of Charity became a symbol
of hope to many—namely, the aged, the
destitute, the unemployed, the diseased,
the terminally ill, and those abandoned by
their families."[86]
Indian views of Mother Teresa are not

uniformly favourable. Aroup Chatterjee, a
physician born and raised in Calcutta who
was an activist in the city's slums for years
around 1980 before moving to the UK, said
that he "never even saw any nuns in those
slums".[87] His research, involving more
than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns
and others familiar with the Missionaries
of Charity, was described in a 2003 book
critical of Mother Teresa.[87] Chatterjee
criticized her for promoting a "cult of
suffering" and a distorted, negative image
of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her
mission and misusing funds and privileges
at her disposal.[87][88] According to him,
some of the hygiene problems he had
criticized (such as the reuse of needles)
improved after Mother Teresa's death in
1997.[87]
Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor of

Calcutta from 2005 to 2010, said that "she
had no significant impact on the poor of
this city", glorified illness instead of
treating it and misrepresented the city: "No
doubt there was poverty in Calcutta, but it
was never a city of lepers and beggars, as
Mother Teresa presented it."[89] On the
Hindu right, the Bharatiya Janata Party
clashed with Mother Teresa over the
Christian Dalits but praised her in death
and sent a representative to her funeral.[90]
Vishwa Hindu Parishad, however, opposed
the government decision to grant her a
state funeral. Secretary Giriraj Kishore said
that "her first duty was to the Church and
social service was incidental", accusing
her of favouring Christians and conducting
"secret baptisms" of the dying.[91][92] In a
front-page tribute, the Indian fortnightly
Frontline dismissed the charges as
"patently false" and said that they had
"made no impact on the public perception
of her work, especially in Calcutta".
Praising her "selfless caring", energy and
bravery, the author of the tribute criticised
Teresa's public campaign against abortion
and her claim to be non-political.[93]
In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat, leader

of the Hindu right-wing organisation
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said that
Mother Teresa's objective was "to convert
the person, who was being served, into a
Christian".[94] Former RSS spokesperson
M. G. Vaidhya supported Bhagwat's
assessment, and the organisation accused
the media of "distorting facts about
Bhagwat's remarks". Trinamool Congress
MP Derek O'Brien, CPI leader Atul Anjan
and Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal
protested Bhagwat's statement.[95] In
1991[96] the country's first modern
University, Senate of Serampore College
(University) awarded a honorary doctorate
during registrarship of D. S. Satyaranjan.
Elsewhere
President Ronald Reagan presents

Mother Teresa with the Presidential
Medal of Freedom at a White House
ceremony as First Lady Nancy Reagan
looks on, 20 June 1985.
Mother Teresa received the Ramon
Magsaysay Award for Peace and
International Understanding, given for work
in South or East Asia, in 1962. According
to its citation, "The Board of Trustees
recognises her merciful cognisance of the
abject poor of a foreign land, in whose
service she has led a new
congregation".[97] By the early 1970s,
Mother Teresa was an international
celebrity. She had been catapulted to fame
via Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 BBC
documentary, Something Beautiful for
God, before he released a 1971 book of
the same name.[98] Muggeridge was
undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at
the time.[99] During filming, footage shot in
poor lighting (particularly at the Home for
the Dying) was thought unlikely to be
usable by the crew; the crew had been
using new, untested photographic film. In
England, the footage was found to be
extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it
a miracle of "divine light" from Teresa.[100]
Other crew members said that it was due
to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak
film.[101] Muggeridge later converted to
Catholicism.[102]
Around this time, the Catholic world began

to honour Mother Teresa publicly. Pope
Paul VI gave her the inaugural Pope John
XXIII Peace Prize in 1971, commending her
work with the poor, her display of Christian
charity and her efforts for peace.[103] She
received the Pacem in Terris Award in
1976.[104] After her death, Teresa
progressed rapidly on the road to
sainthood.
Mother Teresa with Michèle Duvalier in

January 1981
She was honoured by governments and

civilian organisations and appointed an
honorary Companion of the Order of
Australia in 1982 "for service to the
community of Australia and humanity at
large".[105] The United Kingdom and the
United States bestowed a number of
awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in
1983 and honorary citizenship of the
United States on 16 November 1996.[106]
Mother Teresa's Albanian homeland gave
her the Golden Honour of the Nation in
1994,[93] but her acceptance of this and the
Haitian Legion of Honour was
controversial. Mother Teresa was
criticised for implicitly supporting the
Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such
as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell;
she wrote to the judge of Keating's trial
requesting clemency.[93][107]
Universities in India and the West granted

her honorary degrees.[93] Other civilian
awards included the Balzan Prize for
promoting humanity, peace and
brotherhood among peoples (1978)[108]
and the Albert Schweitzer International
Prize (1975).[109] In April 1976, Mother
Teresa visited the University of Scranton in
northeastern Pennsylvania, where she
received the La Storta Medal for Human
Service from university president William J.
Byron.[110] She challenged an audience of
4,500 to "know poor people in your own
home and local neighbourhood", feeding
others or simply spreading joy and
love.[111] Mother Teresa continued: "The
poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they
are Christ in the guise of distress".[110] In
August 1987, Mother Teresa received an
honorary doctor of social science degree
from the university in recognition of her
service and her ministry to help the
destitute and sick.[112] She spoke to over
4,000 students and members of the
Diocese of Scranton[113] about her service
to the "poorest of the poor", telling them to
"do small things with great love".[114]
During her lifetime, Mother Teresa was
among the top 10 women in the annual
Gallup's most admired man and woman
poll 18 times, finishing first several times in
the 1980s and 1990s.[115] In 1999 she
headed Gallup's List of Most Widely
Admired People of the 20th Century,[116]
out-polling all other volunteered answers
by a wide margin. She was first in all major
demographic categories except the very
young.[116][117]
Nobel Peace Prize
In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel

Peace Prize "for work undertaken in the
struggle to
External videos
overcome poverty
Mother Teresa's
and distress, which
1979 Nobel Peace
also constitutes a
Prize acceptance
threat to peace".[118]
speech (https://ww
She refused the w.nobelprize.org/me
conventional diaplayer/index.php?
ceremonial banquet id=1852)
for laureates, asking

that its $192,000 cost be given to the poor
in India[119] and saying that earthly rewards
were important only if they helped her to
help the world's needy. When Mother
Teresa received the prize she was asked,
"What can we do to promote world
peace?" She answered, "Go home and love
your family." Building on this theme in her
Nobel lecture, she said: "Around the world,
not only in the poor countries, but I found
the poverty of the West so much more
difficult to remove. When I pick up a person
from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of
rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I
have removed that hunger. But a person
that is shut out, that feels unwanted,
unloved, terrified, the person that has been
thrown out from society – that poverty is
so hurtable [sic] and so much, and I find
that very difficult."
Social and political views
Mother Teresa singled out abortion as "the
greatest destroyer of peace today.
Because if a mother can kill her own child
– what is left for me to kill you and you kill
me – there is nothing between."[120]
Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist

magazine The Freethinker criticised
Mother Teresa after the Peace Prize
award, saying that her promotion of
Catholic moral teachings on abortion and
contraception diverted funds from
effective methods to solve India's
problems.[121] At the Fourth World
Conference on Women in Beijing, Mother
Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift
of motherhood, especially by the evil of
abortion, but also by thinking that other
things like jobs or positions are more
important than loving."[122]
Criticism
According to a paper by Canadian
academics Serge Larivée, Geneviève
Chénard and Carole Sénéchal, Mother
Teresa's clinics received millions of dollars
in donations but lacked medical care,
systematic diagnosis, necessary nutrition
and sufficient analgesics for those in
pain;[123] in the opinion of the three
academics, "Mother Teresa believed the
sick must suffer like Christ on the
cross".[124] It was said that the additional
money might have transformed the health
of the city's poor by creating advanced
palliative care facilities.[125][126]
One of Mother Teresa's most outspoken

critics was English journalist and antitheist
Christopher Hitchens, host of the
documentary Hell's Angel (1994) and
author of the essay The Missionary
Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and
Practice (1995) who wrote in a 2003
article: "This returns us to the medieval
corruption of the church, which sold
indulgences to the rich while preaching
hellfire and continence to the poor. [Mother
Teresa] was not a friend of the poor. She
was a friend of poverty. She said that
suffering was a gift from God. She spent
her life opposing the only known cure for
poverty, which is the empowerment of
women and the emancipation of them
from a livestock version of compulsory
reproduction."[127] He accused her of
hypocrisy for choosing advanced
treatment for her heart condition.[128][129]
Hitchens said that "her intention was not to
help people", and that she lied to donors
about how their contributions were used.
"It was by talking to her that I discovered,
and she assured me, that she wasn't
working to alleviate poverty", he said, "She
was working to expand the number of
Catholics. She said, 'I'm not a social
worker. I don't do it for this reason. I do it
for Christ. I do it for the church' ".[130]
Navin B. Chawla points out that Mother

Teresa never intended to build hospitals,
but to provide a place where those who
had been refused admittance "could at
least die being comforted and with some
dignity." He also counters critics of Mother
Teresa by stating that her periodic
hospitalizations were instigated by staff
members against her wishes and he
disputes the claim that she conducted
unethical conversions. "Those who are
quick to criticise Mother Teresa and her
mission, are unable or unwilling to do
anything to help with their own hands."[131]
Similarly, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, the
former Superior General of the
Missionaries of Charity, also stated that
Mother Teresa's homes were never
intended to be a substitute for hospitals,
but rather "homes for those not accepted
in the hospital... But if they need hospital
care, then we have to take them to the
hospital, and we do that." Sister Pierick
also contested the claims that Mother
Teresa deliberately cultivated suffering,
and affirmed her order's goal was to
alleviate suffering.[132]
Fr Des Wilson, who had hosted her in

Belfast in 1971,[59] argued that "Mother
Theresa was content to pick up the sad
pieces left by a vicious political and
economic system" and he noted that hers
was a fate very different to that of
Archbishop Óscar Romero of El Salvador.
While she got the Nobel Prize, "Romero,
who attacked the causes of misery as well
as picking up the pieces, was shot in the
head".[133]
In 1994, Mother Teresa argued that the
sexual abuse allegations against Jesuit
priest Donald McGuire were untrue. When
he was convicted of sexually molesting
multiple children in 2006, Mother Teresa's
defense of him was criticised.[134][135]
Abortion-rights groups have also criticised

Mother Teresa's stance against abortion
and contraception.[136][137][138] According
to Mark Woods, writing in Christian Today,
"to criticise her for opposing abortion and
contraception... is to criticise her for not
running a secular charity, which she never
pretended to do."[139]
Spiritual life
Analysing her deeds and achievements,
Pope John Paul II said: "Where did Mother
Teresa find the strength and perseverance
to place herself completely at the service
of others? She found it in prayer and in the
silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his
Holy Face, his Sacred Heart."[140] Privately,
Mother Teresa experienced doubts and
struggle in her religious beliefs which
lasted nearly 50 years, until the end of her
life.[141] Mother Teresa expressed grave
doubts about God's existence and pain
over her lack of faith:
Where is my faith? Even deep
down [...] there is nothing but
emptiness and darkness. [...] If
there be God – please forgive
me. When I try to raise my
thoughts to Heaven, there is
such convicting emptiness that
those very thoughts return like
sharp knives and hurt my very
soul.[142]
Plaque dedicated to Mother Teresa in
Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech
Republic
Other saints (including Teresa's namesake

Thérèse of Lisieux, who called it a "night of
nothingness") had similar experiences of
spiritual dryness.[143] According to James
Langford, these doubts were typical and
would not be an impediment to
canonisation.[143]
After ten years of doubt, Mother Teresa

described a brief period of renewed faith.
After Pope Pius XII's death in 1958, she
was praying for him at a requiem mass
when she was relieved of "the long
darkness: that strange suffering." However,
five weeks later her spiritual dryness
returned.[144]
Mother Teresa wrote many letters to her

confessors and superiors over a 66-year
period, most notably to Calcutta
Archbishop Ferdinand Perier and Jesuit
priest Celeste van Exem (her spiritual
advisor since the formation of the
Missionaries of Charity).[145] She
requested that her letters be destroyed,
concerned that "people will think more of
me – less of Jesus."[99][146]
Semi-abstract painting honouring
Mother Teresa
However, the correspondence was

compiled in Mother Teresa: Come Be My
Light.[99][147] Mother Teresa wrote to
spiritual confidant Michael van der Peet,
"Jesus has a very special love for you.
[But] as for me, the silence and the
emptiness is so great, that I look and do
not see – listen and do not hear – the
tongue moves [in prayer] but does not
speak. [...] I want you to pray for me – that
I let Him have [a] free hand."
In Deus caritas est (his first encyclical),

Pope Benedict XVI mentioned Mother
Teresa three times and used her life to
clarify one of the encyclical's main points:
"In the example of Blessed Teresa of
Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the
fact that time devoted to God in prayer not
only does not detract from effective and
loving service to our neighbour but is in
fact the inexhaustible source of that
service."[148] She wrote, "It is only by mental
prayer and spiritual reading that we can
cultivate the gift of prayer."[149]
Although her order was not connected with
the Franciscan orders, Mother Teresa
admired Francis of Assisi[150] and was
influenced by Franciscan spirituality. The
Sisters of Charity recite the prayer of Saint
Francis every morning at Mass during the
thanksgiving after Communion, and their
emphasis on ministry and many of their
vows are similar.[150] Francis emphasised
poverty, chastity, obedience and
submission to Christ. He devoted much of
his life to serving the poor, particularly
lepers.[151]
Canonization
Miracle and beatification
After Mother Teresa's death in 1997, the

Holy See began the process of
beatification (the second of three steps
towards canonization) and Brian
Kolodiejchuk was appointed postulator by
the Diocese of Calcutta. Although he said,
"We didn't have to prove that she was
perfect or never made a mistake", he had
to prove that Mother Teresa's virtue was
heroic. Kolodiejchuk submitted 76
documents, totalling 35,000 pages, which
were based on interviews with 113
witnesses who were asked to answer 263
questions.[152]
Stained glass depiction of

key moments in the lifetime
of Mother Teresa at the
Cathedral of Saint Mother
Teresa in Prishtina, Kosovo
The process of canonisation requires the

documentation of a miracle resulting from
the intercession of the prospective
saint.[153] In 2002 the Vatican recognised
as a miracle the healing of a tumour in the
abdomen of Monica Besra, an Indian
woman, after the application of a locket
containing Teresa's picture. According to
Besra, a beam of light emanated from the
picture and her cancerous tumour was
cured; however, her husband and some of
her medical staff said that conventional
medical treatment eradicated the
tumour.[154] Ranjan Mustafi, who told The
New York Times he had treated Besra, said
that the cyst was caused by tuberculosis:
"It was not a miracle ... She took medicines
for nine months to one year."[155] According
to Besra's husband, "My wife was cured by
the doctors and not by any miracle [...]
This miracle is a hoax."[156] Besra said that
her medical records, including sonograms,
prescriptions and physicians' notes, were
confiscated by Sister Betta of the
Missionaries of Charity. According to Time,
calls to Sister Betta and the office of Sister
Nirmala (Teresa's successor as head of
the order) produced no comment. Officials
at Balurghat Hospital, where Besra sought
medical treatment, said that they were
pressured by the order to call her cure
miraculous.[156] In February 2000, former
West Bengal health minister Partho De
ordered a review of Besra's medical
records at the Department of Health in
Calcutta. According to De, there was
nothing unusual about her illness and cure
based on her lengthy treatment. He said
that he had refused to give the Vatican the
name of a doctor who would certify that
Monica Besra's healing was a miracle.[157]
During Mother Teresa's beatification and

canonisation, the Vatican studied
published and unpublished criticism of her
life and work. Christopher Hitchens and
Chatterjee (author of The Final Verdict, a
book critical of Mother Teresa) spoke to
the tribunal; according to Vatican officials,
the allegations raised were investigated by
the Congregation for the Causes of
Saints.[152] The group found no obstacle to
Mother Teresa's canonisation, and issued
its nihil obstat on 21 April 1999.[158][159]
Because of the attacks on her, some
Catholic writers called her a sign of
contradiction.[160] Mother Teresa was
beatified on 19 October 2003, and was
known by Catholics as "Blessed".[161]
Canonization
On 17 December 2015, the Vatican Press

Office confirmed that Pope Francis
recognised a second miracle attributed to
Mother Teresa: the healing of a Brazilian
man with multiple brain tumours back in
2008.[162] The miracle first came to the
attention of the postulation (officials
managing the cause) during the events of
World Youth Day 2013 when the pope was
in Brazil that July. A subsequent
investigation took place in Brazil from 19–
26 June 2015 which was later transferred
to the Congregation for the Causes of
Saints who issued a decree recognizing
the investigation to be completed.[162]
Pope Francis canonised her at a ceremony

on 4 September 2016 in St. Peter's Square
in Vatican City. Tens of thousands of
people witnessed the ceremony, including
15 government delegations and 1,500
homeless people from across Italy.[163][164]
It was televised live on the Vatican channel
and streamed online; Skopje, Mother
Teresa's hometown, announced a week-
long celebration of her canonisation.[163] In
India, a special Mass was celebrated by
the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta.[164]
Co-Patron of Calcutta
Archdiocese
On 4 September 2017, during a celebration
honouring the 1st anniversary of her
canonisation, Sister Mary Prema Pierick,
Superior-General of the Missionaries of
Charity, announced that Mother Teresa
would be made the co-patron of the
Calcutta Archdiocese during a Mass in the
Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary on 6
September 2017.[165] On 5 September
2017, Archbishop Thomas D'Souza, who
serves as head of the Roman Catholic
Archdiocese of Calcutta, confirmed that
Mother Teresa would be named co-patron
of the Calcutta Diocese, alongside Francis
Xavier.[166][167] On 6 September 2017,
about 500 people attended the Mass at a
cathedral where Dominique Gomes, the
local Vicar General,[168] read the decree
instituting her as the second patron saint
of the archdiocese.[169] The ceremony was
also presided over by D'Souza and the
Vatican's ambassador to India,
Giambattista Diquattro, who lead the Mass
and inaugurated a bronze statue in the
church of Mother Teresa carrying a
child.[169]
The Catholic Church declared St. Francis

Xavier the first patron saint of Calcutta in
1986.[169]
Legacy and depictions in

popular culture
At the time of her death, the Missionaries
of Charity had over 4,000 sisters and an
associated brotherhood of 300 members
operating 610 missions in 123
countries.[170] These included hospices
and homes for people with HIV/AIDS,
leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens,
children's and family counselling
programmes, orphanages and schools.
The Missionaries of Charity were aided by
co-workers numbering over one million by
the 1990s.[171]
Commemorations
Tirana International Airport Nënë

Tereza
Mother Teresa has been commemorated

by museums and named the patroness of
a number of churches. She has had
buildings, roads and complexes named
after her, including Albania's international
airport. Mother Teresa Day (Dita e Nënë
Terezës), 5 September, is a public holiday
in Albania. In 2009, the Memorial House of
Mother Teresa was opened in her
hometown of Skopje, North Macedonia.
The Cathedral of Blessed Mother Teresa in
Pristina, Kosovo, is named in her
honour.[172] The demolition of a historic
high school building to make way for the
new construction initially sparked
controversy in the local community, but the
high school was later relocated to a new,
more spacious campus. Consecrated on 5
September 2017, it became the first
cathedral in Mother Teresa's honour and
the second extant one in Kosovo.[173]
Cathedral of Saint Mother

Teresa, Prishtinë
Mother Teresa Women's University,[174] in

Kodaikanal, was established in 1984 as a
public university by the government of
Tamil Nadu. The Mother Teresa
Postgraduate and Research Institute of
Health Sciences,[175] in Pondicherry, was
established in 1999 by the government of
Puducherry. The charitable organisation
Sevalaya runs the Mother Teresa Girls
Home, providing poor and orphaned girls
near the underserved village of Kasuva in
Tamil Nadu with free food, clothing, shelter
and education.[176] A number of tributes by
Mother Teresa's biographer, Navin Chawla,
have appeared in Indian newspapers and
magazines.[177][178][179] Indian Railways
introduced the "Mother Express", a new
train named after Mother Teresa, on 26
August 2010 to commemorate the
centenary of her birth.[180] The Tamil Nadu
government organised centenary
celebrations honouring Mother Teresa on 4
December 2010 in Chennai, headed by
chief minister M Karunanidhi.[181][182]
Beginning on 5 September 2013, the
anniversary of her death has been
designated the International Day of Charity
by the United Nations General
Assembly.[183]
In 2012, Mother Teresa was ranked

number 5 in Outlook India's poll of the
Greatest Indian.[184]
Ave Maria University in Ave Maria, Florida

is home to the Mother Teresa Museum.
Film and literature
Documentaries and books
Mother Teresa is the subject of the 1969

documentary film and 1972 book,
Something Beautiful for God, by
Malcolm Muggeridge.[185] The film has
been credited with drawing the Western
world's attention to Mother Teresa.
Christopher Hitchens' 1994

documentary, Hell's Angel, argues that
Mother Teresa urged the poor to accept
their fate; the rich are portrayed as
favoured by God.[186][187] It was the
precursor of Hitchens' essay, The
Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in
Theory and Practice.
Mother of The Century (2001) and

Mother Teresa (2002) are short
documentary films, about the life and
work of Mother Teresa among the poor
of India, directed by Amar Kumar
Bhattacharya. They were produced by
the Films Division of the Government of
India.[188][189]
Mother Teresa: No Greater Love (2022)

is a documentary film featuring unusual
access to institutional archives and how
her vision to serve Christ among the
poor is being implemented through the
Missionaries of Charity.[190]
Dramatic films and television
Mother Teresa appeared in Bible Ki

Kahaniyan, an Indian Christian television
series based on the Bible which aired on
DD National during the early 1990s. She
introduced some of the episodes, laying
down the importance of the Bible's
message.[191]
Geraldine Chaplin played Mother Teresa

in Mother Teresa: In the Name of God's
Poor, which received a 1997 Art Film
Festival award.[192]
She was played by Olivia Hussey in a

2003 Italian television miniseries, Mother
Teresa of Calcutta.[193] Re-released in
2007, it received a CAMIE award.[194]
Mother Teresa was played by Juliet

Stevenson in the 2014 film The Letters,
which was based on her letters to
Vatican priest Celeste van Exem.[195]
Mother Teresa, played by Cara Francis

the FantasyGrandma, rap battled
Sigmund Freud in Epic Rap Battles of
History, a comedy rap YouTube series
created by Nice Peter and Epic Lloyd.
The rap was released on YouTube 22
September 2019.[196]
In the 2020 animated film Soul, Mother

Teresa briefly appears as one of 22's
past mentors.
Mother Teresa & Me (or Kavita &

Teresa), a 2022 film by Indian-Swiss
director Kamal Musale showcases her
work among the poor and needy of
Calcutta and the legacy and inspiration
she has left behind. She was portrayed
by Jacqueline Fritschi-Cornaz in the
film.[197]
Theatre
Teresa, la Obra en Musical is a 2004

Argentine musical based on the life of
Mother Teresa
See also
Abdul Sattar Edhi Christianity
portal
Albanians
Religion
List of Albanians portal
List of female Nobel laureates

The Greatest Indian
Roman Catholicism in Albania
Roman Catholicism in Kosovo
Roman Catholicism in North Macedonia
Notes
a. Albanian: Nënë Tereza; Bengali: মাদার
টেরিজা, romanized: Mādāra Ṭērijā, or মাদার
তেরেসা, Mādāra Tērēsā.
b. After World War I and the dissolution of
the Ottoman Empire, Skopje became part
of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes, for the duration of Teresa's
childhood. Since the 1990s, Skopje has
been the capital of North Macedonia.
c. Although some sources state she was 10
when her father died, in an interview with
her brother, the Vatican documents her
age at the time as "about eight".
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journey of Mother Teresa" (http://w
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Karnataka. 31 August 2016. "By
blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship,
an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic
nun. As to my calling, I belong to the
world. As to my heart, I belong
entirely to the Heart of Jesus."
Retrieved from
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title=Mother_Teresa&oldid=1181495664"
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Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu MC (born Anjezë

Mother Teresa founded Missionaries of

A controversial Born Anjezë

figure during her life Gonxhe

and after her death, Bojaxhiu

her charitable work, Üsküp,

dying. Her Died 5

Navin Chawla, was (aged 87)

published in 1992, Calcutta,

September 2017, (present-

Mother Teresa's Square,

given name was Vatican

August 1910 into a Calcutta,

community politics subject

in Ottoman North (1912–

Albania).[16][17] Her 1943)

years when she Albanian

became fascinated citizen[5]

and their service in 1997)

1928 at age 18 to 1997)

join the Sisters of Senior posting

Loreto at Loreto Period 1950–

Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May

In 1946, during a visit to Darjeeling by train,

Missionaries of Charity motherhouse

On 10 September 1946, Teresa

She began missionary work with the poor

Her efforts quickly caught the attention of

Our Lord wants me to be a free

In 1952, Mother Teresa opened her first

She opened a hospice for those with

The congregation began to attract recruits

Mother Teresa said, "By blood, I am

Fluent in five languages – Bengali,[57]

At the height of the Siege of Beirut in 1982,

Mother Teresa travelled to assist the

By 1996, the Missionaries of Charity

Mother Teresa had a heart attack in Rome

In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell, breaking

Mother Teresa lay in repose in an open

Recognition and reception

From the Indian government, under the

To commemorate the 100th anniversary of

Indian views of Mother Teresa are not

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor of

In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat, leader

President Ronald Reagan presents

Around this time, the Catholic world began

Mother Teresa with Michèle Duvalier in

She was honoured by governments and

Universities in India and the West granted

Nobel Peace Prize

In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel

for laureates, asking

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist

One of Mother Teresa's most outspoken

Navin B. Chawla points out that Mother

Fr Des Wilson, who had hosted her in

Abortion-rights groups have also criticised

Other saints (including Teresa's namesake

After ten years of doubt, Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa wrote many letters to her

However, the correspondence was