Seminar 10

Theme: “Borrowings”
1. The concept of the borrowings
2. The historical events.
3. Etymological doublets
4. International words.

Literature:
1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1973
2. Ginsburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyaseva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English
Lexicology. M., 1966
3. Grinberg L.E., Kuznetz M.D., Kumacheva A.V., Melzer G.M. Exercises in Modern English
Lexicology. M., 1960
4. Гальперин И.Р. и др. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.
5. Дубинец Э.М. Курс лекций и планы семинарских занятий по лексикологии
английского языка (для студентов третьего курса).
6. Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.
7. Хидекель С.С. и др. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. Л., 1969.
8. Швейцер А.Д. Очерк современного английского языка США. М., 1963, гл. 1,4.

Questions for self-control:

1. How many borrowings are there in the English language?
2. What are the differences between borrowed and native words?
3. Are borrowings motivated or non-motivated semantically?
4. Why are words borrowed by one language from another?
5. Is it always easy to distinguish between native and borrowed words? Why?/Why not?
6. Which type of borrowings enlarges groups of synonyms and enriches the expressive
resources of the vocabulary?
7. English has become a “giving” language. What does it mean?
8. English has become Lingva franca of the 21st century. What does it mean?
9. Speak about the historical events of the 1st century B.C. and give examples of the
borrowed words.
10. What is the earliest group of English borrowings? Date it. Give examples.
11. Speak about the historical events of the 5th century A.D. and give examples of the
borrowed words.
12. Speak about the origin of the word London.
13. What is the origin of the words street and wall?
14. Speak about the historical events of the 7th century A.D. and give examples of the
borrowed words.
15. Lots of educational terms in English are Latin borrowings. Why? Give examples.
16. Speak about the historical events of the end of the 8th to the middle of the 11th century
and give examples of the borrowed words.
17. Speak about the historical events of 1066 and give examples of the borrowed words.
18. Speak about the historical events of the Renaissance and give examples of the borrowed
words.
19. What Celtic borrowings are there in English? Date them.
20. Which words were introduced into English vocabulary during the period of
Christianization?
21. What are the characteristic features of Scandinavian borrowings?
22. When and under what circumstances did England become a bi-lingual country? What
imprint features were left in English vocabulary by this period?
23. What are the characteristic features of words borrowed into English during the
Renaissance?
24. What do we understand by etymological doublets? Give examples.
25. What is a borrowing?
26. What classifications of borrowings do you know? Name them.
27. Give examples of Latino-French doublets.
28. Give examples of Franco-French doublets.
29. Give examples of Scandinavian-English doublets.
30. Give examples of etymological doublets that were borrowed from the same language.
31. Give examples of etymological doublets that are the result of borrowing different
grammatical forms.
32. Give examples of etymological doublets that consist of a shortened word and the one
from which it was derived.
33. Give examples of etymological doublets that are represented by two borrowings from
different languages.
34. What are etymological triplets?
35. What is an international word? Give examples.
36. Give examples of international words of Latin and Greek origin.
37. Give examples of international words among political terms.
38. Give examples of international words related to scientific and technological advances.
39. Give examples of international words which came from English to other languages.
40. Give examples of international words related to fruit and foodstuffs.
41. What are the other names of lingua franca?
42. Why have lingua francas developed around the world?
43. What is a vernacular language?
44. What is the difference between a vernacular language and a lingua franca. Give
examples.
45. What are etymological doublets?
46. Give examples of etymological doublets that consist of a native word and a borrowed
word.
47. Give the definition of international words by I.V. Arnold.