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00:1403:53

ronunciatio
n
table
consonant
s
symbolex mple
word
b
back
d
d
ay
0
lhe
n
d3
Jump
ft
at
g
gethhol
j
yell
k
keyled
m
su
m
n
sun
~
s
ung
p
pen
,
red
s
ooon
f
fi
sh
ing
I
lea
f
chee,
e
th
ing
v
view
w
wel
x
loch

,
zero
3
plea
8
ure
special signs
g
separates
Briti
sh
andAmeri
can
pronunciations
:
Br
it
i
shon
the
left
,
American
on
the
right

,I,
showsmain stress
1/
shows
secondary
s
tres
s
f
-/
shows stress shift
Irl
at
theend of
awordmeans thatth
e
Irl
sound
is
produced
in
American
E
nglish
but
usually
not
pronounced
in
British
E
ng
li
sh.
exceptwhen
Irl
comes
at
theend
ofawordandthe word
th
at
follows
begin
s
with
a
vowe
l
so
und
II
meansthatsome
speakersuse

I
ndothersuse
~
~
means that some
speakers use
uf
and others
us
e
f
~
/
means thal
; J
mayor
may not
be
used
vow ls
symbol
exampleword
"
sheep
sh
ip
happy
,
acid
e
bed
re
bod
0
c
alm
0
pol
J
caught
u
put
u
act
u
ality
~
ambulance
'
boot
•
cut

"
ird

•
cupboardmake
>U
nolebite
au
n
ow
.
boy
,.
here
i
peculiar
e
there
co
po
or
u
rit
ual
C<O
pla
yer
00.
lower

..
tire
_u
tower
emp
loyer
LontpDan
Group
UK
Umlted
1.ongman
o
,
Burnt
Mill, Harlow,
sa
CM20
2. E,
England
and
ssocial ld
o,mpanu.
throughouttM
world.
©
Longman
Group
UK
Limited
1993
All
rights reserved;
no
pari
of
his publication
may
be
reproduced.store
d
in a
retrieval
syskmor
transmitted
in
any
form
or
by
any
means
el«tronic.
mechanical
photocopying
recording
or
otherwise
without
the
prior
written
permission
0/
he Publishers.
Activator
is
a trademark
of
Longman Group
U
Limited
The examples
in
the
Longman
Language
Activator
are
based
on
the
original
texts
in
the
Longman
Corpus Net·
work The fact
that
names that may
be
trademarks are
included in
examples but not
marked
as
such does not
affect
the
legal
status of
such trademarks.
Other
types
of
infonnation
given
in
the
examples
are intended
as
examples
of
use
nd
do not represent
the
opinions
of
the publishers
and
editors
oflhis
dictionary.
First
published
1993Seventh
impression 1997
British Library
Cataloguing·in·
Publication
DataA catalogue
record for
this
book is
available from
the
British
Library
ased
Edition:ISBN 0
S82
4 2
.2
Paperback
Edition:
ISBN
058204093.0
t
in
Agfa
Compugraphic
IiOUG
7
on
7lpt
Nimrod
by
OTS
Typesening)
Lld.
CoW-ham,
Surrey
Prinl ld
in
Great Britain
by
Clays Lld. St. Ives
plc
We
are grateful to the
following for
their pennission
to
reproduce
copyrigbt photo
graphs.Back
cover:
Gareth
Boden for
middle rigbt.
Camera
ress
London/
Homer
ykes
for top
right Longman
Photographic Unit
for
top left
and
bottom
right
.Photofllsion/
Julia
Martin
for
middle left Rex
Features for
bottom left
Inside
photography by
Gareth
Boden except
for page
1424
by AlIsport
UK)
Limited/
Gray
Mortimore.
 ontents
Page
Pronunciation table
inside frontcover
Preface
F7
-Professor
Sir
Randolph
Quirk
Introduction
to
the
Longman
Longuage
F8
ctivator
-
DeIlaSummers,
Editorial
Director
The
scope
of the
Longman
Longuage
F12
ctivator
-
ProfessorGeoffr
ey Leech
Vocabulary
acquisition
andthe
ctivator
-Dr Paul
MearaFI5
The conceptual
map
of
English
and
the
FI7
ctivator
-Philip
Scholfield
Semantic
analysis
and the
ctivator
F20
-Professor
Y
Ikegami
Informal formal
and
spoken
language
F22
and
the
ctivator
-
ProfessorGillian
rown
The
value
of
the
ctivator
to
students
F24
of
English
-Professor
Albrecht
Neuber
Explanatory
page
F26
How
touse
the
Longman
Language
F 8
ctivator
he
dictionary
AZ
ey
Word pictures
Is CUT
the
right
word?
298
Is
DRAW
the
rigbt
word?
378
Is FALL
the
right
word?
464
Is
FRIGHTENED
theright
word?
528
Is
LISTEN
the
right
word?
782
Is
LOOK
FOR
the right
word?
802
Is
RUN
the
right
word?
1150
Is
STEAL
the right
word?
1296
Is
THROW
the right
word?
1412
Is
TIRED
the
right
word?
1424
Is
WALK
the right
word?
1522
Is
WET
the
right
word?
1548
KeyWords
BI
Longman
Defining
Vocabulary
B5
Grammatical
informationinsideb
ackcover
Editorial
Director
DellaSummers
Managing
Editor
Michael
Rundell
Developmental
Lexicographer
Nick Ham
Senior
Lexicographer
s
PatrickGillard
TedJackson
Lexicographer
s
Imogen Bentley
Deborahrewer
IsobelConnelly
Cutforth
HuwDavies
Sue Engineer
Caroline
EnglandChrisF
ox
Jane
HansellEmma
HilditchStellaO
Shea
Laura
Wedgeworth
mericanEditor
s
KarenClevelan
dMarwickColee
n
Degnan·Veness
BrockNBrock
ProductionEdit
ors
CathleenJenni
ngsSarah
GumbrellAlison
Steadman
Pronunciation
dviser
Professor J
CWells
Pronunciotion
Editor
DinahJackson
Resources
nd
SystemsManag
er
Steve Crowdy
Systems
nd
Corpus
Software
EricBriggsBria
n ChandlerKen
Moore
Design
Paul
Price·SmithKen
Brooks
Production
CliveMcKeough
Typesetting
Peter White
PeterWray
dministratives
sistants
Joanna
Russell
PennyClark
Tracy Tucker
Jane
Whittle
Thanksaredueal
soto those
who
were members
o
theeditorialteam
for shorter
periods during
thecourse
ofthe project:D
arren
on
way,AndrewDe
lahunty,Kirsty
Fullarton,Kath
arine Hughes,
Christopher
JefTries,
NicolaJones,Ni
cholasJones, Fi
ona McJntosh,
FredMcDonald,
Catherine
Nalty,
ChristineParis,
DeborahTrick
;
r,and
Jane
Walsh.
Longman
Longuagectiva
torEditorial
Board
Professor
GeofTrey
Leech(Chair)Dr
PaulMearaDr
VivianCookRob
ertO NeiIIDr
WinifredCromb
ieProfessorYos
hihiko
IkegamiPhilipS
cholfieldProfess
or Katsuaki
Togo

Ling ex
Dictionary
nd
CorpusAdvisor
y Committee
Professor
Sir
RandolphQuirk
(Chair) DrPhili
p
Johnson
-
LairdProfessor
Geoffrey Leech
(Vice-Chair) Dr
PaulMeara
LouisAlexanderP
rofessor Douglas
Riber
Rod
Bolitho
ProfessorGillian
Orown
ProfessorChrist
opher
N.CandlinProfe
ssor DavidCrys
talDr Karen
Sparck
Jones
Phnip
ScholfieldProfes
sor Peter
TrudgillKatie
WalesProfe
ssor
J
CWells
Professor David
Wilkins
We
would like to
thankthe
many teachers
and
studentsfromal
l over
the
world
who have helped
us
n
piloting
differentaspects
of
this dictionary
n
particular
the
staff
and
students
of:
BellLanguageIn
stitute-
LondonBrighto
nPolytechnicBri
tishCouncil-
TokyoCambridg
e School
of
English-
LondonCentral
School
ofEnglishEaling
College
Eurocentres-Lee
Green
HampsteadGar
denSuburb
InstituteHamp
steadSchool
of
EnglishHendon
College
of
Further
EducationHILF
,
Reinhardswald
schule, Fuldatal
International
House-
LondonInternati
onal House-
Hastings
Readers
nd
Advisers
Jan
Bell
Professor
BroderCarstense
nDr
RogerBowers
Christoph
EdelhoffEckhar
dFiedler
Roger Gower
ErylGriffithsNi
na Hajnal
JeremyHarmer
David
HeathProfessor
Thomas Herbst
AndyHopkins
Reimer
ansen
GlynJones
Professor
Gerhard Leitner
KandaGaigo-
TokyoLondonSt
udy CentreNew
School
of
English-
CambridgeOxfo
rd College of
Further
EducationOxfor
d
HouseCollegePit
tsburgh
University-
Japan
Queen Mary
and
Westfield
CollegeSimulAc
ademy-
TokyoStGnes
School
of
English-
LondonUnivers
ity
of
St
AndrewsWait h
am ForestColle
geWestminster
CollegeSethLind
strombergSusa
n MaingayKeith
MitchellSueMoh
amed
Jon Naunton
ProfessorAlbrec
htNeubertLynet
te Murphy O
DwyerMartin
Parrot
Professor
HE
PiephoDrGiUia
nPorter-
LadousseDr
Peter Rekowsk
iDr
MichaelSharwo
od
SmithProfessor
Peter
SkehanProfesso
r Masanori
ToyotaChrisTri
bble
..
.
andthe
thousands
of
studentswho
havecontributed
samples
of
theirworkto
the Longman
Learners
Corpus
reface
The
convention
al
dictionary
has become
better
and
betterdurin
g the many
generation
s since
Longman
publishedS
amuel
Johnson s
great work
in
1755
But better
and
better
at
basically
the same
job:
explaining
what
someone
else hassaid
or
written;
that
is,
converting
words into
meanings
forthe
passive
partner
in
communica
tion.For
the
active
partner,
striving to
convert
meanings
intowords,
such a
dictionary
is less
helpful,
and the
Longmanle
xicographe
rs have
now
produced a
radically
different
typeof
dictionary
with
precisely
this active
partner s
needs
inmind.Mor
eover,
by attracti
ng users to
major Key
Word entri
essuch as
SUMMARIZ
E, The
Longman L
anguage cti
vator
performs a
double
function.
t
presents
linguistic-
not
just
lexical-
informatio
n in a rich,
convenient
and
production
oriented
way. This
transcends
word
boundaries
(in
short
isthere)
and
grammatic
al
categories
(a
rundown
is there,
but
also
to
sketch
out).
Secondly,
the
ctivator
gentlyoblig
es users by
this
format to
train
themselves
in
prepara t
ory
thought
and
planning.
They
are
encouraged
to singleout
a word
representin
g
the beginni
ngs
of
what they
want
tostate
and
are
then
helped to h
ome
in on ideas
boxes inwh
ich
semanticall
y relevant
and
suggestive
expressions
are
presented.
An initial
skeleton
can
thus
be fleshed
out and
be
given not
merely a
satisfying
fullness
but
the
desirableli
nguistic
precision.P
rofessor Si
r Randolph
Quirk
Reward Your Curiosity
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