Digestive System

Dr Alsayed
 The Digestive system

Consists of
1- The alimentary canal (tract).
2- The accessory organs of digestion.
 1- Alimentary tract:

 This is a long tube trough which food

passes.
It starts at the mouth and ends at the anus.
 It consist of the following parts:

1- Mouth,
2- Pharynx,
3- Esophagus,
4- Stomach,
5- Small intestine,
6- Large intestine.
2) Accessory organs of digestion:

 They are glands outside the alimentary tract and

their secretion pass through ducts to enter the
tract.
 They consist of:

1- Salivary glands,
2- Pancreas,
3- Liver and the biliary tracts
 The main functions of digestive system:

1-Ingestion: taking food into the alimentary tract.

2-Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

3-Absorption: passage of digested food from the alimentary

canal to blood.

4-Elimenation: excretion of undigested food as stool.

Alimentary tract:
 The Mouth Cavity
Boundaries of The Mouth Cavity
 Upper Lip

Palate

Cheek

Lower Lip
Mouth Cavity:
- Vestibule
- Mouth cavity proper
Palate (Hard-Soft)
Tongue (Tip-Body-Root)
Teeth
Salivary glands
 The Palate:
Definition: It is the partition between oral and nasal
cavities.
Parts:
a. Hard palate: {bony part}.
 anterior 2/3
 formed of bone.

b. Soft palate: {muscular part}

 Posterior 1 /3 of the palate.
 muscular fold.
Hard palate

soft palate

uvula
 The Tongue
 Site:
1- Oral part: in the mouth.
2- Pharyngeal part: in the pharynx.

 External feature: The tongue has:

1- A tip: the anterior free end.
2- A root: the posterior part
3- A body: it has upper surface and inferior surface.
 The root

The body

The tip
Function of the tongue:
Mastication.
Swallowing.
Speech.
Taste.
 The Teeth

Each individual has two sets of teeth

a. Temporary teeth:
Number: 20 , { 10 in each jaw}
They begin to erupt at 6 month and complete at 24
month

b. Permanent teeth:
Number: 32 {16 in each jaw}
They start to erupt at 6 years and complete at 21
years.
What kind of teeth do we have?
 Structure of a tooth:
It consists of:
1- The crown: the part above the gums.

2- The root: the part embedded in the bone.

3- The neck: the constricted part between the

crown and root.
The root

The neck

The crown
 The Pharynx

 Definition: It is a wide muscular tube situated behind the

nose, mouth and larynx.

 Extent: It extends from the base of the skull to the level of

the body of the 6th cervical vertebra where it becomes
continuous with the esophagus.
pharynx
Base of The Skull

6TH Cervical Vertebra

Parts of the pharynx:
1- Nasophayrnx:
Behind the nasal cavity.

2- Oropharynx:
Behind the oral cavity.

3- Laryngopharynx:
Behind the larynx.
 Nasopharynx

Nasal
Cavity
Base of The Skull

Oral Cavity Oropharynx

Laryngeopharynx

6TH Cervical Vertebra

Esophagus
 The Esophagus

Definition:
It is a narrow muscular tube between pharynx& stomach.

Dimensions:
Length: 25 cm.
Diameter: 2 cm.
 Pharynx

beginning
(Level of C6)

Esophagus
 Trachea Esophagus

termination
Course and Relation:
- It begins in the neck where it is continuous with the
pharynx at level of C6 vertebra.
- It passes in the median plane in the thorax in front of
vertebral column, behind trachea and heart, with lung
and pleura on each side
- It pieces the diaphragm and becomes continuous with
the stomach.
Site of Constrictions
- Normally, the oesophagus shows 4 constrictions at the
following sites:
- At its beginning.
- Where it is crossed by the arch of aorta.
- Where it is crossed by the left bronchus.
- As it peirces the diaphragm.
 The Stomach

Definition: It is a muscular bag which connects the

lower end of the esophagus to the duodenum.

Site: lies obliquely in the upper part of the abdomen

and to the left.

Shape: variable; may be J-shape or steer-horn.

Upper abdomen and to left
Stear Horn Stomach
J- Shaped Stomach
External features:

it has the following:

Two orifices: cardiac and pyloric.
Two curvatures: lesser and greater.
Two surfaces: anterior and posterior.
 Cardiac opening
Stomach

Pyloric opening Fundus

Lesser curvature

Sphincter Body

Pyloric part

Greater curvature

Canal Antrum
 7th
Liver
8th The Anterior Abdominal Wall

9th
6- Left Suprarenal Gland

5- Left Kidney

spleen

3- The Pancreas

1- The Transverse Colon

Parts of stomach:

Fundus: is the part above the level of the

cardiac orifice.

Body: is the main part below the fundus.

Pyloric portion: is the lower narrow part,

the pyloric sphincter is at its lower end.
 Fundus

Body
 The Small Intestine

Extent: from the pylorus to the caecum

Length: about 6 meters long.
Parts:
(a) Duodenum:

Length: 10 inches =25 cm.

At its second part there is an opening of the pancreatic duct and
the common bile duct.

(b) Jejunum
The middle part of small intestine
Length: about two meters.

(c) Ileum
The terminal part of small intestine.
Length: about three meters.
 Jejunum

Duodenum

Ileum
 1ST

2nd

4th
3rd
 Common Bile Duct

2nd Pancreatic duct

 Large Intestine

Extent: from caecum to the anus.

Length: about 1.5 meters.
Parts : it is divided into:
• Caecum.
• Appendix.
• Ascending colon.
• Transverse colon.
• Descending colon.
• Sigmoid colon.
• Rectum.
• Anal canal.
 Transverse Colon 50 cm

Ascending Colon
15 cm.
Descending Colon
25 cm
Terminal Part of Ilium

Caecum

Appendix Rectum
10 cm 13 cm
Sigmoid Colon
40 cm

Anal Canal
4 cm
2) Accessory organs of digestion:

 They are glands outside the alimentary tract and

their secretion pass through ducts to enter the
tract.
 They consist of:

1- Salivary glands,
2- Pancreas,
3- Liver and the biliary tracts
 (1) The Liver
 It is the largest gland of the body.

Weight: about 1.5 kg.

Site: upper part of abdominal cavity mainly on the

right side.

Shape: wedge-shape.
 7th
Liver
8th

9th
 Lobes of liver:
it has two lobes: they are separated anteriorly by
falciform ligament
A- Large right lobe.
B- Small left lobe.
The right lobe has two small lobes:
1- Caudate lobe: on the posterior surface.
2- Quadrate lobe: on the inferior surface.
 Liver

Quadate
Left Lobe

Lobe
Right
Lobe

Quadrate
Lobe

Porta hepatis
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic duct Gall
Bladder
 2) The Pancreas
Length: 12-15 cm.

Parts: It consists of head, body and tail.

A- The head: lies in the concavity of the duodenum.
B- The body: lies behind the stomach.
C- The tail: reaches the spleen.
 Median Plane

Tail
Body

Neck

Head

Aorta
I.V.C
 Structure (Function):
Pancreas is a mixed gland both exocrine & endocrine
gland:

 The exocrine part: is drained by the pancreatic duct,

which opens into the duodenum.

 The endocrine part: secretes the hormones: insulin &

glucagon.
3) Salivary Glands - Size
- Site
- Duct
 The Salivary Glands
1) Parotid Glands
• They lie on each side of the face just below the external
auditory meatus.

2) Submandibular Glands
• They lie on each side of the face under the angle of the
mandible.

3) Sublingual glands
• They lie under the mucous membrane of the mouth
floor.
Salivary Glands - Size
- Site
- Duct
 Mastoid
Process

Mandible
Parotid Gland Opening
Sublingual Gland

Submandibular Gland Opening

Liver
Size
Site
Structure
Biliary System
-Gall bladder
-Cystic duct
-Common hepatic duct
-Common bile duct
Fundus Body Neck