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LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0
CATEGORY TRADITIONAL
1.1 Introduction
The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities will not be able
to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning
activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. Level 0 is fully prescriptive
where problem, ways & means and answers are provided to the students.
However, it is still necessary especially to first and second year students. It
is hoped that the activity will slowly introduce and inculcate independent
learning amongst students and prepare them for a much harder task of
open-ended laboratory activities.
In this laboratory activity students will be exposed to the usage of Atterberg
limit tests to determine the plastic and liquid limit as well as moisture
content of a given soil sample.
1.2 Objective
3.1 Apparatus
3.2 Procedures
1. Take 200 g of the soil and place it onto glass plate (passed No. 40
sieve). Thoroughly mix the soil with a small amount of distilled water
until it appears as a smooth uniform paste. Cover the mixture with
cellophane to prevent moisture from escaping.
2. Label and weigh 3 empty moisture cans.
3. Adjust the liquid limit apparatus by checking the height of drop of the
cup. The point on the cup that comes in contact with the base should
rise to a height of 10 mm. The block on the end of the grooving tool is
10-13 mm high and should be used as a gage. Practice using the cup
and determine the correct rate to rotate the crank so that the cup
drops approximately two times per second.
4. Place a portion of the previously mixed soil into the cup of the liquid
limit apparatus at the point where the cup rests on the base. Squeeze
the soil down to eliminate air pockets and spread it into the cup to a
depth of about 10 mm at its deepest point. The soil pat should form an
3.1 Apparatus
● Stopwatch/Timer
● Cylinder cup
● 0.425 mm sieve
● Glass plate
● Straightedge
● Moisture cans
● Weighing balance
● Drying Oven
3.2 Procedure
Liquid Limit:
1. Calculate the water content of each of the liquid limit moisture cans
after they have been in the oven for at least 16 hours.
2. Plot the number of drops, N, (on the log scale) versus the water
content (w). Draw the best-fit straight line through the plotted points
and determine the liquid limit (LL) as the water content at 25 drops
(casagrande test).
3. Plot the penetration in mm versus the moisture content (w). draw the
best-fit straight line through the plotted points and determine the liquid
limit (LL) as the water content at 20 mm penetrations (cone
penetration test).
Plastic Limit:
1. Calculate the water content of each of the plastic limit moisture cans
after they have been in the oven for at least 16 hours.
2. Compute the average of the water contents to determine the plastic
©FKA, UiTM PASIR GUDANG MARCH – AUG22
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY MANUAL
PASIR
pA GUDANG
pA limit, PL. Check to see if the difference between the water contents is
greater than the acceptable range of two results (2.6 %).
3. Calculate the plasticity index, PI=LL-PL.
4. Report the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index to the nearest
whole number, omitting the percent designation.
Sample no Unit 1 2 3
Mass of empty g M1
can
Mass of can + g M2
moist soil
Mass of can + g M3
dry soil
Mass of pore g M2 – M3
water
W = Water % [M2 – M3 /
content M3 – M 1 ] x
100%
No. of drops
Mass of can + g M2
moist soil
Ave. Penetration mm
Plastic limit
Sample no Unit 1 2 3
Mass of empty g M1
can
Mass of can + g M2
moist soil
Mass of can + g M3
dry soil
Mass of pore g M2 – M3
water
W = Water % [M2 – M3 /
content M3 – M 1 ] x
100%
Average Water
content
RESULTS
4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion
Result
1. Attach the table of the result.
2. Show the plot for liquid limit & plasticity chart.
Discussion
1. What is the importance of Atterberg limit in soil mechanics?
2. What is the liquid limit & plastic limit value found from the test ?
3. How do you interpret liquid limit & plastic limit value using plasticity
chart?