sel of ee hey Frm pe hs ae ae a al wn wee mon os uni a ena oe ey ee Peon ad Po a ate mow nel wos of ic ee sn Te ps Pw beware wk se yf heb on Swe oem no eto Hepa Pi Se eran oer peat Se, eng, ein we ee ape tne no an Ds th» a nua reat fone at PEL anne dl nl ot angel ah te pales of eo of ce ince Me He nat fs deh Di ST cee one fs cl, ne it SITET Tino ae Amie out fea Sine ween kantome Thee win 0 se dng co Teclan Tha be dw» wing Cet appeed oy note in ree aa be fond ip te wih of any pasos Mrs cine eed nd pe ‘THE INTRODUCTION “The Republic of Phi he longest of fr works wih che ception ofthe Laws andis cera the rene of tem There fie eae appronches so roakra metpycs in the Phebus ted in the Sop: the Pulau of Statesman more de te foe and instr of the Sea ar none cel devon ont the Laws as works to he Sprpeion ad the Proigoas dre of higher ceace But no oder Dalogue of Pio fa fhe me lene of ew and the sme pefcton of a 20 ber shoe a eal Lromlae ofthe woo conaine moe (of thse thongs wha ae new a wel aod nd ot of ge only but of all Nouba in Pao thee 3 deeper ray Of 2 premer seh of humor ur mage or more danas power [Novia any ote of fists the anemprmade to terweae Ie od pectin, oe connec pals wih phono The Repub isthe ceneszoud wih the ther Dalogucs at be grouped, her pop sachs the igh ott wo which scent thihers eer rained Po amongthe Geeks iz Bacon aroong the modes, ws the fest who cone amend of Inowiedge. although ether ot shemaway nguied he ae ‘utine or frm fom the wbsnce of tit; ad bot of thes tad oe content with an abrasion of sence which was oot tet read. He wa dhe gpetst nephyseal gens whom he ‘orld has sen: andinir, see han in any ober ance hikes, the germs of fur hnledge ate conmine, The sciences of its not © scanned with OKEN ScannerJog nd pyeolog. ie hae opti so many nsrments ‘of though aera are bed yp he anaes of Socrates ud Pat. The pnp of defo, the hw of eoauniton the filgy of ging ina cle, she dation berseen the tssence and acim of thing oF wos, beraeen means “aden berocen cases nl contin alo the sion of the ‘ind io the ronal encuentra denen or of eure an dies ino ees al necessary = these ad ter reat forms of thought ar all hem ro be oan in he Republi and were probably ft ince by Pt The retest of loge tat ante one ie wes on pilsop sremostape ose igh, thediferenceerwien wor and hin tar beer mostra on yhirltough hers not bos avoided the confision of then sow wings But he ees yn up rath gc! sleeved in reps andthe siece which he gies to eomenpate teh and all existe” & ver une the daeeine of the slog which Anstole cis to hae dened ‘Neither mst we forget that the Replies bo the eid ft of a al larger design which wast hae inde an ie toro Athen a wells and ps pilsophs The geen of the Cris hn en bth #9 9 mous eso, seco onlin eyportance to the ale of Toy and te lgee of Arde 30d is aidan fot have iste some ofthe ety rargstor of the stem cen This mri of whieh the subject was aston of the wars of the Athenians aginst the blind of Adlntis is supposed to be founded upon an fied poem of Soon, to which t woul fave stood in the ‘me rcaon athe wens of the ogapens tothe pos of ome. have tld of re fr erg, intended 0 pest the confit of Pets al Has. We may je om ‘hone commencement ofthe Ties, from the gent of the Cras itslf, and frm te hil ok of the Laws in wha Tee tetnn ‘winner Pho would ve ested thi high argument. We can ‘nh jes why he get design was abandoned: perhaps becrare Pine» became sensible of some incongruity in a ftticus history, ‘or because hao is inrest nor becouse advance eas Fore the compleson of and we may pase ousles with "he Fane ha had his imaginary marnive everbeen shed we should have found Pato hese mpathicng with he stuge fon Heli independence, singing bya of esumph ose ash and Salamis, pepe aking the teflon of Herter sete he contempt the growth of the han ‘empire Ho brave a ding it edom of speech, wich ha Ine the Athenians so far exceed ety he ste of Heli in reno” or mote probably abut the victor to the neem foo order of Athens ano the favor of Apolo ad Athene ‘ein Pao maybe read the “eptain”a e) rkaer of a godly band of feller: for in che Repub ito bi oun the oil of Cie De Repub of Se. Ags Gy of Gos of the Uipia of Sir Thomas More, and nf the omer nherimagiary States which ar fed upon he ‘lel The tent which Arte o he Aste schol ‘wer ined to him inte Pocs hat been ine ese, ‘sd the egiton the mote neesary bese made Yr Arov himelf The two phioropher had more in common than they were ener of and protaly some Cement of Phin remain sil undetected ia Aso. Ta English pipe ‘eo ay fits may be tate, not oly in the werk of the Cambridge Plato, bat ingest onal writer: Bee Bees oF Gierides, to Pte and i ees That eres 9 wh ieher tan esprene, of which the mind bear wits hee conviction whieh in oar oR generation f= been ‘athutsly assed, and is petape ning gv she ‘Grok ars who a the Rerasance broght 4 se: i im ‘he worl Plo fas ad the greet infoence: The Reeic © scanned with OKEN ScannerSa Pha ea the Bint etic op ection of NE oe eg af Miron at Lacs, Ress Jan Ph om Team te etnate decent take Dane of TAR GO Teva of amr i Bh ag he reson rea ah ay of Bt he ty EE se enc debs. an he Reval of rare the Fags his wos SHE Lert oo pot ‘eee a re ie ea Sere oe nen eset in he eho ihe tie ee aor ean piso in pote a es Re a the nwt cops omer this a ek a Set the nig of Brows the wi of as a SSRIS tte senes ve Benassi eam yi ARGUMENT “The arguement of che Replied seach fer Js, He Tae ep tuchissintd aby Cepialosshepstand andes aa hen dscussed on he bas of proses mor VF EUR Tad Plcmarchus~ den coscoareby TRSmachs er fay expand by Socrates ~ med 10 a8 aban ee Chass and Adeimanes, nd avin become isle eal apperat length in dies Sate whi OOSTIE! ramen Theft eae of the rlersis tobe cvenson.of he eee in drum afer te ld Heleic model prong on SF we rored region and eos abd mor mpl ed gymaase a manle strain of Poesy 24 greater harmony of ard ad the Sate. We at ths ke. 0 de cones ae riger Se, in wich “0 tan il ans MS own.” oe gach cere saci marine Ao ENE MANES ry kings ae pidsophers” and “psophers 9 ing” and aay mother td igh edcaon, cecal 0% ‘moral Lae igs of sence 5 wales of a, and Ta of youth only ‘wat of the whole of life, Such a State is hardly ah Suc Sm ey ob tied aE SINT ak go gee oe pre a er gue eed hele of on fh aga deci into deer and democracy nto a8 imam gina tela onder vig nt much esrb heat ats When "he wheel as come Gl ek” we Jo not tein ain witha ne pre of human i but we Bae passed frm the bet tthe worst ad there we end The bjs is hen changes he ol quart of pot and philosephy which had teen more it tet inthe eater books of the Repub fh eure and ought out aconelson Poesy is sconce tobe anita tc moved fom the ath and Hom as trl the deamatc pots having bee condemard as ita, ‘eet ino banshnentalong wth them And thee of the Ste ‘eeuplamere the evelaon of te “The sivann ito books, the all simian aioe, probaby ater than the age of Plt. The mauris ar fie {number (1) Book Tand he ith of Book I down tbe ugh being," ada neated she ens of uc Tha Adeimantus” hich sinodutoy the fst book contin, P coeoa of tx popular and opis osons of se ad “encase ofthe caer Dalogues wibou arming Stary deine eat To this is appended + resarement of the mare of juice according to common opiion and 28 ‘newer demarned to he question — What isa spps of pperance? The second dvion @ incaes the maine of dhe second an the whole ofthe did and fourth books which toc manly occopied wet the constraction ofthe StS 08 the fist educanon. The tid division (3) coms ofthe 6, tad an seventh books, in which philosophy mer than us vik subject of inquiry and te second Sta scontuced on pencils of communism ad red by pilsopbe and ie terplaion of the dea of good wks the place ofthe soc © scanned with OKEN Scannerand politcal vitwes In the eghth and ninth books () the ervesions of States and of the individuals who correspond 19 them ae rvined in succession; andthe mata of pease and the princple of ranny ate farer ange inthe indvioat ‘man, The tenth book (5 the conelsion of the whom which {he seasons of plop pocry are Balls determined nd ‘he happiness 6 the cizens i this Le, which ns noe been _seured is erowaed bythe vision of another ‘Ora more gener division ino soo pars ay be adoped the fine @ooks{- TV) containing the despson ofa Sa fumed ener in accondance wih Hellesic novions of selon and ‘moray, while ithe second (Books V ~X) dhe Hellenic State fs wansfrmed into an ideal Kingdom of philosophy, of which al ther governments ae the perversions. These r20 points of view ae really oppoted, ad the opposition i only veld by the genius of Pata. The Republic ike the Phaedras an Imperfect whole he higher ligh of phorophy breaks droog the regular ofthe Hellenic temple, which at st fades ay ito the hewens. Whether dhs inprfecion of state ass from an enlargement ofthe plan; oF from the imperfect reconeiimest |i the writers wn mind of the srugling elements of thought Uuhich are now See brought together y him or, perhaps, om the composition of the work a diferent times ~ ae questions, like the similar question about the lind andthe Odyssey which are ‘worth ashing, but which cannot have distinct answer. Inthe age of Pat there ws no regu mode of publication, and an author ‘would have dhe les crople in akerng o adding 0 a work which was koown only toa few of his frends. There sno absurd i supposing that he may have lai his bors aside fora sme, oF turned feom one work to another; and sch iterations woul be mone Biel to occur in the case of a long shan of a show \wetng In all aemprs to determine the chronologic! he onder of the Phonic writings on internal eidence, this uncertain about ny single Dishguebeing compared atone time is disturbing, Cement, which mus be admited 0 affect longer works, such the Republic and the Laws, more than shorter ones. But, on the other and, the seeming discrepancies of the Republic may only aze out of the dincordan elements which the philosopher has arempeed to unite in 4 spe whole, perhaps without being Imac able to recognize the inconsistency which ie obvious 10 or there isa judgment of after apes which few great wes fave ever been able to ancpate for themselves. They do not ete the want af conncction in her wm wring oF the gaps in chee systems which re sible enough to those who come afer them. In the beginnings of literature and plosophy, ail the first efforts of thought and langage mote inconsistencies occur than now when dhe paths of speculation are well worm and the meaning of words precirelr defined, For consistene, rs the roth of dine; and some ofthe estes creations ofthe human ‘ind have been waning ni Trey this et, several of the Phonic Dialogues, acconding to oar modern ideas, appear :0 be \efecve, but the defckne i no proof that they wexe composed 1 ferent times or by diferent hands. And the supposition dat the Republic was writen unimerrupedly and by 2 continous sfflor is in some degree confirmed be the numerous references fmm one par ofthe wi to another. ‘The second ale, “Concerning Justice” isnot the ane by hich dhe Repblic is quoted, either by Ase or general in nig and, ike the obi seconde ofthe Patonic Dialogues, may therefore be assumed to be of Inter date. Morgenstern nd ‘ers have asked whether the dfininn of justice, which isthe Imes aim othe eonstraction of the Sate tthe principal sngument of the work The answer thatthe ro blend in one, andare wo faces of the same wuts or justices the oder of the ‘Sate, an the States the visible embodiment of justice under the «ondivons of hua saci. The one i he sou andthe others © scanned with OKEN Scannerhe body and the Grek alo the Ste, of he india ie far ind in a fai body In Megs prseoogy she Stati the ey of whic sie the ea Or deserbed in Chin Targuage, the Kingdom of God ihn, and yet develops igo 2 Church o exert Kno, "he ose not made with ‘ih celia the hesven i eo 1 the prdpations of sn cay bllirg, Or 10 ae «Ponca, sti andthe See ae the warp andthe woot which rn dough she whole texture And when he consti ofthe Sete i complted, be ‘conception of juice ot dsmisied, br reappears under the ‘ame or dfrent names tzoaghou the wo, bh henner las of the nda oa and all 5 he prince of rears sd panthents in ances fe. Te vues te asd on jase, (of which common bones in bain ad slg i he sido, fd je bed othe we of gone the harmony of the wl, sd eet beh in he ostsbone of Stes nd in macon of the Rees bier The Tras which kes vp the poll eather han the tel side of the Repub, ad is acy occupied with hrposhens cancering the oueatd wo, 2 oman many idatons tat de ume ie spond 12 rpm over the Sut over nae, 2nd ore an "Too much, however, has een mae f ths gueson both in saientandn modern times Thee ies sag of cram etch all works, whether of ante oF ofa ar refered to design [Now in ancient wings, and indeed in Mermtae general, ete remain fen lege clement which wa aot compreended i the ial desi. Fo the plan grows vide the author hand new though occur im inthe act of wring: he hss ot worked ‘the argument othe end before he Ins. The reader wh seeks 10 find wmeone ies under whch the whole may be conecved, mus neces ste o he guest and mos peta “Thus Stalbaum who dati with she ondary explanations ‘ofthe argument ofthe Repub naj inset have found he tue agumen in he representation of human if ina Saxe perfec by use and pomered according to the de of goo “Thee may be sore ute in such general descepsons bu they 40 ud be sil o express che deg of the ster The rth 5, that we may at wel speak of may des at of oe; noe need Amting be exchaded eos he plan of 3 great work whch the eid i acl le bythe soc of hens, and which dows fot interfere withthe pene purpone. What hind or dere of niyo be sgh fein bk the so aro pei, in pose, sa peblem which has be determined rele the subj mae. To Pato himself, the ing “shat was te inwenton of the wrtee” ot “what mae the pnp eement of the Republic” would have ben hardly intl, and vere had beer be atone ied, sor he Republi the vehi of thee o fous ee stich, Pht im mind, are est natal epee the form ofthe See Jae a nthe Jw popes the hn of Messiah of "he da of the Land” o the sen Serge ‘peopl of Ga the “Sua of rateousness wth heal "is wings” on conte. to ue at ent the get opal eae, so tog the Grek State Pa ee ow i th shout dine perfection, which he nde of god Ee the 0 inthe ble wor about human prfecson which sce — sous education bepaning im youth and coating in ee ‘as ~ about poets and sopiss and ran eho a the fe ‘eachers ac ler of eunkiad ~ abo “the wok” which ' the emadiment of them ~ about a kinglom wich ex ‘ower upon earth buts aid up ie heaven wo be the pate and rule of human No such wig reson awh ef any more than he cu f eaten when the san pce trough tem. Every shade of lg aa dk, of sh 20 ‘of fcuom wich the ell of uth, alow in sok of Plosupicalnagation. ei natal on the sie ne ely © scanned with OKEN ScannerEE re an do the fae ea at ge Mime vt ne ot oH tra a at a ey ae a hy hele waar Thee yt fay as ea a Me hey tke messi of i an ate un fo We hve rl seteone dane whether State sch Princes nse ato whi he cen owrven hea fe ee soe mia ae ee. Ae poeta hi whe a iy ho wh ee rate fgets tb Be tas ay be aly ovat the east mk of eggs” sce soe tha the carina fame anak a ae State, hea i gv ane dha tonnes ‘The pret sence nce th nga ee rents bat ony 9 typeof he eto pi tsi he phe hr fo all sige a al existe 8 jose he the specs Tess hat Pla reaches the *sumait of specu aa hes, oh thy a sass he equine wer hike va deren be raed a he rst mp as ey are fhe most ona, portions of the work Th mot nccesary 1 cose a Henly # minor weston whch hae em ase by Boek respecting he imaginary dite yvwbich the conversation was heed (he year 11 BC which roped by him wil do aswell a a oer for 8 wre of Fever and especialy 2 writer wh ike Ph is pool crrcees of chronology, only sms t genes probability Whether Sl dhe person mentioned in the Repulc cok ewe ve et eve one tne fn a cay whch wou hase ccs srreding the work forts yeas eso ato st ‘Shaespeare respect an Athen athe time of weting (any ane than ah oe ames, ae es gay eo 8 fo asver whic itll wo pe we ang ATH ‘Yee this may be «question havi Snseicy rv ashes Pa ol andes este ite i een fa eee erunetetnt em filer avo shied ditiules, ely or ena, the Caneetne 1 Seemann hat Caen aa Adena a tthe aes the wl Pata the fey of Sa “whiels sene : Vikas were wit CHARACTERS The pramipal arrers an the Republi ate Cepas ‘deat, Psy, Sores, Gt aA ration oy ema er he end he fost ayament nl hash ec sleet these the ist nk The main cus cate Aw the erm are Lyn he thems he som of Cpls Trothers af Plemachus, a unknown Charmanties ~ sess are soy al there is Che vn he one er ‘cee inthe De which bears hs ame, he apes he Farad a lly Thess, ‘Cpls she ptr of House, has been apeeprin age ti 4 sca. He ste pattern of od ‘ols has lt ce with fe, an a peace with himself an ‘sit al re fees hat he fs raving nearer tthe wl Tato and sens ober around the menor of the pst Hes ager tht Socrates shoul comet sith fond of the pete tf the as ysnato happy i the conse of «well spe tie, ingscap fom the tan of yours lumen consetanon bis aextin, bis inierence to ies." tel ane teresting mits of chat He wo om Toners have thingy vase ir wie as ben ctr vain moi. Ye he ached tha hes ae © scanned with OKEN Scannerthe advange of placing men above the tempaton vo dihonety wr acnool The respectful enon shown ro i by Socrah Ghose lve of conversation, no les han the mision imposed To in bythe Oral ed int ask spestins of all men, Sealant ld ae shold ao be are Who beer suited 19 roche suerion of usuce than Crp whose Me ight seam ite te expression of 12 The moderston with which ol a TE pcured by Cephalon a very oeble porn of extent te Charcot onl of a,b of Grek feng gener Tn conmases wth besoggniion of ico inthe De Seneca. “The evening of fe sdesrbed by Po in the most expressive inns yer with the fovest posable ouches As iso temas {Go ad Aue. 16), he ape Cpls would ne Been xt Cf pee in dhe discassion which flows and which be could ester have unerstoud nor ben past in without a woaon of deumatc props THs Soon and hee” Polemarchos tas the fsksets and ‘mmpenuusnens of youth ei for dening Soces by force in de opening scene, and wl oe “ei of” onde sabes of este nnd cde. Like Cephas, he ea in his pot of Tn ma sepresens dhe proverbial stage of moray which hat cif fe her dan pices: and he quotes Simoni 8 eetomner had quoted Pindar. But afer this Be has no moe © ye answer whch ems are nly ced ori he Sans of Socrates He has not ye experienced the infivace of the Sophie ike Glaucon and Adeimanes, ri be sense of xe metesy of cfuing der; he belongs the pre Soca 0 peed ag Hei cps of arin ani ew Preece wo such a degree that he does no know what he ing Hei made admit at josie + dhol 8 sr ow te aalogy of te ats From his brother LISS = ae ec be fl vicar co she Thy Trans, bar no ase ran fa fate, or to te circumstance that Cephnt Ae eae sti et ce a ig The “Caedringan Thy fem we tv aay ent Poe ni of Sinise acorn Ph compen em tow of tar wou He ened Uy, ag we dsc la tp dof ig on Inn de tape eae te vrapunan a wa eh er oe {aun spe so hg He he hed st non ne peal Poms rep thm dial nl es ce ot Sin ce. Whe hdc Sn ca de ny of py we aye roy ra prt tout of pets Tce oa eed Son wah ac dcp a hn wh ‘al cy Trait come oe pos vnc tae Tr oop capy Se vipae nas naked ts pera (oa no yo tes He wp nia! by ny of on ae 2 ed “ea acca win anand eonopne te ene PER commie wom don or tomy Sti eterno eta fe ricelue hemo trogrhgaety et eet ac tan, Neng smn tan cane create ous On em Sr ewan dosnt AE pcg econ eh cet oe error a Wes 5 © scanned with OKEN ScannerGascon eis humorouly rtete by Sorat “ase who has fever been is ene an 2's nd.” From Cicero and ‘Quinn and from Anse Reto we arn tht he Sop ‘Show Plt hes made so ious was man of noe whose ‘Mune mere preserved inter ages The play on his tame which tude by hs comempoary Heroes, “dow watever bol Trav seem un sh that the dexeipon of him is ot devo of versie ‘When Thrmymachis has been sent, the evo panopa exponen, Glucon ad Amann, appar on the ene ee, tin Greta the cor aeodoced. A is sit he fo sono Arston may eo tower fry hens the ‘iendSimeisant Ccbsinte Pada Betonagererexamination cof hem the sas sashes, nd they ae scen to be distinct Crier. Clnsen he ype oa who can as Inve enough oF fein (the character of in in Xen Mer, Fs Oy theaman of pla sos acquit the mses of Towers qu pe ais” and who proves the bed of anna; he lover of at and msi who ha alle expences of you life, Hes fil of ques ad peneraton piecing ‘ash low she Cumsy plies of Thesymaches 10 the re ‘ifiuyhewmnsou to height he seam eof haa an $e docs noose faith in he ust and rae tis Gascon wh ee ‘that maybe ered dhe hrs elation ofthe philonpher 0 he ‘wot. whom ttcof simply 5" of pgs who nals peepee when de armen offer im an OPPO nd who is ever ready to second the humor of Socrates and to ppeccate the rials, wheter ia the connoisseurs of mui, (rin the lovers of then, o in te fanatic Lei of te Chizens uf democracy ic weaknesses ae sewer des oe 9 by Secrats, wh, meer, wl ot allow him 10 be aeacke ths brother Adeimanus, Hes solr, and, he Adrants is thc diigo atthe bare of Mega. The chance of Adcom dep and gre td the pms sesont coma o b hy Cason me mone a go ps he ‘ms unas tere Clrcn sre ve ns luck ah ft ements as the ar eget own mane wine ‘codtok wen Glen st oes ic Sl ‘cers non rh cogs Alans rev thy ered yan i get nor Inu of hr cps nd nas no eon see he nr fh rh ot Sc fas ing ce py sn ore at pp cee sc gen ein Be Inlet mento he ge cman of Spe Te ‘Recbewem et ctl ere re the ‘cpemen ar Gcon a oh si nd ers ‘ett coneaon lifer ene a ad ge Vitec eb Adonane no wr Coco omen a one Scan met ene sn ns Sn shoe he en of “one ete et Anema tho ye eee a the more apenas Gc he Was nd or impr rom ef te lope, er ap gt shpo ptt to cao Recipe of ‘py snd te concpt etre dnc ‘Also Thon Gc es eof rcp ‘Soni, ter he ay spring eer Snatono Socnestodmalcine en core te dion Oo ee het re hn te bt Gc stom be opr tte one Sic iv eet bas be hopin npn ad Gore Suns hee Tas bt won of cant Pd ors © scanned with OKEN Scannereccrine segs of moray, Degg ith the Athesin Gpesman ofthe olden sme, sho is followed by the practic ‘hon of ha day rgulaing hs Be by proverb ad sa 10 hi Cress thew peneralzaton ofthe Sapna las ome the young dcp ofthe rat aches, who know the sophia Uryamens but wl no be conned by thm, and dese 10 Gecper exo the nae of things These 100, Hhe Cephas Polemarchs. Thetgachas, a clas dings from one nother Nether in the Repub, corn any other Dike of Fiat single charac repented “The denexvon of Socrates inthe Repblc i nt whol consistent Inthe fier book wekave more of therelSocate,sch tse is depiced in the Memorabi of Xenophon, inthe cst Dishes nf Peo, and inthe Apology He sonic, provoking, (gestern he uid enemy uf the Soph, rea o pu on he {ask of Siem swells argue serio. Bari he sh bok as enmity toma the Sophits abates he acknowedgs tha they se the representatives rather than he corres of he wo He tho becomes mote dogase and construct, pasing beyod the range titer of the plc r the spective ides of the reat Soates In one passage Plato himelf seems 0 inate tbat the ne ad now come for Socrates, who had passed hs “Shole fein philosophy, 0 ie his owa opinion and not 1 be ious pening the notions of other men. There 0 endence thar ether the Wea of good o the conception of erect See ‘were compchended inthe Socratic teaching, though he cers (buck on the natare of the universal and of fia anes p Xe. ‘Mem: i 4: Phado 7) and » deep thinker ike him in his i tor fory seats of public teaching, could hardy have fed 10 Touch on the natu of far zations, for which there io vee postive evidence ia the Memorabilia (Mem. 2, 5 fl) ‘Fhe Socrae Method is aominlly retained and every infrenes i citer point the mouth of the espondent or pete he Telarc com dane of bi sd Sects Bot sgon ca x at the a mee Frm of och te fect oon wee 2 the wrk ance The nthe of iy fs pd no 1 nto ech n shh by tc ho esc the ‘ae the ke om ar psf ee “Thereof th pres ras dried ty Glan shen he dente ito» cmp wh st ond oe Ich inan eign can se be ssh sag pepe the aves maf ase ‘Neier an we be sheer dh Soca tnghe he moray of thew whch anni sce Glen inthe Rept: co se ary rasa soporte ed ooo of ar wel 1 hice of nsracon ov ha wal ne aed tebe deoored the Gin nag Hs me ea ‘einen s sgh meio mae af deco mera gy, ch sel wt Sora phen tear Bene Aral nes of Soca aking ‘ore promienne Rp anin anf eae Dae Of Pith wo ex and senso Gabor nt tehosphctomes) “Lew pi hes comn ces” “ou sp Anon, oat te sth book ue 9 secon to apenas A wef expo igs bogh aly Soca ori eal ye i Poin he fom ofan alegre pane which ener ince cone ot alexa el ded or hut be ect aac Teste of i nea Book I ‘ss cinaton of he dvs of ove nk The Copeman Book TS ane pts of he sl The noble apn nde ship and ep Bsk He gt of thereof the ple oe pnp the Sot which hs been deed On usach e tn he scone hd pdf Boks oe igs of © scanned with OKEN Scannerke soon Pt ne rnc gfe mse when He te a ope toh oul a ce oo Se esse ee are en eel ns ee ase renee See Suge ere ee Se ea eee ae ed ee et een reaper ates soe ois ne els a so sao a pile ee ee ee a eee ee ee all uieemeat Se eae acnares Soa PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE, Socrates, hoi the natator. Glascon. Adeimantus. marc Cophals, ‘Theasymachus tophon, Ad hers who ae mute audios The scene sadn the have of C shou of Cephals atthe Pisses and ‘the whole dllogue is arated by Secrtes the day afc i acually ‘ook place to Tacos Hermocrtes, Cris an a nameless ‘etton, who ae introduced inthe Timacus © scanned with OKEN ScannerBOOK 1 a Lwent down yesterday to the Piracus with Glaucon the son of ‘Ariston, that I might offer up my prayers to the goddess (Bendix the Thracian Artemis); and also because I wanted to see in what manner they would celebrate the festival, which was a new thing, I -was delighted with the procession of the inhabitants; bur that of the Thracians was equally, if not more, beautiful. When wc had finished our prayers and viewed the spectacle, we turned in the direction of the city; and at that instant Polemaschus the son of Cephalus chanced to catch sight of us from a'distance as we were starting on our way home, and told his servant to run and bid is wait for him. The servant took hold of me by the cloak behind, and said: Polemarchus desires you t0 wat. I turned round, and asked him avhere his master was, ‘There he is, said the youth, coming after you, if you will only Certainly we will, said Glaucon; and in a few minutes Polemarchus appeared, and with him Adeimantus, Glaucon’ brother, Niceratus the son of Nicias, and several others who had hicen at the procession. Polemarchus said to me: I perceive, Socrates, that you and your companion are already on your way to the city You are not far wrong, | said But do you see, he rejoined, how many we arc? OF course. Fa | © scanned with OKEN Scanner© scanned with OKEN Scannerei ome ea te con sa “Soin nce meted ame ce whch od Se fnacem eng hoo end SESSIE Sa teln psc of gs ahi sho rep pm pesto ht ay be, Ty msn el wing lw en ot enon epg bo ee Prope n ante weno es Bera oppor ‘yap, bc bene yor bd we ‘nena ga cfr Tou ee pe hy a ot coda te soning sa ey sp ao heya et Sage jc ame hen Tones no he Sept sits ng dg be en See i me bt tn etn nun eae me of mpc oT yuh ete webiSescnen mona on we oan cs ope se pny ter od seer rections gtd one Non peste Wy oC hee yoo wrt ms ado ed 0 Perey Soe do Jou vane © Age Bow mh 1 angle af ming money Ue enh cee ind panier xy gant se waren dob un ede vbe os pene RE era big och or poses os a er er ed te propery baw wba ta “REE SER wee ey oo oe tore tan ceed Seed ou he eon, epi ce earn hoe money hich ace ‘ater of those who have inherited thie fortne han of those ‘who have aque the; the makers of frees have» secon lowe of money at raion of their ow, resemble atecton of authors for dei on poems, oof parents forthe ciden, ‘sides dha atu ow of ior the sak of wea prof wich «commen t them and all men. And hence fey ate very bad ‘ounpany forthey can alk abou neh butte praises of weak “That tr, he td. Yes thatis wry ure, but ay | nk another uetion?—Wat oyu consider tobe the geste blesing wich you hae reaped om your wealth? (One he si of which I could noc expect ea wo convince ‘ters Foret mel you, Sorts, hat whena mans ims 1 be near death, fens and czes cacti tind which he over had before thes of 3 wr elo and the pontine which exacted there of dts dn ate wee oes hing ‘ater 0 im, but now hei terete wih he dghe that they may be re ee fem the weakest of ager beats he ‘is cow drawing neater to that other place, be has sere vie ofthese things suspicions and aur rood thy pon him, de ey to reflect ad coder what wong be as done to others. And when be Bd tht heen of his angresons eee he will may seme he hd sts up ins sep for ud he i ed eh dark feeb. Bu oan how ‘consis of no sin, ect hope 2s ada charming si the lind use of his ge Hope hear cesie the oof hi ‘tho ies in jsice and ies, ats the muse af Ks ge ad {he companion of his ourney—hope sich ie mihi oy he reser sou of man How admire aris words! And the great esting aes dt ay every an, bo ood mai ht he as a tm action eo deve oft defraud thers her incon te uriatenconally and when he depart the word beiow Beis © scanned with OKEN Scannerot m any apprehension but offerings de the pork a ebes ‘veh he owes to men. Now ¥o his peace of ind he posession ‘of wealth pent coneibates and therefore, thi sein one ‘inn aginst another of tema antag which wel 10 66,101 man of sense his isin mp opifion the geste. el sai, Copal, replied; bat concern sie, what 's fe-—to speak the truth and wo pay your dete mote than {8 And even to this are thee nor exceptions? Supe that {send when in hs sight mand hs deposed arn th me ad the ash for them when he snot i hie right nn ht fo ge ‘hem back to him? No one woul ay that ough tha should ‘berth in doing s, any more than hey wo ay that fought lua to speak the toh o one wh isin his conor ‘Yoo ae que ight he eel "or then. Tsai. speaking the tanh and pavine sur dees ie ota corset deiiion of pstie Quite correct, Socrates, Semonids is to be belive sit Polematchus ieterposing ear, sid Cephals, chat I must go now for [have look After the sacrifices, and T hand ver the argument o Plemarchos tnd the company. 1s not Polemarchs your ei? Hs. “Tobe sre, he answered and went ay layin he sciees ‘Tellme hen, shou hee of the agament, hs dl Simones ss, sd aecording to you tly say about justice? He sui shat the repayment of debt ut an in saying so he appests o me to be right. T should be sorry to doubt the word of such wise and Inspired maa, but his meaning, chough probably clea 10 you is the reverse of clear to me. For be certainly does ot ene, a8 we ‘wer just now saying that Fought to ceutn a deposi of arms or ‘of anything ele to one who asks for cw he ot in hi ight senses and yet a deposi cnnot be denied 10 be a dl. Troe “Then when the person who ask me is nin his ight mig so no means 0 make the rerun? Certialy no ‘When Somes al that he repayment of ade was usc, be nor meant ni that ease? : Certainly nor: or he thinks that 2 fend ought always to do sod os fend and ere ei ‘You mean thatthe ror of a deposit of ald which sto the nary of the eee i he reo paris are fends not dhe "epamen ofa debt what yu would maine hin oy? Ye ‘Anda enemies alo receite what we oe t them? “To be sure, he sal. they ar o eeeve what we owe them, snl an enemy ake enemy tha which i a oF pe bim—thar ase ‘Simonides, then, air the manner of pocts, would seem 9 Ie spoken dathlv ofthe marie of jase: fore really mean ‘sa that sti isthe ig ach man wb i proper ory ‘this he ered es, ‘That must have ben his meaning he sid By heaven epg nd if we ated him what du 0 proper ‘hing given by medicine, and to whom, what ‘ink dat he would make to He woul surely rep that meine ges drugs and meat nd stunk to human bois And wit due or proper thing is given by cooker, and to answer do ou ‘Seasoning fou ‘And whats that which usc gv and to whom? 1, Socrates, we are tobe gid a al by the analogy of he ceding instances then justice i the art which ges good ‘ends and ev enemies © scanned with OKEN Scanner“Thats is mesg then? Tibia. [And-who i bet ale to do good tis ends and ei to his mien ie of seks? “The physica, ‘Ocha they ae on voyage amid he pets of the sea? Thepiioe ‘And in what oof scone ot ith view to what rev | ‘he jt man morale do arm ois enemy and good this Tn going to war agit he ones ia mang lances with the other ‘Blt when a man swell ny dear Pomc thee so eed of «phic? Na ‘And he who x noton opie hs ne a plot? No “Then in ime of peace justice wil eof no ie? 1am very far rom thing 1. Yoo think hatjnse maybe of ein peace a wel as inwa? Yes Like husbandry for he sequision of coma? Yeu Or te shoemalng for he seo of soca haty en? ve ‘Ad wha na eo power of sion bs sei sof pa? Tncontcs, Soc ice of we ‘Ad byconsee ou teas paresis? Bnei Bort ot manor he il ple mre wl bese parte st ae of dg? The sil pape, ‘And in he laying of bricks and stones isthe jst enna mote efor bene paziner han the ler? Quite the reves, Then in what sort of parmership isthe just man a beter ies han the harp plays, asin paying the ar he harp player ‘eerily beter partner than the ast an? Ina money partnership Yes Plemarchas, but surely notin the use of money for os do ot want a just man w be your counselor inte purche ‘esl of 2 hore; a man who is knowing about hones would be ber For that, would eno? Cerny And when you wan to buy 2 hip the shipesigh othe pot Th whats hat joint ase of aver ot gl in which te jus un ist be pefered? ‘When jou wana deposit be pt safely . You mean when mony is ot wanted bt alowed te? Precis ‘Thats 0 say justice wf whan moneys ces? ‘That he inference ‘And whea you want to keep 2 pring hook sf, then sce ‘wel the Indl and to the state; bt when you von wo wit then thea of the vine dese? Chess And when you want to heep a shield or ye and not ow "hem you would sy hat jst is wef but when you want se them then thea of the solder oof the musica? Cerny ‘Nod 0 ofall other tings —jsie i ful when thy ae cles, snd eles when they are we? © scanned with OKEN Scannershe infers Revo ed ah Bt et come i farhe pore Ti ot he who cap be shea Blow ina borne seach orn an ind offing bests 0 ward ff «low? Cena [Ane wh eos fain prevering o escaping fom 2 Svcs ies ah 0 esto? Tre And hei the bet gat of acamp ho i best abet 2 march up the enemy? ‘Com: “Then he who i god leeper of anything i ko god ie “Tha 1 suppose isto be infer “Then if thn noni ood at espine money. a goods sng “Thats impied in the nguent “Then feral he jastmanasrrned ut to Beatie Andis ie aleson whch surpect youu have lent oat of Homer or Ihe speaking Atoicu the mater grinder of Osis, shoes vou of his fms ta Ie wa excellent above al men in heft sn peso” ‘Ads, snd Horner and Simones are greed ta ustce San artof def be pected however Torte good of Fr “ad forthe harm of enemies that wis what you were yg? [Na centile though I do no no kno what Eid bot sail snd bythe ter words. Wel there i another question: By friends and enemies do we ‘mean thot who ae 10 rely, or onlin seeming? Sul; he said, man maybe expected to love those whom he thinks god, an to hate thor whom he think evi. Yes, but do ot persons often er about good and evi: mans who ae not good seem be 0, and comers? hate rt “Then o them the good willbe enemies and dhe evil wll be Ah inde Te E ‘a in chat ese they wl be eight in doing good tothe ev ei 0 the on? Gl - But the gr are us and would moan injstice? Trae “Then acording to sour argument iiss ta inure those who hs no wg? 1a, Socrates the doetine imma ‘Then I suppose that we out to do pod co the just and hart the uns? ike hae bee. Bor se the consequence Sass san wl sigma aman nae as ends whoa bad tends and in that ease be ‘ht © do hem to them; ade has pos enemies whom he ‘ph to benef bu fs, we shal be sat. the vey opposite of hat which weafcmed co be the meaning of Simones, Very tr, be ad and ink tht we had ener correc an ‘stort which we sem to have ilen in the we ofthe won “ind se enemy ‘What asthe roe Plemarchu? Tash ‘We sumed that hei rind who seems 1 be oe who is sgh go. And how isthe err ta be correcta? ‘We should rather sy that hei fre who as wel at scm, good; and hat he who ses nly andi oe good, cy ccs tbe and nota en nd of an enemy the sume mat hea You would argue thatthe gon are ou reds and the bad va nemo? Ye @ scanned with OKEN Scannerena of sang imp a we al tha ts jus so do pont to out Khends and harm to oa nem, we sould farther mis jst od good out ends when they 0 Anda wo renee when they a? ‘Yea pear to me to be the th "Be ght teu eijae any one at al doubly he agit njre those who are bh wich nds eneic. ‘When rss ae injrd are shes improved oe drial Trelaner Descrraed hat 10s, the good quis noc of do? Youof horses, Ad dogs ae deere in the good quale of dy OF cain And wil not men who ae inured be deteriorated in shat wich nthe proper ve of an? ‘And hat human vere astce? abe we. “Thun men who ae injured ae of necesity made us? That the raul Bur can the masican by his et make mea unmasica? Genin ot. (Gr he horseman by is art ak ther ba horsemen? Impossible ‘And can the jst by justice make men uns, or speaking generally can the good by view male them bad? Assured nt Anymore than heat ean produc col? Ieesnn. (Ot drought moisure? Cat aot [Nor can the god harm any one? Impose ‘nd the jut the good? Cena “Then to nar a fiend or any ne ele noe the aco st mu, bat of the opposite, who is the unjust? [thie that what you eye rc, Socrates “Then if aan ays tat ostce consi the repayment of eb, 20d that good i the cbt which a just man owes to his ‘nen 2nd el he debe which e oes toi nei —to ap thisis nor wit fortis note, fa seen clearly show, the inuring of anode an be ino cae at age with you ai Plemarches “Then wavand Lae pepe ‘who atures sich a saying 0 Simoni o Bie or Paes, ot sy other wie man eset? Tam quite ready do bates your ie he si Stall Tl you whose Tew he sng be? < Whose? Lbceve dat Pender of Perc: oe Neres of Lent ‘he Theban or some other eh and mph man, wh had 2 pret ‘pinion of his ow power washer ay ha ose ong, od to your fiends and arm to your enemies Most ue, he sid Yes Isai: But this defirton of josie alo breaks down, shat other canbe offered? Sever nes inthe course f thedsession Thasynachas ‘vad made an atempt to ge the argument into his owm hands and had been put dows by the rest of dhe company, ho ‘wanted teat the end. But when Polemarchs ind Thad doe spedking aod chere was pause, he could longer hold his peace; and, gathering himself up, he came at us Uke «wit © scanned with OKEN Scanneriw ae 9 philepher, Thrssmachus, 5 epi ane wel at sching wo devour ux We were gute pancstrcken 3 Be peepee ™ ‘env ask perv chat smmbers make ap evel, sight of hur He roared ou the whole company: What ll Sets, has then prsension of youl And wh lle do you kv under tv one anh ay tha if ya wan eal 40 Kw wha! jasc you should not only ask bu ens, and yu should eck honor youre from the reftation ofan opponent ut fave your an answer for there many a one who ean ask ul cannot answer. And oT wll aot have you sy hase ‘advantage profit or gino interest, or his oe of ronsense ‘el nr do for cI ust have laraess and accra Tea panestnchen a his words, and could not lok him without wemblng Indeed Hevea if ad no ed eve {pon him, I shoul have been struc dumb but when 1a hs fos ning bee eh Rest and wae therefore able wo toh “Thraynachus, J sid with quiver, dont be hard pon ws Poismacehus and I may have been ply of «Ue mistake in he srpumenr, bu Lean ature you thi the ero was 20 nenionl vo tha faking ce pri hin shorn on a Foe amewesing rice tin thee times rr ons ies 1, Four tmes hrc, Tor th oe of ransense wll ed for e'—then lish tha is your of puting the question. ome ean arse yn Bor supp that he were to eto, “rasomacs, what do yn mean Ione of thee umber whi! ns ined be dhe toe swe to the esto, am I fac Wo as some other umber hich snr the ight one?—isshat your meaning?”—Flow wld answer him? "Juss if the reo cases wer a al aie! he mid ‘Why should they aot be Tepid: and even if they ate not, ‘bt only appear tobe x0 othe person sho is ashed, ought he no. tnsay-what he thinks, whether nord td imo et 1 pres then that ou are sm 49 mae one of the intl never? 1 dates hat 1 max, ocean he dang, spn teflon | approve of ny of hem ; But wha if 1 ie you an neuer abt nce oer and tee he si than any ofthese? Wha do yu dese Bae thee too? If we were secking for a piece of gold, you would not imagine that wc were "knocking under to one another ands losing, vor chance of finding it. And wh, when we are seeking for justice a thing mone precios than many pices of gold, do you say tat tee are weall selling 10 one anther and noe dong our urmo to pet atthe rsh? Nay my goo end, we are mos wily. amis toe so, bot the fae is that we cannot. And i 0, you people hr ral sings shel py Done io meas becomes the grant [mas ern fom he svne—dhat what I deserve tohave done 0 me What, and no payment! pleasant! {ill pay when have the mone ee. bu youhave, Socetes, si Glaveon: and you, Thre, wl be unde no aniey abot mone, foe we wl all ike a Ys, he repli and shen Seats wl do as he alas oes — ets yo answer inf bat tke a pl wo pieces the anor same one eb nl et bas with contin for Hore characterise of Socrates! he seplied, with a Viner lanpn;—thar’ your weil aye! Didnt foresees V4 leeady et sv, hat whatever he was asked he would wise eae sony oan one sale, ole tha nid snsweriy ‘Why anyon Gen 1 Sd, ean any ONE anSKEE Ws © scanned with OKEN Scanner‘Ls, and says that he ows, fs noting aol who, even fhe Js some faint notions of his ow, told by man af arn ‘otro ter them The tra ching tht he speaker should be ome on ke yourself who proferct ow and can tel what ‘ye knows. Wilyou then kindly ansver, fr the cation of the company and of myst? ‘Ghincon and the test of the company cin my request snd Thrasmachus 8 any one might se, ws in ray eager vo spe; for he thought thar he dan excelent answe, andl ‘woul songs himsel Buta fit he affect o inst on snswering t lng he consented to bei. tok he a, he ‘wadom of Socrates; he zfases to teach hms, and goes bout leaning of others, whom he aver even sts Thankyou ‘That ean of others, I eeped, gute re, bt hat lan ‘gzatefl Tools dem Money Thave une. snl therefore I pay ' praise, which is aT have; and how ready 1a 0 pra ay one ‘wha appears tome to speak wel you wil er oun ind out ou answer, for I expect that you wl answer we stn, then, he sd; I proclaim thi use is nothing ‘han the interest f the stronger. And now why do you not ‘me Bo of courte you wo Les me fist understand you, I replied. Jie, as you 4, ‘he intzest of the szonges, What, Thraymach, the ‘of eh? You cannot mean to sty that because Polyamas, Pancras is suonger than we ae, and fds the eating of bee ‘conducive 10 his body strength, that to eat bee is thes ually for our good who are weaker than he and ight and ju for us? ‘That’ abominable of you, Soerates you the the words sense which ic most damaging to the arpumen [Nov tal ry good st, sd; am tying to understand thet and I wish that you would bea ile clear. ‘Well he said, heve you never heard that frm of goverames here ate anni and here are democracies nd there are site Yes hme ‘And the government the euling power in each sate? Censinly And the differen forms sof govenmwat take lave dence aistcratieatyranical, with view to thir sever Ameress and thee ls, hich ate made by them foe ther vm Inerents ate dhe jose which they der wo thee sujet, aad lm who tangresses thn they punish as beaker of the te, ‘uno. tats what I mean when se that nal anes ‘eri the sme pancipe of jsaes, which ste iret ofthe srmernmene; and a the gowenment must be supposed to have Dore the only resonibc conclusion that everywhere thee me pei offs. whch thence of the ong Now 1 unrstans yn sald, and wheter you a ight oF ‘tw yt dcover. But etn ema tha i dein ce Yu have ourself used te word ‘nee which ou forbade me ‘se Its us Roweve, that in your definon the words th tre are aed ‘smal ive, ye se lo he ad Great or sal newer ming about that we must iene ‘whee what you are savings he uth Now we are bork aed hot sie is interes of some Sat, bit ou goon oa the ‘wrongs abou tis abition 1am nots ete and must theeone vaaer Further Proce wit and fest le, Do you ade hats js fr subjects webey the ues? ta ur ate the rulers of states able ini, or ae dey sonnei abe To sre he rept hy abet © scanned with OKEN Scanner“Then in mang thi laws they mse seis make hem shy ad omens 00? ‘Whe dey ake hem iy they mae er ypc 0 ‘hc nerests when he emis, contrary 10 Ui itres souadat a? Dd the tens hich they make mast be oie by thi bjt ard that i what youre sie Dox, ‘Then juice, according t0 four argument, mot only bedince fo he nee ofthe stoner bat the reverse? ‘Wash you ar sing? he shed {amon repening wat you ate seg, LBleve Bat ew consider Have we non ad that the ele may be mister Shut hi wn teres in-wha hes command, an also thao bey them see? Has not hat ben ated?” Ye. “Then you mst ao hive acho ted jase not forthe interest of the stronger, when the rales unintenti command things 10 be done wich af 0 thir ov ina if as sow ay, tice i the obedenc which she subi rend te dee command in that cae, © wisest oF men thee a ‘Seapefro the concision thatthe weaker ae commande (not what forthe inert, but what sor the ijry of ssrongee? "Nothing canbe les, Socrates, sb Plemarchs ‘Ys said Cltophon,nerpoxing i you are allowed tobe Bur there s 90 need of any witness, bl Polemarchs “Theasymachus hmelfacknoledges that rlrs may command what not for el om interest, and that for 8b to obey them is justice. Yes Polemarchus—Thasymachus sid that for sje hea was commanded tei rales jus "Yes, Cletopion, but heals sid that jt the interest ofthe songs. and whe ding both these propositions, he father echoeeied hat the stronger nay command the weakee hoa his subjects odo what not orks ow nee whence fas ht jc is he nary quite as mach a the interest of the song usa ltopon, he meant byte eres ofthe ssonger snr he sg tr be is eet —this wa what she reed oon chi wafer be ose “Those werent ised epined Pema. ‘Never min, epi. he ao ses har hey ae tw cept tics Tel mg, Tanah Li dl you mean sce ture sre th eit whether eal 0 ‘Cera tess Do ou spore ta eal in hoe sian he song athe me when einen? ‘Yes | sid, my inpesion was that you dd 50, when you minha the er wot alist ight be otis snaten, You se be an sores, Socrates Do 909 mean. for ‘cumple, at he who mistaken abot the ck a psc in that mite? ofthat he who ers in thetic gamma so adhesin rgearrin atthe ne when he aking the nahn respect ofthe mae? Tre, wey tha the psn se sihmcican or grammasian bas ade a ite, bat hs ily of apeaking forthe faci that eter the gamma, tor oer pion of sl ever kes wma ofa be esha hiram pis they none of them ex nes he ta them, nd then thes cae tobe sled ais No arto sage ot ele tthe se when hei what his are es, "hah he commonly si oer, an opted the coramon if speaking Hur whe pric acme since you ae sah © scanned with OKEN Scanner |oer of acu Al yt he a 0 8 Be 2 arin, am begun. nos comands hi ae eh meres hese isegied EE Tee eT an teeta a Ta a it ad me PH fae tne ofthe sO Mee sn ano Tel po 1000 AEE ean iform? Cerin be ii “Sado wwesuppone dake gpsion ih ay dosien fee you i he mgm? Nan he nqbed ppen fot he word] knows but ou ‘ee foun! oad by hee fore of argent you wl nee Pre Til noe ke dhe ane, der man: but to sid ay -isundentanding eeu beeen Fe, me ah i hat ene do you speakof alr orssonger whose ints Sou wre age big the api, is st hat he nein Thouldeceteis he a erin the popu tin the tet serse oF tet Th the sce of al sess he id And ao eat ad ly the informer fy cans ask no quate at our hands Bat ever wal be be acer ‘Ad do you ign, ha am sch madman 10 and cheat Thrnpmach? Tigh wl shave lon ‘Why, be say made the stem 2 maou go, and aie, Enough, eid ofthese cities I il be bee tat sho ask you s question I ee physician, ahem in har sic sense ‘hich you are speaking a ee ofthe sick ora maker of Ad remember dat Lam now speaking of the wu physician, A eae if the sik, he eles ‘And the pilot—that soa; the ve plots e acapainof sale ota mere slo? copie of sallors The eecmsanc tat he sls the ship nwo be ken aceon, niher ise wo be cle aloe thé name lot by reich he singh as nrg v0 do wih sang, bis Simian of his sil and of i autho oer the sailors ‘ery re ei : 1, se every at hasan interes? Certs Tor whch he art hast cansier and prod? Yes thi the sim of a And the itt of any a the pefecdon of it—this and tng ee? \Whar do you men? {rman what I may Dose negathely by the example of Ihe bens: Supp gu were nas me whether the bod ef ating as wants 1 should sep: Certainly the body as seas fo the bd may be lad eget be xed, ae as reorient to whch teat of meine miners aod this isthe ong aod tno of rating, a you wil cw es ot gh? hte i he ep Burs the eof maine o any ocr fy or deficen tn any qua in he same wy tha the eye may Be dein in sho she ea fal of hea, ad eherefore tees anoer ttt provide forthe ere of sexing and eaing—has atin sa Us any simi Labiy falt o defect, and does every require another supplementary arto provide for ins interests, ‘nl that another and anor witht en? Or have the rst Ik onl afer thei on itesess? Or have they no eed tet "dhs oF anethe—haing no eso dfs they vem ned to cota thes, ether bythe exec of thei oem "Mc oF of any ote, the have onl 0 conser dhe ieee of hes sujet mater. ayer et remains pare ad fas we © scanned with OKEN Scannerreminng esha stn ee pric annie Tae The wort inv ores sme, ad el me wheter 1 ar ant ah "cet . “Den micne does mn comer the interest if medicine, be he meres of the ak? “Tre bead ‘Nor cs thea of osemanhip conse theirs of ‘he arf fonerani, bt he terest dhe hos; nes do tothe a ae fo head, for hey have 90 needs hey aeons rh whch the sb of tei a “Trac he ad ‘arson, Thrsymachas the ar are the upesion: and ues of thi own abjecn? “Toth eames ha gon def rete “Then a cence oat considers rej the inet the sega oper bt onthe interest of te abject td weak He rade an amp Ho contest sis proportion ako bar eal saesced “The, Iannis physi jn ofr athe 2 psc Considers hi am pon what he presen, bat the go of tas paces forthe ux physian shone viog the etn body ae» subj, and ng mere money that has been Yeu Ad the pl ewe nthe ict sense of the tem is are elo: s0 not 3 mare lo? “That ha been amie ‘And sch» pas er wil pride and prescribe or she interest the aod nan ot or nthe ruler ire? He ave a reborn “Yes! | The, i Theseacho, dete ci ny ae why evar hess ruler. conser enon hat for his ow ret, ba ahs what 1s Bor the interest of ie aubject or ‘tsb is that he looks, and ha alone he considers setting which heaps nd doce When we fd port thi pit in the mpc, ard: epery tht the deintion of juice had bean cumpltly opt, "vacachas,nstead of rephing o me, sl Tel mn, Sates, he yom got ms? Why do you atk mach » questi, Fs, he you cu he whe aneweing? ‘cae he lerves yo ene ad never apes sour nose sens not even ghey know the sheen fm the sheep What makes you say tht? Tepid. enue su fet thatthe shepherd rth as ‘he deep or enc wath a ew het van ona ant the goed of himself or he mate, ad farther mane hw he roles of stares, they are tre ers eves thik of Shor sujet a5 sheep ha hey ae or sung thle -svamage day and night Oh, no; and so eels tay a 8 areas about he ust and uta mv ee at a the ast are ia rea anthro ha a the res of the ale an tonge, a the Wi the wes ae ‘rant ad injsce the oppo; fr the un eel wee he ‘ts mpl and jus he is theses, a jets dn what "for hi interest and mint os apne cl ery Fa Iwan being ti en. Consider far, mnt fonish Sorte, "hu the otis alsa loser emprson sh he ui Fst oan pete comes wherever the un the pare ol ina hat wher he pte cssled, the sv man has ahs ee athe as fess Seen tei logs wth the Ste when there an ncn tay the jst vm pay more an the unt es on the same amount of sisi © scanned with OKEN Scannercont wn tena obese ee es ss hs aes en apes wi Teh tj een ins “Mite or te nt rng stg oo e TSAET anne Mes ooer bec i is de and eee wg orl Awuaee for refine Ahn reverse inthe neo the jst man a speaking 38 ‘efron on» geal which he abana of the ut mot pens sag wl be est ly se if nto hat highs fr of nates ia whic he xin Js the happiest, a he flere or dose who rei 0 de inte are the os miserable io sarang which 1 fd and force te 8a the property of eters, oe ike by le bor wholemles comprabending none things sacred 2 sla profine, pena ar publ or which 5 of og, if he were detected preven ay une ofthe ng Be wel be pune ad incr gis dgrace—they who do sch rng in pare cates are cals ruber of tripe, and menatsers td barr and swindk nd thieres: But when a man besides Bing 2009 he money of the cens her made ave of ther, ten insted of thee sam of reproach bes trmed happy ard blvd nx onl by the czen bat by all who ear of Iaving sched the commmeaion of ince. For wankit censure nj, feng that they maybe the vc of and ‘or becaue they snk rom commiting. And hus, 1 have shown, Soca, injustice, when on suficiet sce, has more suength an feedor and mastery than josie; nd, a 1 sid 2 fit, antic the icrest of the songes, wheres insie a mask own profit and ners ‘Thasymachs, when he had has spoken, hain, bth man, detged our ear with bis words, had a mind go sony] Bur the compay would tke hin they ised that he shoul remain and defend his poiion; and Tryst add yea oie ees hat he wk! Mot eve Tanyas sad tnt, ellen an, how suggestive aze your temarks! And are ping to tn away before you have fay taught or Leena Uhoter they area or nt the aterp wo determine the way 1 ans ie so smal raster ia your ejes—10 determine how if ton be pase by each ne af 0 the pretest alnage? Sd do Iie fom you, he aid at the importance of sheen? ‘Yo appears, epdo bave care tight ao ‘hrapmachus-—uhether we lve baer or wise om ot inst ha yousay ye kno st yous eter of indiflrence Pes fen donot hep your knowles yourself we ae a la pay and any beefie which you confor upon us wil be spl rewarded. For en oe pare Topenly dese that Fam not niaced, and hat Id os bei inosce ve mare ina omunbeyevenf vac andallwet at es pla Fi rang that hee ay hea uj an wh ale ome. Stee cher by fa ve feel ts does ie convince me the supeoe advantage of inj, nd hare may be oxss ‘ho ane he same predicament with oye Paap we may be ‘ines you in your wisdom should consis thar we ake ‘ake in pefering tic to injosice And how amt once you, he aif you ae naan sosiaced by what ae ast what more cn 1 oe you? ‘Wa you have me pr te prof body ino your seu? Heaven fi si wal ey at you io be consitens ci yo change, large open and let thee be mo deception toe Vast remit, Tassels, f you wil reall whit wa Iwosously sai, that skhough yow bean by defining the tae iin in an exc Sense, you dd not obese ke exact ‘sen seating of the shepherd you thought tha the spe rs ashephed tends the sheep not wth view wo hei own goo, wih mete dae or banguener with atest he plans of © scanned with OKEN Scannerthe table or, agin 26a trader for se inthe mathe, and not as A shepherd Yet surely thea of the shepherds concerned only withthe good of hi ubjaes: he has only to prowide the best for ‘hem, since the perfection of the at is already ensured whenever all the requirements of i are sted. And that was shat I was saving just now about the role. conceived thatthe at of the ‘ule, considered as ruler, whether ina sate orn private fe, coud ‘ly read the good oF his flock or subjets; whereas vos seen ‘to think thatthe less in stats, that beingin authority ‘Think! Nas, Tam sure of i ‘Then why ia the case of eter offices do men never tae ‘them wilingy withowr pasment, unless under the ides tha dey srovern for the advantage not of themselves but of othe? Ln micath you queton; Are not the several ardfferene by eon he tue rls ike oftheir ach having a separate function? And, ny dea ius ‘end, do say wha you think, that we may ake ale progseoe Yes, that the difference, he replied And each art gives us a patclar good and not merely ‘eneral one—medcine, fr example gies us healthy ranger safety a ea, nd soon? Yes, he si And the art of payment has the special function of gi Dav: but we do not confuse this with other ans ny more the art ofthe plot isto be confused withthe at of medic Deeause the health of the pilot may be improved by a ea voy You would not be inclined to say, would you, that navigation the art of medicine atleast f we are to adopt your exse ie of language? Ceraialy not, ‘Or because a man i in good health when he reeives pay ‘would not say thatthe an of payment is medicine? 1 should aot. [Now would you say that medicine i heart of receiving pay "caus a man kes fees when hes engaged in hence Certily noe. Ad we have admitted sid, ‘pects confined to the at Yeu thatthe Rood of each at is ‘Then, if there be any good which all artists ‘have in common, ‘ ‘hor tobe sibted to meth ig OF which they all have she “ruc, he replied And when the ais benefited by 'sstned by an adiona exe of 11 protease by him? eeeving pay the advantage the at of pay, which sme te He gavea reluctant asent this, ‘Then the pay isnot derived by the seve artis fom tei wetve art But the truth i that whic te an of mien ‘ws health andthe act of the bilder buds + howe, nies he wore pid 6 wel? {seppose not Bat docs he therefore confer o bene when he wor or eainge eran, he confers a benefit ‘Then now, Thnsymuchus, there & no longer any doubt that ‘shes arts nor goveramensprotde for thei nn inerestsbon, ts we were before saying, they rule and prove forthe incre the subjeets who ate the weaker and nat the stoner to ‘ho pod they attend and got to the good of the ueron, An "hs the reson, my deat Theaymichos why a {es et wr ‘steno one swing to govern beeanse noone ies ein han the eformation of eis which are nor his eancea stun © scanned with OKEN Scannersemuneoion Fon thee fis wor an in ging his Crd ote the art ree i Oey ‘clay sao ats a rete i onder tale sybian be pain ene of tee modes of met monejo honour ore for fing ‘What do you tem, Sos? said Cacon The fit 90 ‘ues of pment antl coh ba what he penal Tot ndenandotbow ply en bes pment, ‘You mean that you do tended the nace of i tamer hich we Bete he re nacre ou (F couse you naw tha sbison an race el ba inden hey aa dee? ‘A fr thi eon, i one a Rona have 3 sssaco forthe gpodmeado it wc opel demand ae fr gveming dso 0 he nef agnor sss hing tems ou of he pi venue get sume of heres Ad ot bei ambins hey donee over Wherefore cesta be hid upon tem sad ‘beled ose font fr of pune Aan imag isthe aso why th foresee er a of essing oe compe his een decd donate Ne she wor prof the punts tt he wh eae re Table roe ruled by ne hos worse ha hinsle And te ofthis 8 Leones se pod wo ae offer, ot soa hit ow interest, but hat of his subjects and every ane who knew this would choose enher to receive benefit born ssher than to hae the uouble of conferring one. 80 fas am 1 rom agreciog wih Thrssymachus that jie isthe interest of ‘he stager This ater question aeed not be further dicussed a Prevent but when Thrasymachus sys that theif of dhe unjust more advantageous than that ofthe jot his new statement ‘npr to mew be oF 2 far mot serous character Which of vs ‘spn rl And which sort of fe, Glaucon, do you pcr? "for my part deem the Wf of the just to be the mare ranengeous, he asveed Did yoo hear all the advantages of the unjst which Thasymachos wae rehearsing? Yes heard hi, he replied, br he has not convinced me, ‘Then shall we tt find some way of convincing han if we (0, chat he isang wha snot ue Mos eerily he plied. sid he makes 2 see speech and we make another ‘ecounng all he advange of being just and he answen sd Ile and soca in xr ‘Very good he said, AAndthich method do undestand you to prefer aid ‘That which you propose ‘mn penne 2 pod. Fo there season 10 think thai a cry wer compen ‘ures of good men, shea ro avoid office would as much ‘object oF contention as x9 obtain ofce is a presen; then ‘should have plin proof thatthe tre ul s not mean by ‘sy that peer injustice is more snl han pfs ase? ‘Yes that i what 1a, and have gen you my exons And what is your vcw about then? Would you el eae of "hom vita ad he eter vee? © scanned with OKEN ScannerCeri | suppose dha you woud elastic vir ad inte vce? ‘What 2 charming aon So lies tn, seeing tat | fem injusice ro be profitable nd tice no, ‘What lee then woud sous? ‘The opposite he ep ‘And would yu eal ce vie? 1No\] would ethers subline sii “Then woud you ell nic magi? No; 1 would rather sa dsreton, And do the unjust appear oyu wo be wie al gd? Yes, he aia any sate the of them who ae able to be pefety uous and who have the power of subbing snes ant ‘ions; bo perhaps you imagine me Yo be king of eupares Even hi profession if vndecit hi adhamages tha there oto be compared wh thas which wa at ow Sean do. not think that 1 misapprchend your messing ‘Thrazymachos, ep: bur el cannes her shut aaron that you ea inosce wh wisdom and vie, and sce ih the oppose, Cerin 1 do 0 ele hen, Now, 1 ssid, you ate an more substantial and aloe unanswerable ground: for if the insti which you wore ‘mainaining to be profitable ha been amined by jou 4 by ‘others to be vce and deform, an answer might ave Bee given '0 you on reeewed principe; but now 1 perceive that you wil cal injsce bonowrable and strong, and to the unjust you will acsiboe all the quales which wore sted by us before othe jus, secing that sou donot hesate rank nue wth wisdom and vive You have essed most ina epi ‘Then 1 cerials owt not to sbrink fom going hush vith dhe argument 9 long a6 | have reason 10 think hat you, belive "esmchus, ate speaking your sel min for Fd hoy om in eres ad ae mat muig ale sapere "ry be in earnest or ott what htt you sh amen our bine pi ov ith i what [ave od: Ber wil be o- ‘ove as answer yet one more question? Dos he jt non a anc aang over he t= ir oferwise fhe dd he wold ao be the sip amas ‘route which es ‘nd wl he yt go bon just ein? He would no And how woul eral he step ogi an alsnage ‘er the us; wal that beconsiered by hi a ur ones He wo think jt, and would to Inu he wl et Be ae ‘Wht he would or wuld oe be Fh he wom. My question itl whether the st ma, hile esos ‘more than another ast ma, woul with ant cam he Yes he wo {ed what of the anjust—dos he in whe me tan "hot man edt do ore than inthe ane: ‘0 coue, esa fore aise hate more th men ‘nd the ust man wl see an gg sn ove tho dhe ws mn or co, der dat be may haw ne Wem pr she mater ha ksh a st ete ws tha hs ke bt mon hen Hua hoist cs me dha bh bse as nh? ‘oi, a be beer han ht te ‘the njsis pod and wn, andthe pu str @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘Good again, he ssi a nd isnot the unt Uke she wise and ood and the sate hen? (OF coure esi he who af a ceria ms he those ‘who a of wearin nue e who wot, 9. Ech of the ud such as is be? Cerin be epi. : ‘ery good, Tharyrachas tnd no tae secs of ‘the ae you would ami tht one maa emus and another ota aie? Ye And whichis wie and which ie ooh? ‘Clea she mains wise, snd he who soca masa foot And bef good ina far ashes wise, and nd in 2 far 2s he i foot? Ye. And you woul sty dhe stme sor of thing ofthe praca? Ye And do yo think, my excelent end, that a musican whe tne adja the Ie would dee ocr o exceed org beyond musician in dhe ighening and loosening dhe sings? 1 doo think tha he woul Bc he would elim exceed che non musician? OF couse. ‘And what would you ay of the physician? In presesting| meats and drinks woud he with to go beyond another psc ‘or beyond the practice of medicine? He sould aot Bor he would wish to go beyond she non-physiian? Yes [And about knowledge and ignorance in genera sce wheres you think that any man who has knowledge ever would with to hae the choice of saying or doing more tan another man who ts knowledge. Would he not rather sy or do the same a is he the ume ene? "hat suppose, can hardly be denied ‘And what of the igporaa? would he not deste wo have more than ther the knowing othe gnoeane "= 1 ace sy And the knowing is wise? ‘Then che wise and good wil aot desir to gin more tna his Me, bor mote than his ile and opp? supposes ‘Whereas de bd and ignore wi ei to pin more thas bot Yen Bot we nts, Trasymachs, thatthe uj goes beyood both ike and wae? Were not these you wont Z They wre, ‘And you slo ad chat ht wl or go Beyond his ke but suai? Yes Then the jst ke ihe wte and god, an he unjust ke the ‘lan gnorane “Thans the nference ‘And eich ofthe such ise i? “Thar was sine ‘Then the just as tamed out to be wie and good and he just ei and gporan. ‘Thaasymachs made all hese ahision, not sendy, as 1 Pepeat ther, but with exteme reicunce; twas a hot summer’ ‘hand the perspiration poured fom inn ote nd hen ‘ss wha had newer sen before, Thrasjnathus lashing Ae we © scanned with OKEN Scannerso ate ight in your sew antic i wisdom, then ly) ios: but Lam sight, then wthou once ‘ 1 am deigted, Theaymachus, tn se you nat only aoding ‘scot ad dissent, bot making anewers which are quite exelent Thais ot of ey to you, he replied | You re very kind, sid and would you Hive the gondass so inform me, whether you think that a ste, oa ae ce ar atone ido ne Seam pea er ie eT msc thr ie ss wee wm tinea ined sng do gene? Se mere e sa d pen at p= eon emi ot ven es hee we Shop eld be ie ein yee of an ere aie ern won me, rip el fers sand aor Nor god hey Soren wed re Ye a Cert nh onary yor ea epion, Yenbe sw pneu se yon i spo Win te end you Not he ws nd oo 0 Sp ssa hal ener a The ween he geson i ad ie no dha uate of ee ran of se di incl on rept: sna mde a Spee ed mow preci fal evn co ent eh wish sd is, ny tobe soge an int sce nc, Tonge begs nyo Ba wt i he a Tirade ins fet ey Yn wo oy tt my andy bevy emp ene Sor y hese rine hrm day ei nny of tm in bse? “Tr hepa a hate a a os pe uns se be odo Tho: sud ht oh sou poston twat fare cone whee is pone ich x omen yd Sopenor sateen est rb eer wooo ‘tnnd of robbers and thieves, oe any ther gang of evil ders ‘mat al then oe nother? Noinded, he sad they could not ur if they abstained from injuring one another, then the nigh sc cageter bere? i Yes And hiss because nus exeate divisions and hatred Siig. and sce pare harry and Eindhipmetth ages hes, becase I donot wih to quar with you How gona of yo T sid but I should like ro know ahr Whether injustice, having this tendeny tn arouse hatred, wherever ‘iting, among slaves or among erica il not make them ba {te srr an seth at vans an render tem eae Cerin ‘a even if injsice be found in tw on wil they not ‘er and figs and become enemies to one anor std to sh we "he wl ‘And suppose injusic abiding singe person, wou your sa ay tha she loses that he retin hee atl pone Lew asume that se ean her pc. : Yess othe power which injustice evecss of such naire hu wherever she takes up her abode, wheter in in an ‘sa family on anyother body, that body to bean with, justice © scanned with OKEN Scanner“Geevont ad does iret become is ommenemy 00 at aN sro tas oppones i and wit bas Is notch te ee? Yeeros + Yeu (sod O yids suey the pods i? Geared that they Ba if 2, che jue wl be the enemy ofthe gs and jest wl be thc fend? Tre ony in emp nd ake you of the amen wake oppine ysl | en please the compa ek em ponte nth your seers ad etme bave emai of ty et. or have aeady han ht theo ve ceeiy wes and beter and aber than the ant 08 ‘fe nyo ae incapable of coma ations ay on, Hat ak we did of ew sh re acing 09 i eters sty tre, or they had ben pero rey as hve ih bas pom me abs bt “Per re ce ae been ve sera of sci the, wh aoe tem comin, weed ot ben hey wo Gp one soe 6 wl 5 i they wet etna emesis; ob dey bean we isin say nj, hey wa ave ben ery neal of “Trae lee mae cf the mea nt what 9 uteri pt ae ber wait He hn tin wha avd for the ears wh ox yg mater 19 inj ater a think tha they ae sai Fh ew exaie Sae Fring es han dhe ue fan He Proceed. a "pce ying un Vl tos Irene has some end? shoo And the end or use of «horse of anything woul be that hte tbe som os el ‘by any other thing? vm areca 1 dt undertand, esd me exp Can yn See, cxcepe withthe ee stanly aot ‘rhear excep wih te ar? Ne hese thn maybe ey dw be the endo thes ns? Tey my thr wm anc sineamch with + dsp on ith din mys wat ~ Al yet por ao wel with pani hock made forte Thue ‘May wet aa tha hs the endo rum ak? Wemay Hen mn hk yo wl have no dificaly waersandig ov waning hen 1 asked the question wheter the end of nw he that which cou ot be ecm, o ot ‘ev acuity any abe iy? "lett oe mean be ai ad ase Al cat which amen pied hs alan ace? Nv Task in wheter he eye ane 1s nl as wo the ye an seen Aine ar has a ed anda excel i © scanned with OKEN ScannerToe, Jha the sre sto of all ther things they have each off hem an nd anda speci excellence? “That is 0, . Wats can the eyes ull shel ed if they are waning thie own proper excelence and have a deft instead? How ean the, he si f they ae blind and cannot see You mean to at. if they have lost dei proper exeliice ‘which i sight bu | have no arrived at dhat pin yet. 1 wou And we have admitted that justice isthe excellence of the > ri instice the defer of the soul? > hatha sen admit. “Then the just sol and the just man wil live wel and sys a alive ‘at what yor argument pres : ‘dhe who ives wes bested and hap: an he wh ives she reverse of haps? Cerny Taher ask dhe question more general and ony ene whe The the jst happy and the just miserae? ‘he things which fli thir ends fli them by thes own proper Sobeit. ‘ecllenee, and fail of fling them by ther own defec? Cera he replied 1 might say de same of the ers whe depeived of ther om proper excellence dey cannot full dir end? Troe. ‘ioc happiness and no micery profitable. OF curse Then, my blessed Theasymachos, inostice can never be mone rofiable than fost. lt this, Socrates, Be sid, be sour entertainment at the ‘And the same observation wll apply oa ther things? ends. agree. Well and has aot the soul an end which nothing ee ARB for example, to supenetend and command and debber and the lke. Are not chee Faneions proper 1 dhe sul nd they sighs be assigned to any ore? To no other or whieh T am indebted 10 you, 1 sid, gow that you have nea pee towards me and have left ff sculding Nevertles, ‘inve not been well entertained but that wie my own fal and ro yours. AS an epicure snatches a taste of eveey dish which } sucesively brought 0 table, he aot having allowed bimslF ‘het enjoy the one before, so have Tone fom ane subject ‘And is not ie tobe reckoned among the ends ofthe soul? washer without having discovered what V snghe at Rist the Assured, he ssid, rare of justice. 1 eft shat enquiry and termed aay to consider ‘And has not the soul an excellence aso? wher este i vite and wim o evi and fol and when Yee there aroxe a farther question shout the comparative advantages wntice and injustice, I could not cefian fom passing on to Aha Ana the result ofthe whole aacussinn has een tha now [And can she or can she not fl her own ends when dps of that exelence? She cannot. thang at ll For Ue not what utc andere a “Then an evil soul must necessarily be an evil ult superintendent, andthe good soul 4 good rer? Yes, necessarily tt Wiel wo Know whether iti or isnot a sre, aor ean T say wher the just man is happy or unhappy © scanned with OKEN Scanner