Examples

A machine in a factory is set to produce components I 0 cm long and 5 cm in diameter. In fact, there is a
slight variation from one component to the next. A component is usable if its length and diameter
deviate from the correct values by less than 0.1 cm. If the length is x cm and the diameter is y cm, the
probability density function for the variation in x and y is

50 √ 2 −100 ( x−100 ) −50 ( y−5 )

2 2

p ( x , y )= e e
π

Solution we know that

Probability that x and y satisfy

y 0+ Δ y x0 + Δ x
50 √ 2
∫ ∫
2 2
x 0−Δ x ≤ x ≤ x 0+ Δ x ¿ e−100 (x−100 ) e−50( y−5) dx dy
π y 0− Δ y x 0−Δ x

y 0− Δ y ≤ y ≤ y 0+ Δ y

Thus,
5 , 1 10, 1
50 √ 2
∫∫
2 2
−100 ( x−100 ) −50 ( y−5 )
Probability that component is usable ¿ e e dx dy
π 4 ,9 9 ,9

The double integral must be evaluated numerically. This yields

50 √ 2
Probability that component is usable ¿ 0,02556 ≈ 0,57530
π
Thus, there is a 57,5% chance that component is usable