Chemistry Race (11th)

Race Page
SOLUTIONS CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS
No. No.
01 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF 01

CHEMISTRY (MOLE CONCEPT)
02 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 04
03 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 08
04 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
EN 11
05 THERMODYNAMICS & 13
THERMOCHEMISTRY
06 REDOX REACTION 15
LL
07 BEHAVIOUR OF GASES 17
08 PERIODIC TABLE 18
09 CHEMICAL BONDING 20
A
10 s-BLOCK ELEMENT 23
11 p-BLOCK ELEMENT 25
12 HYDROGEN 26
13 BASIC INTRODUCTION AND 27
NOMENCLATURE
14 ISOMERISM 29
15 REACTION MECHANISM (PART-I) 32
16 REACTION MECHANISM (PART-II) 35
17 HYDROCARBON 37
HS
EN
LL
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A
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TARGET : PRE-MEDICAL 2024 NURTURE COURSE
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY (MOLE CONCEPT)
1. T = 0°C, P = 760 mm = 1 atm
w 19.7 10 3
STP condition 8. n 100 mol
V = 22.4 cc = 22.4 mL. M 197
no. of atom = 100 NA = 6.023 × 1025
V 22.4
n 10 3 mol
22400 22400 5
9. n MnO2 mol
nos of molecules = n × NA = 10–3 NA 87
3 4HCl(aq)+MnO2(s) 2H2O(l) + MnCl2(aq)+Cl2(g)
2. PH3(g) 2P(S) + H 1 mol MnO2 4 mol HCl
2 2g
3 5 5
1mL PH3 mL H 2 mol MnO2 × 4 mol HCl
2 87 87
3 20
100 mL PH3 100 150 mL H 2 mol
2 87
vi = 100 mL
vf = 150 mL 20
wt. of HCl 36.5 8.4 g
v = vf – vi = 150 – 100 = 50 mL 87
4. Volume of C3H8 = xL & volume of C4H10 EN w V(mL)
= (3 – x) L 10. n
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O M 22400
1L 3L 510 10 3 510
1L 3xL
M 22400
C4H10 + 13 O2 4CO2 + 5H2O M = 22.4
2
1L 4L 32 1
LL
11. 0.032 100
(3 – x)L 4 × (3 – x)L M
Volume of CO2 = 3x + 4(3 – x) = 10 M = 105
3x – 4x + 12 = 10 w 1
x=2 n
M 10 5
5. Mass of 1 molecule of H2O = 18 amu
no. of molecules = 10–5NA = 6.023 × 1018
A
1 1 12. Among PbO, NO2, O2 NO2 will be L·R

18 g 1 amu= g
NA NA
46
= 3 × 10–23 g n NO2 1mol
46
= 3 × 10–26 kg 2 mol NO2 1 mol Pb(NO3)2
w V 1 mol NO2 1/2 mol Pb(NO3)2
6. n
M 22.4 1
wt of Pb(NO3)2 = 331 = 165.5 g
8 5.6 2
M 22.4
y y
M = 32 13. CxHy + x O xCO2 + H2 O
2 × V.D. = M 4 2 2
V.D. = 16 88 36
7. 2CHI3 + 6Ag 6AgI(s) + C2H2(g) n CO2 2 ; n H2 O 2
44 18
2 mol CHI3 1 mol C2H2
y
0.01 x : 2 :2
0.01 mol CHI3 mol C2H2 z
2
x:y=2:4
0.01 =1:2
vSTP 22400 112 mL
2
HS Your Target is to secure Good Rank in Pre-Medical 2024 1
17. (i) w = 0.1 × 12 = 1.2 g 26. C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
(ii) w = 0.1 × 17 = 1.7 g 1 mol C3H8 5 mol O2
5 mol C3H8 25 mol O2
6.02 10 22
(iii) w 2 0.2 g VO2 = 25 × 22.4 = 560 L
6.02 1023
27. 2Mg + O2 2 MgO
1120
(iv) w 44 2.2 g 1 mol O2 2 mol Mg
22400
1.5 mol O2 1.5 × 2 = 3 mol Mg
18. NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl
wMg = 3 × 24 = 72 g
x + 98 = 120 + 27.5
(by law of conservation of mass) 3
28. n C2 H 6 0.1 mol
x = 49.5 g 30
19. let the mass be x 7
C2 H 6 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
n O2 : n H2 : n CH 4 2
x x x 7
: : 1 mol C2H6 mol O2
32 2 16 2
1 : 16 : 2 7
EN 0.1 mol C2H6 0.1 0.35 mol O2
w V 2
20. n
M 22.4 VO2 = 0.35 × 22.4 = 7.84 L
1.16 1
0.6 1
M 22.4 29. nC mol = 0.05 mol
12 20
M = 26
C + O2 CO2
C2 H 2
LL
1 mol C 1 mol CO2
21. NH3(g)+HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)
0.05 mol C 0.05 mol CO2
LR NH3
No. of molecules = 0.05 × NA
20cc NH3 will react with 20cc HCl
= 3.01 × 1022
Vol. of HCl left = 40 – 20 = 20 cc
Dgas 0.001293
A
V·D1 M1 32. V.D. 14.53

22. D H2 0.000089
V·D 2 M2
34. Same mol has same no. of molecules
7.1
23. n Cl2 0.1 mol 16 1
71 (i) n mol
32 2
nos. of atom = 0.1 × NA × 2
= 0.2 NA 14 1
n mol
24. A + 2B C 28 2
L·R B
4.4
2mol B 1 mol C 35. n 0.1 mol
44
8 1 no. of O atoms = 0.1 × NA × 2 = 0.2 NA
8mol B = 4 mol C
2 = 1.2 × 1023
25. Element % Mol Simple
37. 1.8
Ratio n 0.1 mol ,
x 75.8 75.8/24 = 3.11 2 18
y 24.2 24.2/16 = 1.5 1 no. of atom = n × NA × atomicity
Empirical Formula : x2 y no. of atom = 0.1 × NA × 3 = 0.3 NA
2 Your Target is to secure Good Rank in Pre-Medical 2024 HS

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1. Isotonic means number of neutron are same.

n2
n=A–Z 6. rn = 0.529 × A (check options)
Z
15 17
14
6 C 7 N 9 F 2
2
r2 Be 3
0.529
4
n 8 8 8
= 0.529 A°
2. No of electron = Z – (charge an ion with sign) 7. n1 = 1, n2 = 4 (third excited state)
= 13 – (+3) 1 1
En 2 En1 13.6 z 2
= 10 electron n 22 n12
3. x+, y+2, z– are isoelectronic means all have same E4 – E1 = 12.75 eV
number of electrons i.e. 22 but they are ions of
different atom, so number of protons 1
8. E
Z < X+ < Y+2 EN Energy difference
c
4. Check option by
1 1
3 108 En 2 En1 13.6 z 2 (n2 > n1)
n 22 n12
1 10 10
LL
= 3 × 1018 s–1 or 3 × 1018 Hz or So n2 = 3 and n1 = 1

3 × 1018 cycles per second
1 1 first line of Balmer
9. Rz 2
nhC n12 n 22 n1 2 ; n 2 3
5. E
A
2 1 1
1 Joule R 2
1watt 2
2
3
2
s
n 20 10 26 60 Joule
60 60W
6000 10 10 s 20R
1A 10 cm10
36
10. Excited state (n = 4)
n 18 × 1019 Photons per second. n2 4
For 10 hours
Lines in ultra violet region = n2 – 1
n = 18 × 1019 × 10 × 60 × 60
(Lyman series) = 4 – 1
n = 6.48 × 1024 photons = 3 lines
or Line is visible region = n2 – 2
6.50 × 10 24
photons (Balmer series) =4–2 2 lines

1 15. Magnetic moment = n n 2 B.M.
11. Total spin = × number of unpaired electron
2
if x+3 ion of 3d series (subshell) is 35
then 35 n n 2
n = 5 (No. of unpaired electrons = 5)
2 So
28 Ni Ar 3d8
x+3 = [Ar] 3d5
and x = [Ar]4s2 3d6
1
S 2 Atomic Number = 26
2
16. s 1s
S=±1 p 2p
12. Probability of finding an e is zero in pz orbital.–
d 3d
13. If TE of H–atom is –3.4 eV f 4f
z2 g 5g
3.4 13.6 (z = 1)
n2 h 6h
n2 = 4 n 2
h
EN 17. Orbital angular momentum =
for 1s, 2s, 3s value of =0

1
Now de–broglie wavelength

mv for 2p value of =1
for 3d value of =2
2 r=n
then after solving 0,0, ,
LL
6.626 10 34 6 2
31 1 18. Size of orbital principle Quantum no. (n)
9.1 10 2.188 106
2 or
1 Energy
v2 2.188 106
2
A
2p 3p size, Energy will be different

After solving
but shapes are same.
10
7.2 10 m 19. Second line in Balmer series
14. w = 200 × 10 kg, h = 6.626 × 10
–3 –34
Js n1 = 2, n2 = 4
m 5 1 1
v E4 – E2 = –13.6 × (1)2
60 60 s 4
2
2
2
Now,
Energy = 2.55 eV
h Vn1 z1 n2
mv 20.
Vn2 n1 z2
after putting values
V 1 4
= 2.3 × 10–30 m
Vn2 Be 3 1 4
10–30 m
Vn2 Be 3
V
21. Magnetic moment = n n 2 B.M. 4 1

912A
R R
n = no. of unpaired electrons
No. of unpaired electrons magnetic moment = 3648 × 10–10 m
Check by option c
then
x z y
after putting values
1 1 1 = 8.22 × 1014 sec–1
22. Rz 2
n12 n 22 or
use direct formula

1 2 1 1
R 1 2 2 1 1
2 4 RCz 2
n12 n 22
= 486.4 nm
= frequency , C = 3 × 108 m/s
24. n = 6, = 2 then
EN 30. Ionization Energy = 13.6 × z2
Number of electron = 2 (2 + 1)
2
= 2(2 × 2 + 1) I.E. Li 2
13.6 3
25. 19th electron in atom = [Ar]4s1
= 122.4 eV
4s
27. 4g is not permitted because it A
2m K.E. B
31.
2m K.E.
LL
start from 5th orbit B A
mA 4m B
n2
28. rn
z
1 2 mB K.E. B
for 1 orbit (n = 1), now
st
5 2 4m B K.E. A
A
H : He : Li+2
Square on both side
1 1 1 1 1 K.E.
: : B
1 2 3 25 4 K.E. A
according to option simplest from is Now,
6:3:2
K.E. A 25
29. Smallest wavelength in any series means last
K.E. 4
line of any series. B
Now In Balmer series (n1 = 2, n2 = ) 25 : 4
1 1 1 32. Atomic number = Number of Proton

Rz 2
n12 n 22 neutron (n) = A – Z
So check options
1 2 1 1 33. Isoelectronic means no. of electrons are same,
R 1 2 2 check number of electron in each and every
2
option.

e e / m Pr oton 1
34. 38. K.E.
m particle 2 n2
n = orbit number
9.6 10 7
2 1st orbit has maximum K.E.
39. Remove from n = 2, Means shift electron
e C from n = 2 to n =
4.8 10 7
m Particle kg
E – E2 = 0 – (–3.4)
Final mass – initial Mass = 3.4 eV
35. %change 100
initial mass 40. n2 = 4, n1 = 1
Initial mass Final mass Total number of spectral lines =
1 n2 n1 n 2 n1 1
N=7 7 3.5
2 2
P=7 7 × 2 = 14 4 1 4 1 1
EN Put values =
14 17.5 2
17.5 14 = 6 lines
% change = 100
14 x 3x
41. Change in K.E. = x
= 25% More 4 4
As we know that
1240
LL
36. E eV P.E. 2K.E.
nm
3x
1240 P.E. 2
E eV 4
700
3x
A
E 1.77 eV Change in P.E. =

2
42. Check option by the formula
37.
2 1 1 ....(1)
E3 E2 13.6 1 2 2 spherical node = n – – 1
3 2
43. n = 4, =1
I.E. = E – E1 4p (1s , 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 4p1 to 6)
2
6 Element
1 1
= –13.6 × (1)2 2 2 ....(2) 44. n = 4, = 3
1
Number of orbitals = 2 + 1
eq. (1) ÷ eq. (2) =2×3+1
E 5 =7
I.E. 36
Z2
45. E 13.6
I.E. 7.2 E n2

46. Energy emitted when electron moves from E2 = –4 eV
Higher to lower energy level. Now first Excitation Potential = E2 – E1
Check by formula = –4 – (–16)
= 12 eV
1 1 54. Distance travelled in one revolution (d) = 2 r
En2 – En1 = –13.6 × z2
n 22 n12 d r
n2 n1 n2
d
Z
47. Number of orbital (n) = 4 55. According to option check it
Possible values of Magnetic Quantum
Number = n2 m
56. An electron in 4f subshell, = 3
z2
48. En = –313.6 × kCal mol–1 z=1 57. Ca = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2
n2 20
1
–78.9 = –313.6 × = 2 2 2 2
n2
n=2 Total = 8 electron
58. For n = 4
E n1 z12 n 22 = 0, 1, 2, 3 ..... (n – 1)
49. E n2 n12 z 22 So highest value of m is +3
E1
E2
H 1
1
2
2
2
2
EN 59. Z = 17
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5
n = 2, m = 0
3 4
Be
Number of electron = 4
1:4 60. n = 6, m = 0
50. Most intense means most energetic line Any orbital can have maximum two electron
Now, Most energetic line in Brackett series is with opposite spin.
LL
n1 = 4, n2 = E1
61. E
51. AB x y z E2
3s 3p E = E1 + E2
or
hc hc hc
A
1 2
3s 3p
hc 1 1
3s, Electrons have same value of n, , m hc
1 2
h 1
52. (if K.E. = 9 times then )
2mK.E. 3 1 1 1
53. (I.P.)x = (–E1)x 1 2
16 = –(E1)x
1 2
E1 16
1 2
E2 = ?
From ratio nhc
62. E nhc
E n1 z 2
n 2
1
2
2
2
z1 z2 10
E n2 n z or n
1 2
10 nhc
hc
2
16 2 10
2 n
E2 4 hcx

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
5. Value of K does not depend on concentration.
mass
1. Mol of SO3 = 6. = 20%
molar Mass
A + 3B 2C
48
nSO3 0.6 10 10
80
10 – 2 10 – 6 4
n 0.6 We know Here
Active mass of SO3
V 1
2
= 0.6 mol L–1 PC
KP 3
12.8 PA PB
Now, mole of SO2 0.2
64
4
0.2 PC X C PT 8 2
Active mass of SO2 = 0.2 mol L–1 16
1
9.6 8
Now, mol of O2 0.3 PA 8 4
32 EN 16
0.3 4
Active mass of O2 0.3 mol L–1 PB 8 2
1 16
Kf
2. Since, K 2
2
Kb 4 1
KP 3
4 2 4 8 8
LL
0.16 6
K 4 10
4 10 4 7. Let initial concentration of N2 be a and O2 be
b.
3. H2 I2 2HI
N2 + O2 2NO
0.5 – x 0.5 – x 2x
a–x b–x 2x
A
2
HI 0.25 0.05 1
Ke [H 2 ] [I 2 ]
H2 I2
2x 1 a 0.5 0.25
x 0.5 a 0.75
[HI]2
KC
[I 2 ]2 b – 0.5 = 0.05
b = 0.55
[HI]2 Initial concentration [N2] = 0.75
49
[I 2 ]2 [O2] = 0.55
8. Percentage dissociation
[HI]
7
[I 2 ] MT M0
% 100
4. A + B C + D M0
1 1 0
92 77.7
1–0.1 1–0.1 0.1 0.1 % 100
77.7
0.1 0.1 1
K = 18.4
0.9 0.9 81
9. For A 2B 13. For Ozone to be stable, its amount should be
1 0 high therefore backward shifting.
1– 2
15. Since Kc value is high and
2
2
P 2 Product
1 4 P Kc
KP 2
....(1) Reactant
1 1
P
1
(Product) > (Reactant)
For C D + E
17. Kc > KP means KP = Kc (RT) ng
1–
ng < 0
P' P' 2 Product in less amount means backward
1 1 1 P'
K P 2 ....(2) shifting and for backward process is
1 1
P exothermic.
1
(1) (2) low pressure & low temperature.
2 2
4 P 1
2
1 2 2
P'
EN 18. N 2 O4 g
1
2NO2 g
0
P 1 1 2
P' 2
10. S8 4S 2 2
2
at t = 0 1 0 P
LL
1
at equation 1 – 0.2 4 × 0.2 kP
1
P
0.8
4 1
KP 0.512
0.8
4 2
P2 1 4 2
P
A
11. C2H4 + H2 C2H6 K P1 = 5 × 1018 ....(1) kP 2 2

1 1 P 1
C2H2 + H2 C2H4 K P2 = 5 × 10 ....(2)
26
2 2
kP kP 4 P
(1) + (2)
kP = 4 2P + 2
kP
2H2 + C2H2 C2H6 , KP K P1 K P2 kP = 2
(4P + kP)
= 5 × 10 × 5 × 10
18 26
2 kP
= 25 × 1044 or 2.5 × 1045
4P k P
12. KP PNH3 PH2 S 0.09
but PNH3 PH2 S kP

4P k P
Let PNH3 PH2 S = x
19. Since for % yield process is exothermic
x2 = 0.09
with rise in temperature % yield will
x = 0.3
decrease or vise versa.
Total pressure = 0.3 + 0.3 = 0.6 atm

20. Since equal amount of Cl2 & PCl3 formed 25. a + b c + d
PCl2 PPCl3 x x 2x 2x
and KP = 0.5 QP
PPCl5
2x.2x 4x 2
Kc Kc 4
x.x x2
2 2
also QP 0.5
8 26. NH4COONH2(g) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g)
QP = KP 2p p
Equilibrium When volume and temperature are constant,
21. PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ; Kc = 8.3 × 10 –3 the number of moles of a gas is proportional
to its partial pressure.
1
For PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g) ; Kc = 3
So, 2p + p = 3
8.3 10
3p = 3, p = 1 atm
1 Kp = (2p) × p = 4p = 4 × (1)3 = 4 atm3
2 3
Kc = 10 3 = 120.48
8.3 27. PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
22. N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
EN 0.5 0.3
Qc = = 0.25
Initial conc. 18.4 0 0.6
18.4 Kc = 0.2 Since Qc > Kc reaction will proceed in

No. of moles 0.2
92 backward direction.
A equilibrium 0.2 – 0.1 2 × 0.1 28. Smaller value of equilibrium constant (<10–3)
LL
signifies the greater concentration of reactants
= 0.1 = 0.2
as compared to that of products.
0.2 0.2 29. Addition of SCN– increases the colour intensity
Kc 0.4
0.1 of the solution as it shifts the equilibrium to
right. Addition of reagents like H2C2O4 or Hg2+
A
23. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3

ions which remove Fe3+ or SCN– ions shift the
Initial moles 5 5 0
equilibrium to the left and colour intensity
3 60 decreases.
At equilibrium 5–3 5– 3 5 3
2 100 30. Exothermic reaction, decrease in number of
moles, increase in concentration of reactants.
Total number of moles in the vessel
= 2 + 3.5 + 3 = 8.5
24. N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g); Kc = 0.1
n = 0, hence Kp = Kc

IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
1. For WAWB type salt, degree of Hydrolysis 13. Acidic Buffer Range
remain same, do not depend on initial pH = pKa ± 1
concentration. pH = 2 to 4
0.2 1 1 19. After mixing
5. NaOH 1000 M
40 100 20 50 0.04 150 0.0008
For SB, [OH–] = [NaOH]in Normality [Ca2+] = ; SO24
200 200
1
N 50 0.04 150 0.0008
20 Q SP Ca 2
SO4 2
1 200 200
pOH = log
20 0.24 6
pOH = 1.3 Q SP 6 10
200 200
pH = 14 – 1.3 = 12.7
7. pH = 6 [H+] = 10–6 So
pH = 3 [H+] = 10–3 Qsp > Ksp
10–3 10–6 20. S = 6.9 × 10–2 g/100 mL
[H ] reduced by 1000 times.
+
EN 100 mL 6.9 × 10–2 g
8. [OH ] = 2 × [OH–]water
–
6.9 10 2
= 2 × 10–7 1 mL g
pOH = 6.7 100
hence pH = 7.3 2
6.9 10
9. Ka × Kb = Kw Ka = 2 × 10–5 1000 mL (1 L) 1000 g
100
NH 4
LL
pOH Pk b log 6.9
NH 4 OH S mol 10 1
L 690
0.1
5 4.7 log = 10–3
NH 4 OH
3
Ba 3 AsO 4 3Ba 2 2 AsO 4
0.1 2
A
2
NH 4 OH 3s 2s
[NH4OH] = 0.05 M Ksp = (3s) (2s)
3 2
10. [H ][OH–] = 10–14 at 25°C

+ = 27s3 × 4s2
14
= 108 s5
10 10 14 12
H 2 10 N = 108 (10–3)5
OH 5 10 3
= 108 × 10–15
Ksp = 1.08 × 10–13
11. CH 3 COOH
21. pH = 4 ; [H+] = 10–4 mol/L
Acidic Buffer
CH 3 COONa N × V (mL)
No. of equivalents =
100
salt
pH pK a log = 10–5
Acid
22. Weak acid [HA]
0.1 [H+] = c
pH 4.7 log
0.1
Kw
pH = 4.7 and [H+] [OH–] = Kw [OH–] =
H+ = 2 × 10–5 [H ]

25. (A) CH3COONa CH3COO– + Na+ (Basic) 31. RaSO4 Ra2+ + SO42–
Weak acid Strong base Ksp = [Ra2+] [SO42–]
+ –
(B) NH4Cl NH4 + Cl (Acidic) Concentration of SO42– from Na2SO4 = 0.10 M
Weak acid Strong base
(C) NaNO3 Na+ + NO3– (Neutral) 4 10 11
Ra2+ = = 4 × 10–10 M
Strong base Strong acid 0.10
(D) CH 3COONH4 CH3COO– + NH4+ 32. AgCl Ag+ + Cl–
Weak acid Weak base
s s
(Almost neutral)
s = 1.5625 × 10–10
2
May be slightly acidic or basic depending upon
s = 1.25 × 10–5 mol L–1
pKa and pKb values of acid and base.
Solubility in g L–1 = Molar mass × s
26. pH = 5, [H+] = 10–5 M
= 143.5 × 1.25 × 10–5 = 1.79 × 10 –3 g L–1
10 5 33. For precipitation, ionic product > solubility
After dilution = = 10–8 M
1000 product. In all other options, ionic product is
Total [H+] = 10–8 + 10–7 = 1.1 × 10–7 less than solubility product.
+
pH = –log [H ] = –log (1.1 × 10 ) = 6.96 –7 34. M2+ + S2– MS
27. Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OH–
[OH–] = 2 × 1 × 10–3 M
EN 35.
Lower the value Ksp, lower will be solubility.
Hence HgS will precipitate first.
BaSO4 Ba2+ + SO42–
pOH = –log[OH–] = –log(2 × 10–3) = 2.7
pOH + pH = 14 pH = 14 – 2.7 = 11.3 Conc. 1 × 10–4 s
–10
28. Since Kb > K a, the solution will be slightly Ksp = 4 × 10
basic. 4 × 10–10 = Ksp = 1 × 10–4 × s
LL
29. Millimoles of H+ from HCl = 0.1 × 10 = 1 10

4 10 6
Millimoles of H+ from H2SO4 = 0.2 × 40 × 2 s 4
4 10 M
1 10
= 16
36. In 0.1 mol dm–3 NH4OH and 0.05 mol dm–3 HCl,
Millimoles 16+1 17 total amount of HCl reacts with NH4OH to form
A
Conc. of H+ = = = = 0.34
Volume 40+10 50 NH 4 Cl and some NH 4 OH will be left
+ unreacted. Thus, the resultant solution contains
pH = –log[H ] = –log (0.34) = 0.468
30. (A) Fe(OH)3 Fe3+ + 3OH–; Ksp = 27s4 NH4Cl and NH4OH which will produce a buffer
s (3s)3 solution.
(B) Ag2CrO4 2Ag+ + CrO42–; Ksp = 4s3 37.
2
(2s) s n Molecular Equivalent
– + 2 Compound factor
(C) CH3COOAg CH3COO + Ag ; Ksp = s wt. wt.
s s Na 2 SO 4 2 x x/2
2+
(D) Ca3(PO4)2 3Ca + 2PO43–; Ksp = 108s 5
Na 3 PO 4 .12H 2 O 3 y y/3
3 2
(3s) (2s) Ca 3 PO4 2 6 z z/6

THERMODYNAMICS & THERMOCHEMISTRY
1. H2 g Cl 2 g 2HCl g ; S = ? 9. CO2 + H2 CO + H2O ; H=?
Hf –393.5 0 –110.5 –241.8

S 130.6 223.0 186.7
H = ( Hf)P – ( Hf)R
130.6 223.0 2(186.7)
= (–110.5 – 241.8) – (–393.5)
373.4
H = 41.2 kJ
S = Sproducts – SReactants
13. E=0
= 373.4 – (130.6 + 223)
S = 19.8 For cyclic process
2. 14. Temperature is a state function.

CS 2H 2 g CH 4 g ; H = ?
15. For spontaneous process G < 0
16. H2O(g) H2O(s)
HC – 94 – 68 – 213
For this process randomness decreases.
– 94 2(–68) – 213
17. For this H = +60 kCal means reactant absorb
H = ( HC)Reactant – ( HC)Product
heat.
H = [–94 – 136] + 213 = –17 kCal
So heat of product is more and thermal stability
5.
1
2
H2
1
2
Cl2 HCl H ?
EN is less.
1 1
1 1 18. H Cl HCl g ; Heat of formation
H H Cl Cl H Cl 2 2g 2 2g
2 2
19. ng > 0
1 1
LL
104 58 So H> E
103
2 2 20. In an adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas.
52 29 103 q=0
H = (B.E.)R – (B.E.)P
E=w
= (52 + 29) – 103
21. Heat of reaction in "Bomb calorimeter"
A
H = –22 kCal
E = –670.48 kCal/mol
7. H 2 C CH 2 H2 H3 C CH 3 H=?
22. 4S(s) + 6O2 4SO3(g) ; H = –1583.2 kJ
Heat of formation of SO3
3 H 1583.2
S O2 SO3 ; Hf
2 4 4
4[C – H] + 1[C = C] + 1 [H – H]
6[C – H] + 1[C – C] 23. CS 2S(s) CS2 l ; Heat of formation
4(414) + (615) + (435) 6(414) + 1(347)
H = (B.E.)R – (B.E.)P 24. From Hess law
H = –125 kJ Target Eq. = Eq. (1) + Eq. (2) + Eq. (3)
8. H2(g) + 2C(S) C2H2(g)
–x = H1 + H2 + H3
According to Hess low
Target Eq. = Eq.(3) + 2Eq.(2) – Eq.(1) = 131 – 282 – 242
0 0 0 0 –x = –393 kJ
G G3 2 G2 G1
= –237 + 2(–394) – (–1234) = 209 kJ x = 393 kJ

26. Combustion of C 2H4(g)
1
C2H4(g)+3O2 2CO2+2H2O ; HC= HR=? 36. C(s) + O CO g
2 2g
Hf 52 0 –394 –286
1
52 0 2(–394) 2(–286) ng
2
52 –788 –572
HR = ( Hf)p – ( Hf)R H – E = ngRT
= –1360 – 52
HR = – 1412 = HC 1
8.314 298
27. Enthalpy of formation of CO 2
1 = 1238.78 J mol–1
CS O CO g ; H ?
2 2g
From Hess Law H
37. S
T
1
Target Eq. = Eq. (1) – Eq.(2)
2 6 kJ mol –1
T
y 16 J k -1 mol –1
H = –x +
y 2x
2
EN 38.
T = 375 K
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O( ) ; H=?
H
2
28. 3rd Law of Thermodynamics
Hf –17.9 0 –94 –68.4
29. 2H2O2( ) 2H2O( ) + O2(g) ; H = ?
LL
–17.9 0 –94 2(–68.4)
Hf –188 –286 0 –17.9 –94 –136.8
2(–188) 2(–286)
HR = ( Hf)P – ( Hf)R H = ( Hf)P – ( Hf)R
= –572 + 376 = –196 = –230.8 + 17.9
A
30. Heat at constant vol. (qv) = U = 500 J

H = –212.9 kCal mol–1
For constant vol. w = 0
34. w = –Pext.. V 39. E=q+w
= –3atm (6L – 4L) = –1 + 4
= –6 Latm
E = 3 kJ
= –6 × (101.3) J
w = –608 J 40. G = H –T S
35. In reversible isothermal process = 150 kJ – 300 K (100 JK–1)
P1 = 150 kJ – 30000 J
w = –2.303 nRT log P
2
= 150 kJ – 30 KJ
= –2.303 × 1 × 8.314 × 300 log 10 G = 120 kJ

1
w = –5744.1 J

REDOX REACTION
(1) xyz 3+5–2=+6 0

(2) y2 (xz3 )2 2 × 5 + 2 × 3 – 6 × 2 = +4 0
(3) x3 (yz4 )3 3 × 3 + 3 × 5 – 12 × 2 = 0
1.
(4) x3 (y4 z)2 3 × 3 + 8 × 5 – 2 × 2 = 45 0
6. When central atom in species is at its highest
Total Equivalents = Total equivalent of oxidation state then it only act as an oxidising
of Oxidising agents reducing agents agent.
2
equivalent of Fe C2 O4 2 = equivalent of 7. (a) 16H 2MnO4 5C 2 O 4 2
2
2Mn 10CO2 8H 2 O
Cr2 O7 2
x+y=z (b) 6Cl2 12OH 10Cl 2ClO3 6H 2 O
2. 2Mn Mn+2 + Mn+7
2 Mn atoms lose total 9 e's (c) H 2 O 3AsO3 3 2MnO 4
1 Mn atom will lose average 9/2 e's EN 3AsO 43 2MnO2 2OH
v. f. of Mn = 9/2 (d) FeC2O4 Fe+3 + 2CO2 + 3e–
55 55 2 2 7
2 3
E(Mn) = = 8. FeSO 4 KMnO 4 Mn Fe
(9 / 2) 9
nf = 1 nf = 5
4 3 4 2
3. MnO 2 H 2C 2O 4 acidic
CO 2 Mn 2 x mol 1 mol
LL
Medium
nf 2 nf 2 x×1=1×5 x = 5 mol
3 7 2 4
Mw (MAO2) = 87 H 2 C2 O 4 KMnO 4 Mn 2
CO2
Eq. of MnO2 = Eq. of H2C2O4 nf 2 nf 5
A
w 35 xmol 1 mol
2 0.16
87 1000
x×2=1×5 x = 5/2 mol
w 0.24369
2 3 7 2 3 4
4. No. of equivalents of KMnO 4 = Fe C 2 O 4 KMnO4 Mn 2
Fe 3
CO 2
w nf 2 nf 5
nf N V
Mw x mol 1mol
w x×3=1×5
5 0.05 4
158
5
x mol
w = 6.32 g 3
5. Sum of the oxidation state of all atom = overall
charge on species. 5 5
5: :
2 3
Here in all option overall change is zero for
neutral molecule 9. H2S only act as reducing agent

10.
13. N 2 3H 2 6e
2NH 3
nf = 6 nf = 2 nf = 3
mol. wt. x 2 (N 2 ) x1 (NH3 )
x2 x1
eq. wt. y2 y1
6 3
3
11. (a) Al F x1 x2 2x1 x 2
3 y1 y 2
3 6 6
5
(b) P4 O10 14. Fe 2 O3 FeO.Fe 2 O3 (+2, +3, +3)
7 18. n = [1 + (5 × 2)]
(c) H Cl O
4 n = 11
2.5
(d) S O 2 Molar Wt.
4 6 Eq. wt =
nf
0
EN = M/11
12. Br2
19. 2IO3 12H 10I 6H 2O 6I 2
or
2 10 20 5 IO3 6H 5I 3H 2O 3I 2
nf
2 10 12 3 a = 5, b = 6, c = 3, d = 3
LL
M 3M
Equivalent weight of Br2
5 5
3
A

BEHAVIOUR OF GASES
1. According to van der Waals equation for

1 mole of a real gas n O2
rO2 t M H2
a 8. n H2
P (V b) RT rH2 M O2
V2 t
If a and b are small, a/V2 and b can be neglected
as compared to P and V and the equation 4
reduces to PV = RT. Hence, a real gas will 32 2 1
resemble an ideal gas when constants a and b wH2 32 4
are small. 2
2. When Z > 1, real gases are difficult to compress
because the forces of attraction between the 1 1
molecules are very feeble. 4wH2 4
3. Due to weak intermolecular forces of attraction,
H2 and He gases show the value of Z > 1. w H2 1g
4. A gas can only be liquefied, if some forces of
EN 9. Gases having same molecular weight effuse at
attraction are acting in its molecules. Since an the same rate.
ideal gas is devoid of force of attraction in its 10. H2 He N2 O2
molecules, therefore it cannot be liquefied.
wt. 1g 4g 7g 8g
PA VA PB VB 2P 2V P V mol 0.5 mol 1 mol 0.25 mol 0.25 mol
5.
n A TA n B TB NA NB Total moles = 2 mole, Let total pressure = P
RT T
LL
N av Nav
0.5 0.25 0.25
Partial Pressure P P P
2 2 2
NA 2
So He has Max. partial pressure.
NB 1
11. N 2 : CO 2 : CH 4
A
wt. 56 g 44 g 16 g
1
6. r mole 2 mole 1 mole 1 mole
M
mole fraction 0.5 0.25 0.25
rSO2 : rO2 : rCH 4 Partial pressure of CH4 = 0.25 × 720 = 180 mm
12. More the value of 'a', easily gas liquify.
1 1 1 Gases P Q R S
: :
64 32 16 'a' 4.17 3.59 6.71 3.8
Q<S<P<R
1: 2 : 2
13. For H2 gas, at low P
rH2 MA Z>1
7. 6
rA MH2
MA
36
2
MA = 72

PERIODIC TABLE
1. Representative elements :- ns 1–2 np0–5 14. (1) IP2
3. O 2– 2
– 1s 2s 2
2p 6
S 3s 3p 4
2
3s2 3p5 Cl
Penultimate Ultimate For IP 2 3s 2 3p 3 3s 2 3p 4
shell shell (More stable conf.)
4. 3 period :- Na – Ar
rd
IP2 S > Cl
at. no. 11 18 (2) IP3 Mg P
Total elements = 8 3s2 3s2 3p3
5. [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 – Hg (Non typical transition For IP3 2p6 3s2
element)
(More stable conf.)
6. UUT – 113
IP3 Mg > P
Group - 13
p-Block (3) I.P.
Al
Zeff Transition contraction
<
Na x Ga
7. Zeff
(4) B C
constant K x Ca x + 0.65
EN 2s2 2p1 2s2 2p2
For IP2 2s2 2s2 2p1
Zeff increases by 0.65
(More stable conf.)
8. (1) Zr Hf Lanthanide contraction IP2 B > C
(2) Y < La No Lanthanide contraction
15. Si P S Cl
(3) Mo W Lanthanide contraction
3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p5
2 2 2 3 2 4 2
LL
(4) Tc Re Lanthanide contraction

Si < S < P < Cl
9. Atomic radius
16. Be B
(1) O2– < N3–
2s 2
2s 2 2p 1
(2) Na > Mg
For IP 2 2s 1
2s 2
(3) Al > Be
A
Mg Al
(4) Li+ > Be2+
3s 2
3s 2 3p 1
10. Largest Mg > Al For IP 2 3s 1 3s 2
>
>
Mg 2+ > Al+3
Be < B Max. IP2
Smallest
2s1 2s2
11. (1) N > F
Order for IP 2
<
<
(2) Cl– > Cl Mg < Al

(3) O < S 1
3s 3s2
(4) Fe2+ > Fe+3
12. Electron gain enthalpy 17. (1) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 (2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
F < Cl > Br > I For IP 2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6
13. EN/IP EA Max. stable
F F
elec. conf.
>
<
Cl Cl
Max. IP2
>
>
Br Br
(3) 1s2 2s2 2p6 (4) 1s2 2s2 2p5
>
>
I I
1s2 2s2 2p 5 1s2 2s2 2p4
18. IP 1 II III IV V VI VII VIII 23. I.P. I II III IV V
940 2080 3090 4140 7030 7870 16000 19500 7.1 14.3 35.5 46.8 162.2
Max. energy diff. Max. difference in IP

Number of valence electrons s = 4
Number of valance e– & = number of lower
Element = Si
values of IP before the first Big jump of IP.
24. +ve charge zeff I.E.
Nnumber of valance e– & = 6
25. Inert gases have no or zero electron affinity.
Group number = 16 26. Inert gases have high I.E. due max. zeff in a
19. (1) Ca Ga period and zero electron affinity due to most
stable inert gas conf. (Complete octet)
4s 2 4s 2 3d 10 4p 1
27. Hint :- Relation between IE and EA.
For IP 1 Ca > Ga 28. First E.A. of neutral atom is exothermic always
(2) K Cu except stable configuration like (s2, p3 , p6 )
29. EA order
3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 4s 1 3d 10
(1) C < O
For IP 2 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 EN (2) S < O
More stable (3) I < Br
More IP value (4) Br < Cl
30. Hint EN Zeff
For IP2 K > Cu
IP Zeff
(3) Mg Al EA Zeff
33.
LL
2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 4p 1 Lanthanum belongs to d block
For IP 3 2p 6 3s 1 34. 6th period all elements contain 4d electrons
because in 6d electron filled in 5d subshell.
IP 3 Mg > Al
4s 3d 4P
(4) Mg+ Na + 35. IV period :
A
2s 2p 3s
2 6 1
2s 2p
2 6
no. of orbital = 9
For IP 1 Mg+ < Na +
(one orbital occupy 3electron)
20. IIIB IVB VB n = period number then no. of elements = 9 × 3 = 27
th
n =4 21 22 23
n = 5 th A 44. B C N O
2s2 2p1 2s2 2p2 2s2 2p 3 2s2 2p 4
n=6
th
B
n=7
th C Sequential order B C O N
8.3 11.3 13.6 14.5
21 18 22 18 23 18 45. Atomic number of inert gas = Z

39 40 41
Second highest IE in a period = halogens (Z–1)
57 18 72 32 73 32
105 32
A = 40, B = 57, C = 105
1
22. I.E.
no. of shell(n)

CHEMICAL BONDING
1. (1) Be 2 Total e– = 8
O
Bond order = zero
S O Si O
(2) He 2 Total e– = 4 Bond order = zero 5. O=C=O
O O O
He +
2
Total e = 3
–
Bond order zero
2 2 4
(3) N 2 Total e– = 14 Bond order zero
Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen
(4) Order of energies 2 pz 2 px 2 py atom atom atom
6. Hint :- Bond angle % s-character.
2. sp2 – Hybridisation
7. BCl3 = AlCl3 = GaCl3 (Bond angle)
Bond angle –120°
All having same hybridisation (sp2)
2 and number lone pair and all side atoms are
% p-character 100
3 same so all 3 molecules are having regular
geometry.
= 66.67%
8. (1) CH3+ > CH3– < CH4
3. X 2 + 12 l.p. EN sp2 sp3 sp3
y y sp2 Hybridisation
Electronic geometry – Trigonal planar One l.p. Zero l.p.
on carbon on carbon
4. (1) N C–C N
(2) BeCl2 > BF3 > CF4
C2 N 2 =3
sp sp2 sp3
=4
LL
(3) NH4+ > NH3 > NH2 – (All sp3 )
L.P. = 2
L.P. Bond Angle
(2) C6 H6 H = 12 (4) OF2 < OCl2 < OBr2 (All sp3 )
C LP = 0 Size of side atom Bond angle
H–C C–H =3
9. (1) BH4 & AlH4 (Both sp3)
– –
A
H–C C–H Shape – Both Tetrahedral

C
(2) NH4+ & PH4+ (Both sp3)
H
Shape – Both tetrahedral
(3) PCl6 – & SiF 6 2– (Both sp3d2 )
(3) C(CN)4 N =8
=8 Shape – Both square Bipyramidal
C
LP = 4 (4) BCl4– & ICl4–
C
C C sp 3
sp3d2
N C N Shape-Tetrahedral Square-Planar
N 10. (1) PF 4– & BrF 3 Both sp3 d
(2) ICl2+ & XeF 6
(4) C3O2
sp3 sp3 d 3
O=C=C=C=O
=4 (3) XeF 2 & I3 –
=4 : : LP sp3 d sp3 d
LP = 4 1:1:1 (4) AsF4 – & SCl4
sp 3 d sp 3 d

11. (1) XeO2 F 2 SiF4
15. S – 3s2 3p 4 3d
sp 3 d sp 3
GS
(4 + 1 l.p.) Tetrahedral
See-saw shape 3s 3p 3d
ESI
Shape
(2) XeO2 F 2 IO2F2¯ F F F F
sp d3
sp d3
4 Vacant Orbitals
(4 + 1 l.p.) (4 + 1 l.p.) 17. Covalency Covalency Covalency Covalency
Both have See-saw in G.S. in E.S.I. in ESII in ES III
Shape PCl5 3 5
(3) TeCl4 ICl4¯ (form in ESI)
sp 3 d sp 3 d 2 SH6 2 Not possible
(Not possible)
(4 + 1 l.p.) (4 + 2 l.p.)
SO3 2 4 6
(See-saw) (Sqare Planar)
(form in ESII)
(4) BrO3 F XeOF 2
IF7 1 3 5 7
sp 3 sp 3 d EN (form in ESIII)
(4 ) (3 + 2 l.p.)
Tetrahedral T-shape I
18. (1) K I3 3
Covalent & Co-ordinate(dative)
Shape Ionic Bond
Bond
12. (1) AB 2 L 2 sp 3 µ O
(2 + 2 l.p.) Bent shape (2) K NO2 NO2¯
LL
Ionic Bond Covalent Bond only
(2) AB 2 L 3 sp 3 d µ=O
(2 + 3 l.p.) Linear shape (3) K HF2 F H F
Ionic Bond H-Bond and Covalent Bond
(3) AB 4 L 2 sp 3 d 2 µ=O
(4 + 2 l.p.) Square planar 20. (1) ClO4 – & ClO2 – Both sp3
(2) SF4 & CCl4
A
(4) AB 4 sp 3 µ=O
sp 3 d sp 3
4 Tetrahedral
(3) BF3 NF3
13. (1) PCl3 3 + 1 l.p. sp3 Pyramidal shape
sp 2
sp 3
Non planar, Polar
(4) CO2 & SO2
(2) SF4 (4 + 1 l.p.) sp3 d See-saw sp sp 2
Non-planar, polar
21. PCl5 sp3 d
(3) ClF3 (3 + 2 l.p.) sp3d T-shape Orbitals involved in sp3 d Hybridisation
Planar, polar s, px, py , pz, dz2
14. (1) CO 2 Polar Bond, Non-polar, no L.P. on 22. Hybrid Orbitals = 4 B.P + 1 l.p. = 5
Central atom.
Hybridisation sp3 d
(2) SF4 Polar Bond, Polar, L.P. on Central atom. Shape See-Saw
(3) XeF4 Polar Bond, Non-polar, L.P. on Central
26. VWF Surface area
atom.
27. +2 –2 +2 –1 +1 –1
(4) CF 4 Polar Bond, Non-polar, No L.P. on CaO > MgBr 2 > CsI
2×2 2×1 1×1
Central atom.

31. (1) BeO > MgO > CaO (Lattice energy) 42. Solubility of ionic compound depends upon
Size of cation L.E. T.S. L.E. and hydration energy and not explained
(2) NH3 < H2O < HF by polarisation.
EN T.S.
H3PO4 H2SO4 HNO3
(3) HF > HCl > HBr > HI
O O
EN T.S.
(4) Li2SO4 < Na2SO4 < K2SO4 < Rb2SO4 < Cs2SO4 45. HO P OH HO S OH HO N O HCl
Polytomic anions down the group T.S. OH O O

3 OH 2 OH OH No OH
36. Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O
46. SF4 see saw shape
Ba(OH)2 BaO + H2O
CCl4 tetrahedral; no l.p. on C.A. & all terminal
atoms are same, so all bond angle are same
K2CO3 do not decompose
CHCl3, hyb. sp3 but all terminal atoms are not same
MgCO3 MgO + CO2 XeF6 hyb sp3d3 (all bond angles are not same)
Basic Acidic 47. SCl2
oxide oxide EN No resonance (all single bond)
40. (1) MgCO3 MgO + CO2 50. All bond length in sp3d hybridisation are not
same.
(2) Mg(NO3)2 MgO + NO2 + O2
(2) Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O

LL
A

s-BLOCK ELEMENT
1. Mg3N2 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + NH3

16. LiNO3 Li2O + NO2 + O2,
2. E.N. Li > Na > K Rb
3. KO2 K+ + O–2 Paramagnetic O–2 Ca(NO3)2 CaO + NO2 + O2
4. Gypsum = CaSO4 .2H2 O
Be(NO3)2 BeO + NO2 + O2,
P.O.P. = CaSO4.½H2O
6. NaOH = in Soaps K2CO3 Only melt
NaHCO3 = in fire extinguishers.
KO2 K2O2 + O2,
Gypsum = Cement
CaO = Purification of sugar NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
–
8. Cs Br
+
3
CaSO4 .2H2 O CaSO4 .½H2 O CaSO4
(Cs+ = IA shows formation of polyhalide)
9. Li2O + O2 LiO2 (not possible) 17. Cs > Rb > K > Ba (size)
10. Li, I.P. 18. Solubility of KHCO3 > NaHCO3
11. Ca(HCO3)2 = Water soluble

EN 19. Small size of Li & Li+ ion
13. KCl = Violet / lilac 20. Be (P.P. )

21. green flame = Ba
14. NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 22. Ba(OH)2 BaO + H2O
Ca(OH)2 24. Stability O–2 > O–2 > O–2
2
CaCO 3 + H2O
LL
excess
CO2
Ca(HCO3)2
A

p-BLOCK
F 10. Na 2 B 4 O 7 .10H2 O
1. 2p –2p type back bonding
B actually represented by Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2 O
F F
2. due to inert pair effect 11. as per structure B = sp2, N = sp2
Ga+ < In+ < Tl+ 13. Carbon has maximum catenation tendency.
3. (1) BF3 > BF4– (bond strength) 14. CF62– not possible
(B.B.)
C 2nd period maximum bond = 4
.. ..
O 15. 3C–2e– bond present in B2H6 (Banana bonding)
.. > O
..
(2) H3 C CH3 H3 Si SiH3 18. Ht Hb Ht
B B
Back bonding is Back Bonding
not possible due to
Ht Hb Ht
possible.
absence of (electron density
vacant orbital dispersed) Maximum atoms in same plane = 6
(Lonepair donation
possible easily) EN 19. Si 2H 6
H H
So work as more H–Si–Si–H
Lewis base
H H
(Lewis base strength)
no vacant orbital is used
H3C H3C
(3) .. 22. Formation of Al ion is more easier than Tl ion.
LL
H3C C O
.. H < H3C Si O H (acidic
nature)
H3C H3C 23. Borax bead test done for those transition
(Back bonding (Back bonding possible)
not possible) element ion which is paramagnetic in nature.
So conjugated is more 24. SiF 6 2– is possible but SiCl 6 2– not possible
stable thus more
acidic in nature because size of Cl – large hence more
A
crowding.
4. OH It's not a proton donor acid
B it accepts OH– ion weak mono 25. Covalent carbide = SiC
HO OH basic acid. 26. Borax = Na2[B4O5 (OH)4].8H2 O
–2
OH
6. Solid CO2 = Molecular solid
B
7. SiO 2 /(SiO 2 ) n has polymeric structure sp 3 O O
+
hybridised 2Na HO–B O B–OH
8. BF3 is a covalent compound O O
B
H OH
H B H 27. Man made silicate cement & glass
N N
9. B3N3H6 H H Natural mineral = zeolite
B B
N
Convert alcohols into gasoline ZSM-5
H
Frozen food = dry ice
C6 H 6

28. degree of hydrolysis covalent characters and
CCl4 does not have any vacant orbital.
29. Fullerene has no dangling bond.
31. Coke + air 1273K CO + N2
C + O2 + N2 Producer gas
33. as per structure of Si 2 O52 Sheet silicate

n
three oxygen atoms share per unit.

35. Graphite = Dry lubicant
Boron = Bullet proof jacket
Silicones = Nature proofing of fabrics
Borax = Flux for soldering
36. PbF4 > PbI4 EN
PbI4 not exists
37. BeH2(s) sp3 tetrahedral e– deficient
38. In SiO2 hydrolysis is not possible.
39. H3BO3 Highly soluble in hot water.
LL
A

HYDROGEN
1. C H A P A + dil. acids no reaction
Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
2. H2O > D2O (dielectric constant)
3. Hydrolith CaH2
4. Alkali metal hydrogen distinguishes from non
metallic character
6. > (data based)
7. H2 too light in nature
8. 1 2 3
1 H, 1 H , 1 H
(P) (D) (T)
9. NH3 & B2H6 cov. hydrides.
10. 7, 8 & 9th group = Hydride gap EN
13. (> 99.9%) Electrolysis of H2O
18. More dielectric constant of H2 O
19. Electrolysis of 50% H2SO4
20. Cations and anions both will be trapped, so we
finally get sweet water.
LL
A

BASIC INTRODUCTION AND NOMENCLATURE
1. Different Homologous series may have same 7.

gen. formula.
alcohol CnH2n+2 O
Ether CnH2n+2O
for alkane CnH2n+2
Homologues have same chemical properties 1°C 7
but different physical properties. 2°C 3
2. Hetero atoms atom other than carbon 3°C 5
Present in the ring 4°C 1
8. (a) Primary alcohols –OH attached with 1°/
O
primary carbon
(CH3)3C – CH2 – OH
2 atoms CH2–NH 2 Sec alcohol OH attached with 2°C
O EN
out of the ring (b & e)
CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3 – CH – CH
3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (b) CH3
CH3 – CH2 – C – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3 OH
CH3 CH3
LL
Left to right 3,3,4,5

OH
right to left 3,4,5,5 (e)
follow minimum number rule.

4. Olefinic bond Double bond between C & C Tert. alcohol – OH attached with 3° carbon
A
(C & d)
not all double bond like C=O C = N–
CH3
C CH2 CH3 OH
CH2 = CH – C C – CH = CH 2
H 3C CH3
OH
2 olefinic bonds 9.
amine
5. CH3 amide
NH2
O
CH3 – C – NH – CH2 – CH3
OH
H C NH
CH3 O O
O O
2° amine
O O carboxylic
ketone
6. aldehyde acid
CH 3–C=CH2
CH 3 anhydride
Isobutylene total 6 functional group

10. (A) CH – CH – OH 3 2 1
3
(e) CH 3 – CH – CH – CH 2 – CHO
CH3
C C– CH 3
4 5 6
isopropyl alcohol
3 – Ethyl hex – 4 – ynal
CH3
(B) (CH3 – C – CH2 –Cl) (f)
CH3
Neo Pentyl
chloride
3,3 – Dibromo – 1,1,1 – trichloro propane
(C) (g) 1 2 3 4 5
CH 2 = CH – CH – C CH
CH3
EN In symmetrical condition double bond is given

priority to triple bond
3 – Methyl Pent – 1 – en – 4 – yne
CH3 (h) 5
4 2 1
1
11. (a) CH3 – CH – CH – CH – CH3 6 2
3
3
4
5 CH2 OH
LL
5 – methyl hex – 2 – yne
6 CH3
O
3, 4 – Dimethyl hexan – 2 – ol 3
2
OH (i) 4 1 OH
5 4 3 2 1 OH
(b) CH2 = CH – CH – CH2 – CN
A
2–Hydroxy butanoic acid

3 – Hydroxy pent – 4 – enenitrile
5
4
CH2 – CH 3 (j) CH3 CH3
CH3 1
(c) CH3 – C3– 2C
CH3
1
CH3 CH3
2,2,3,3 – Tetramethyl pentane. 2
CH2 – CH 3
1
(d) CN 2 – Ethyl –1, 1–dimethyl cyclo propane
3
CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3 12. Iso group If – CH3 group attached at 2nd last
2 carbon
4
CN
CH3 – CH – CH2 –
2 – Ethyl – 3 – Methyl butane – 1, 4 – dinitrile CH 3

ISOMERISM
3. C 4 H 11 N
1. P.C.C. 4
1° amine C4H9–NH2 4
P.C.C. 5 4 possible radicals

4. C 7 H8 O C6 H 5 OCH 3
no. of C in PCC different therefore chain OCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

isomers OH
O COOH
OH
O OH
2. (i) F.G.I.
CH 2– OH
ester carboxylic acid EN
O
O C Cl total 5
(ii) Cl F.G.I. H CH3

LL
N CH 3 N
Ketone Acid halide 5.
& halide
2° amine 3° amine
(iii) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH3
F.G.I.
A
COOH
CH3 CH3
P.C.C. 5C 6.
H H
C
CH3 – CH 2 – CH – CH2 – CH3 CH3
H
H CH3
COOH CH3
H
2–Methyl propane
P.C.C. 4C
H
Chain isomer
H H CH2 – CH2 – CH3
O O
CH3
O H CH3 Butane
(iv) FGI
O CH2
ester Ketone
& ether Chain isomers Structural isomers

7. C4 H 8 10. Priority atomic No.
CH3 – CH = CH – CH3 Same priority group
CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2 If same side Z
CH3 – C = CH 2 If opposite side E
CH3
only 3 structural isomers (alkene)
O O
8. ;
CH3
O (z)
are not isomer (Molecular formula differ) (ii) (iii)
O O H2 N OCH3 F Cl
C (m) C
NH2 ; H2N H
are functional isomer (Not position isomer) C C
HS – H2C F H D
; (z) (z)
(2,3-Dimethylpentane) (2,4-Dimethylpentane) H H
3
2
(iv)
9.
are position isomers
(i) Pent – 1 – ene
H
EN 7
H
6
5
4
H
1
CH3 – CH 2 – CH2 – C = C same Z

H
H
1 2
NO G.I. ( )
CHO COOH
LL
(ii) 1 – Chloro propene C=C
(v)
Cl H HO–CH2 COCl
C=C ( ) 2 1
H CH3
(iii) 2–Methyl but – 2 – ene Cl
Cl Cl
A
11. C (Symmetrical)
H CH3 = 0
C=C same No G.I. ( ) Cl
CH3 CH3
H 3C H
C=C 0
(iv) ( ) H C2H 5
Cl H
C=C
H Cl
H H
(v)
HOOC COOH Cl Cl
=0
across the ring shows G.I. ( )

12.
CH3 Br
C=C
H Cl
(vii) across the ring. ( )
(z)

17. C5 H10 alkene structures
CH3 CH3 C–C–C–C=C
13. H CH3 C–C–C=C–C
C=C C=C
H CH3 H H C–C–C=C
0 C
Non Polar (Polar)
C–C=C–C
(Trans) (Cis) C
C–C–C=C
Boiling point Polarity (Cis > Trans)
C
Melting point symmetry (Trans > Cis)
Stability Packing efficiency (Trans > Cis) OH OMe
18. These are functional isomers
14. (A) Cl Cl
Cl H
C=C C=C Alcohol Ether
H H Cl H
In option (1), (2) and (4) molecular formula not
0 =0
same
EN 19. Azo compound (–N=N–) always show
(B) F
F CH3 H
C=C C=C geometrical isomerism. Oxime ( C=N–OH)
H H H CH3
show geometrical isomerism if sp2 carbon has
(Resultant vector
different valencies.
sum is more)
20. H CH2OH Mol. formula same
C=C
and compound showing GI
LL
(C) CH3 OCH3
different H CH3
15. C=C
Mol. formula same
Ether CH3 compound not showing GI
CH3
CH3–CH2–CH2–O–CH3 CH3–CH2–O–C2H5
A
If (A) and (B) have same molecular formula than

compound may or may not show GI.
different
H trans-2-hexenal
Since different group attached across CHO (2H atom on opposite side
21.
polyvalent functional group. of Double bond)
H
They are metamers
O
16. and are functional isomers
H O
and not metamers

REACTION MECHANISM (PART-I)
I
M, H, I 7. Acidic strength
1. Stability of Cation I
–M, –H, –I
+Imin
+M > +H > +I > –I > –H > –M CH3– OH > CH3 – CH2 – OH > CH3 – CH – OH >
CH3
+Imax
CH3
CH3 – C – OH
CH3
+I
2. –I order – NH 3 > –NO2 > –Br Acidic strength
on the basis of E.N. I

8. Acidic strength
3. Acidic strength stability of conjugate base I
Cl
(–ve charge is stable on more EN atom)
EN (II)
Cl
CH–CH2–OH
(–I) max
(I) Cl–CH2–CH2–OH
(–I)
O C C NH (III) Cl –CH2–CH2–CH2 –OH
Conjugate base (–I) min

stability
(IV) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
LL
(+I)
En 3.5 3.25 3
Order II > I > III > IV
4. –ve charge is stable on more EN atom 9. CH3 – N – CH3 CH3 – N – H CH3 – N – H

CH3 CH3 H
A
5. CH C > CH2 = CH > CH3 – CH2

Sp > Sp2 > Sp3 (EN) +I B.S Hinderenc B.S
EN (3.25) (2.75) (2.5) Combined result 2 > 3 > 1

10. Aromatic compounds follow huckels Rule
6. Basic strength availability of l.p. (4n + 2) e in complete cyclic resonance
M I
–M – I
1
EN
6 e are in complete resonance
C2 H 5 NH C 2 H 5 CH 3 CH 2 NH 2
I ( sp3 ) I I (sp3 )
for n = 1 , 4(1) + 2 6
so aromatic
CH 3 CH NH CH 3 C N
sp 2 sp

11. Lone pair is involved in resonance if it is at 14. There must be H for tautomerism
alternate position of bond or '+' charge.
O O O
In general, if lone pair and bond present on same
atom then bond take part in resonance. H H H
H H H
Lone pair is in resonance in 2, 4, 6, 9
M, I O
12. Acidic strength
M, I
These have -H Show tautomerism
–M > –I > +I > +M
O
OH O–H OH O–H...O no H attached to sp3 carbon

N O
CH3 CH3
NO2
NO2
(– M) (– I) (– M) EN 15. ...(i)
–Iless –Imore
(Intra molecular
H Bond)
Most stable (double Resonance) conjugate base
O O
II, IV > II > I
CH3 – CH – C – CH – C – CH2 ....(ii)
LL
–M
O–nitrophenol is less acidic then P–nitrophenol H H
due to intra molecular H bonding
O O
Therefore acidic strength order is
CH3 – CH – C – CH – C – CH3 ....(iii)
A
II > IV > III > I

(+I) H
13. Stability of –ve charge M–I–H
M I H Stability order of conjugate base (i) > (ii) > (iii)
(carbanion) So acidic H H >H >H
–M > –H > –I > +I > +H > +M M H I

16. Stability of +ve charge
–M H I
(Carbocation)
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
+M > +H > +I > –I > –H > –M
> > >
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
NO 2 CH3 OCH3
> > >
(– M) (+ H) (+ M)
(II) (III) (IV) (I)
OH CH3 NO2
(+M) (+H) (–M)
17. Stability of carbocation no. of –H
20. NH2 NH– CH2–NH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 (I) (II) (III)

Delocalised More
> > > lone pair delocalised
of e lone pair
of e
CH3 CH2–CH3 CH–CH3 H3C – C – CH3
CH3 CH3 1
21. Heat of Hydrogenation (HOH)
(3 H) (2 H) (1 H) (0 H) stability
(1)
>
–M, –H, –I (More stable
18. Stability of –ve charge
M, H, I Resonance)
(carbanion)
–M > –H > –I > +I > +H > +M

EN less HOH
(2)Heat of hydrogenation
No. of bonds
1
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 stability
LL
III > I, II, IV

> > >
NO2 Cl CH3 NH2

(– M) (–I) (+ H) (+ M) (I) (II)
A
( H = 8) ( H = 1)
M, H, I (IV)
19. Acidic strength
M, H, I ( H = 4)
–M > –H > –I > +I > +H > +M Stability I > IV > II

HOH III > II > IV > I
COOH COOH COOH COOH (3)

H=6 H=2 H=6
> > > (Trans) (Cis)
Stability I > III > II
NO2 Cl CH3 NH2 HOH II > III > I
(– M) (–I) (+ H) (+M)

REACTION MECHANISM (PART-II)
1. Reactivity towards ESR electron density in 5. Reactivity towards dehydrohalogenation

benzene stability of product
+M, +H, +I H
–HBr
1 1 1 Br
aromatic
M H I
6.
+M > +H > +I > –I > –H > –M CH CH CH CH3
H Cl CH3
NH 2 CH3 Cl NO2 alc KOH –HCl
> > >

CH CH CH CH3
(+M) (+H) (–I) (–M) CH3
Conjugated alkene extra stable
2. Reactivity towards FRSR
radical formed
EN
Stability of free Above reaction is E2 elimination and that
hydrogen is eliminated that give stable product.
7. Bond Cleavage Homolysis
Stability of free radical is free radical formed
1
LL
Bond dissociation energy
Stability of free
radical forms
Stability order of free radical

(D) (C) (B) (A)
A
4. Hydrochlorination E.A.R · · · >

CH 2 = CH – CH 2 > CH 3 - CH 2 > CH 3 ·
Reactivity towards elecrophilic addition Rxn (EAR)
(C) (B) (A) (D)
Stability of carbocation formed
Bond dissociation energy of C–H bond
D>A>B>C
Ph HBr/CCl
C – CH – CH 3 > CH3 – CH – CH3 > 8. (a) CH3 – CH = CH2 EAR 4 CH3 – CH – CH3
Ph Br
H
NBS
(Reso) (6 H) (b) CH3 – CH = CH2 FRSR
CH2 – CH = CH2
Br
Br
CH2 – CH3 > HC = CH2 (c) CH3 – CH = CH2 Br2/CCl 4
CH3 – CH – CH2
EAR
(3 H) Unsaturated
Br
(d) CH3 – CH = CH2 HBr
R 2O 2
CH3 – CH2 – CH 2
FRAR
Br
Br
13. NO2 NO2
9. Br2/h alc. KOH
10. Br2
FeBr3
Br
HgSO4 (–M)
C CH C = CH
Hg
+2 (m–directing)
H2 O CH2–CH3 CH2–CH 3
OH OH
CH 3–Cl
H2SO4
C = CH2 C = CH AlCl 3
enol
Hg+ (CH 3 ) CH3
O (o, p–directing)
C – CH3 SO3H SO3H
HNO3
11. CH3–CH–CH=CH2
CH3
EN (–M)
H2SO4
NO2
(m–directing)
(i) Hg(OAC)2/H 2O
H /H2O
(ii) NaBH4 14. CH3 – CH 2 – CH – CH 3
OH
LL
(Butan-2-ol)
OH OH
CH3–C–CH2–CH3 CH3–CH–CH–CH3
CH3 CH3
(+M)
(A)
A
(B) (o,p directing)

A & B both have – same molecular formula O O
15. Br2/FeBr3
and same parent carbon chain & functional
group but position of functional group is Br
O O
different so both are PI. (–M)
CH3 CH2 – Cl (m directing)
12.
Cl2
hv
(FRSR)
(A)
AlCl3 Cl2 (ESR)
CH3
Cl
(B)
HYDROCARBON
1. 5. Reduction using HI converts

O O
acid, alcohol, carbonyl compounds, Halides in
alkane
–CO2
6. Cold, dilute Alkaline KMnO4 (Baeyer's reagent)
HO O is the test of unsaturation
( -Keto Clemmenson Zn – Hg HCl C6H12 can be alkene gives +ve test
acid) reduction & benzene remain unaffected due to stability
(Aromatic).
OO i) O
7. CH3 – C = C – CH3 ii) Zn/H O
3
CH3 – C = O
2
2
CH3 CH3 CH3
2. Br
Na
· OO
i) O
·
dryether CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2 3
ii) Zn/H2O
Cl CH3 – CH2 – CHO + HCHO
(Intramolecular Wurtz reaction) EN OO i) O3
CH3 – C = CH – CH3
3. CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C – CH 3 ii) Zn/H2O
CH3 CH3 – C = O + OHC – CH 3

OH O
CH3
Basic Part
(acid sensitive group)
LL
8.
CH2 – CH2 – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 3
OH (i) CH3–(CH2)2–CH3
CH3–CH2–Cl
+ (ii) CH3–CH2–(CH2)3–CH 3
A
So we use NH2 – NH2 | C2H5ONa

CH3–(CH2)2–CH2–Cl (iii) CH3–(CH2)3–(CH2)3–CH3
So that OH group remains unaffected.
Other given reducing agent affect OH. 3rd also gives mixture of alkanes
4. Wurtz reaction gives symmetrical alkane

H2O
9. CaC2 HC CH
Red hot tube
When single alkyl halide is used
10. (1) CH3 – CH = CH2 E CH3 – CH – CH2 – E

Symmetrical (a) (I)
E
CH3 – C CH CH3 – C = CH – E
X used as reactant (b) (II)
I carbocation is more stable than II
st
Na So (a) is more reactive than (b) towards EAR

X + X Dry ether
(2) Only (b) reacts with Tollen's reagent
–
(3) CH C CH Na / liq.NH3
CH 3 C C Na
3

11. Birch reduction converts non terminal alkynes (e)
into trans alkene O
O
O i) O3
CHO CHO–CHO
O ii) Zn/H2 O CHO 3 CHO–CHO
CHO
O CHO
O
CH3
12. But-1-yne and But-2-yne can be distingushed O
O
by (A gNO3 + NH 4 OH). But-1-yne undergo (f) O
substitution reaction with (AgNO3 + NH4OH) in O
O
which acidic H is substituted. O
acidic
AgNO3 + NH4 OH –+
CH3–CH2–C CH CH3–CH2–C CAg CH 3
But-1-yne C=O
AgNO3 NH 4OH
CH=O
CH3 C C CH 3 No reaction +
But 2 yne EN CH=O
2
CH=O
But-1-yne and Bu-2-yne cannot be distingushed
by Br2 /CCl4 and KMnO4 /OH– (Cold, dilute) 14. Kolbe electrolysis
CH C – CH3 –2 CO 2
CH C – CH3
because both give test of unsaturation with these
reagent. COOK COOK
13. Br
LL
(a) 2NaNH2
(i) O 3 15. –2HBr
CH 2 = CH 2 H–C–H+H–C–H
( ii ) Zn / H 2 O Br
OO
O O
OO
A
(b) CH3 – C = CH2 (i) O 3

( ii) Zn / H 2 O
CH3
CH3 – C = O + HCHO
CH3 Ph – C CNa
Total 2 + 3 5 moles used
(i) O 3
(c) ( ii) Zn / H 2 O
O H H O
O O
(i) O 3
CH2 ( ii) Zn / H 2 O O+HCHO
(d)
OO

Chemistry Race (11th)

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Chemistry Race (11th)

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01 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF 01

15 REACTION MECHANISM (PART-I) 32

16 REACTION MECHANISM (PART-II) 35

1 1 12. Among PbO, NO2, O2 NO2 will be L·R

V·D1 M1 32. V.D. 14.53

2 Your Target is to secure Good Rank in Pre-Medical 2024 HS

1. Isotonic means number of neutron are same.

= 3 × 1018 s–1 or 3 × 1018 Hz or So n2 = 3 and n1 = 1

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for 1s, 2s, 3s value of =0

Now de–broglie wavelength

2p 3p size, Energy will be different

21. Magnetic moment = n n 2 B.M. 4 1

use direct formula

Now In Balmer series (n1 = 2, n2 = ) 25 : 4

1 1 1 32. Atomic number = Number of Proton

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E 1.77 eV Change in P.E. =

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11. C2H4 + H2 C2H6 K P1 = 5 × 1018 ....(1) kP 2 2

but PNH3 PH2 S kP

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18.4 Kc = 0.2 Since Qc > Kc reaction will proceed in

23. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3

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10. [H ][OH–] = 10–14 at 25°C

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29. Millimoles of H+ from HCl = 0.1 × 10 = 1 10

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Hf –393.5 0 –110.5 –241.8

2. 14. Temperature is a state function.

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30. Heat at constant vol. (qv) = U = 500 J

= –2.303 × 1 × 8.314 × 300 log 10 G = 120 kJ

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(1) xyz 3+5–2=+6 0

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16 Your Target is to secure Good Rank in Pre-Medical 2024 HS

1. According to van der Waals equation for

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(4) Tc Re Lanthanide contraction

(2) Cl– > Cl Mg < Al

Max. energy diff. Max. difference in IP

21 18 22 18 23 18 45. Atomic number of inert gas = Z

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H–C C–H Shape – Both Tetrahedral

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Polytomic anions down the group T.S. OH O O

(2) Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O

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1. Mg3N2 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + NH3

10. Li, I.P. 18. Solubility of KHCO3 > NaHCO3

11. Ca(HCO3)2 = Water soluble

13. KCl = Violet / lilac 20. Be (P.P. )

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31. Coke + air 1273K CO + N2

33. as per structure of Si 2 O52 Sheet silicate

three oxygen atoms share per unit.

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