INTRODUCTION

Humanity has been constantly striving to improve their standard of living. This species is known
for carefully analyzing its surroundings and making the necessary changes for maximum benefit. It is
critical to give focus on critical aspects for an improved strategy that helps lead lifestyles. Urban planning
is one such significant element. It is a process that entails investigating and strategizing the proper use of
elements such as water, land, resources, etc. it also involves layout, appearance, and functionality of
towns, cities, and suburbs. It is the process as well as the result of establishing communities where
people reside, interact with other individuals, and engage with the environment around them. A wide
range of disciplines are involved in urban design, including engineering, planning, development,
architecture, landscape architecture, economics, law, and finance.

Urban design could help with developing detailed designs for a neighborhood street or public
area as well as masterplans and design guidelines for larger areas. It is about creating better, more
aesthetically pleasing environments that will hold value over time, all while designing for people at the
human scale. A place should, like any well-designed object, be aesthetically pleasing, long-lasting,
affordable to construct, and maintain.

According to the movie “Urbanized”, Urban Design serves as the language of the city. Everything
we perceived has been designed, each things has been taught about (Burden, 2011). Urban design must
be prioritized by the government to make the community livable, organized and adaptable to modern
lifestyle. Various social issues, environmental problems arise because people uncontrollably fit their own
to the city to thrive. The face of the place will reflect with its architecture and how it was properly
planned because it will signifies the identity, culture, tradition and the behavior of the people who lived
with it.

Urban Design must also consider the historical landmarks and structures. For example the High
Line in US. It is dilapidated and rustic but the Landscape Architect James Corner considered its
significance of the High Line to the people. The designed must knot ties and must not be destroyed.
Post-Industrial structures arise in different cities around the world have come about for 30 to 40 years
and people don’t know how to do with them, people think they should be removed and erased. These
structures in the past can’t easily erased that has been people loved. It’s not erasing, preservation od
demolition, it is really transformation (Corner, 2011).
 The goal of urban planning is to encompass the complexities of human experience and to create
a physical environment that is self-renewing. The main goal is to plan integrated and sustainable human
settlements that can withstand increased environmental, social, and economic challenges while also
improving rural community quality of life.

Scales of Intervention

The practice of designing buildings according to proportions has a long history in the field of architecture
In art, the subject of proportions as a means of establishing spatial reality has been recognized since
ancient times as the relationship between specific parts and particular parts to the whole. A construction
project's proportion is the mean by which it can be divided to create the effects of unity, contrast,
rhythm, harmony, and balance. Scale is one of the elements of urban form it is the dimensions, weight,
and overall impression of a building or area. The term "bulk" describes a building's height, breadth, and
depth in relation to nearby structures, the street, setbacks, and open space. It is one of the crucial
element in any urban design. Different levels of scale chosen during the design process are used as a tool
to manage the various levels of complexity involved in design processes, as the cognition of design
operates on different frames and grains of the given physical entities. From a different angle, scale and
scalar definition of any imagination and intervention in spatial design does also imply certain approaches
to urbanism.

The scale of city elements relates in some way to the size of a single person or activity (e.g
walking distance to a bus stop). The separations between the various city elements are additionally in
scale proportions to the visual recognition distances. Owing to scale, individuals view outdoor areas very
differently as contrast to interior areas. The significance of scale to the perception of place suggests that
continuity of one scale's experience to another is a crucial component of how one sees the continuity of
the urban fabric.

Buildings were designed as stage systems with views, not as independent structures. But it was
not about constructing unified urban complexes devoid of unique individual characteristics. The Baroque
period saw the emergence of a broader interest in the interconnection of architectural structures.
Watching the buildings started, and not just from one direction. It mainly concerned view axes which
future works would be viewed from in reality. Overall, scale in urban designing is one of the most
important aspects to consider in Urban Designing. Architecture of buildings will be much more
appreciated if it has been viewed more often for instance, it gives focal point to the area and it buildings
will be navigated easily if it has been already viewed from a distance. Hence, it establish more appealing
visual quality to the users.

Visual Quality vs. Spatial Management

Human welfare is impacted by the level of quality of the design of the city where they walk and
live. This largely depends on particular physical traits and how they are combined together. Various
factors influence the visual quality of the urban space in various periods. The visual character of urban
spaces in the city's different zones can be attributed to macro-geographical and morphological features
like hills, waterways, and coastlines. These features affect specific urban spaces' visual quality rather
than the entire urbanized area. According to Radovic (2003) the physical structure of the city implies “a
complex set of built elements, space and environment, units and assemblages, which united and
connected in an integrated urban system, create the atmosphere and environment for the complex
processing of urban life”. Thus, in the process of designing buildings and cities, visual perception—which
is defined as the subjective portrayal of objective reality—has always been an intricate and sensitive
subject. Resources and visual character play a dominant role in the identification of cultural, socio-
economic, identity and communal values of the built environment, as the value and meaning of the built
space is manifested predominantly through the subjective view of that space (Perovic & Folic 2012).

However, Spatial management is mostly recognized as a public sector function with the purpose
of influencing future spatial distribution of activities. The aim is to create a more rational territorial
organization of land use and the linkages between them, to balance demands for development with the
need to protect the environment, and to achieve social and economic objectives (Wegener, 1998). It is
also the process of coordinating a region's or city's operations in order to create organized land use that
can meet social and economic objectives while balancing the need for natural resource preservation and
economic growth. It organize activities in the area, territory, or city better and coordinating each of it.

In analyzing these two, visual quality plays an even greater part in urban design. Louis Sullivan
once said, "Form follows function." Visual quality is prioritized over functionality. The way an urban city
is designed affects its citizens greatly because it can act as an interface into society and reflect the local
identity. Function can also be ascertained by looking at how something appears visually. The visual
representation will show how a particular structure functions. As a result, creating the right visuals can
easily identify the structure's functionality. Visual quality and spatial management are two essential
components of urban planning that work together to create more visually appealing and functional
designs.

Spatial Quality vs. Social Embeddedness

Strategies, regulations, design, and the efficient creation and use of spaces are all components of
spatial quality. It covers infrastructure, buildings, and landscapes. Efficient design have greater spatial
quality as function, utilization and demands for people are fulfilled. Spatial quality is concerned with
created environments such as infrastructure, buildings, and landscapes. When we talk about sustainable
designs today, it imply united, effective designs.

According to the book Strategic Spatial Projects: Catalysts for Change, a Spaces should be viewed
as evolving and changing over time to become their potential use. By taking this approach, spatial quality
can be seen as constantly changing as people's and organizations' requirements evolve, and more users
of these spaces takes role in the design processes for these places and locations. Spatial quality also can
affects the physical environment by physical means, such as air pollution. Built environment indicates the
presence of (land proximity to) health-relevant resources, as well as aspects of how settlements are
designed and built (including land use patterns, transportation systems, and urban planning and design
features).

Social embeddedness can be perceived as the nature, depth and degree of bond of a given
entity with its environment (social community). Conceptualization of social embeddedness is usually
done on the basis of a comparison between socially embedded relationships and relationships that are
their opposite (Dubini & Aldrich, 1991). In urban planning, areas must encourage social embeddedness
and connections because it creates a source of creativity, innovation, and resilience; and may be a
potential driver of social change and justice. Depending on how it fosters or hinders the expression,
representation, and participation of different groups and cultures in the public realm, urban design can
either support or undermine urban diversity. Urban design can also create spaces and platforms for
diverse groups to dialogue, collaborate, and learn, enhancing their sense of belonging and ownership in
the city. Social embeddedness may achieved by considering these 3 factors in spatial quality by: (a)
Placemaking improves the physical and social qualities of urban spaces, making them more appealing to
a variety of users. (b) Place-keeping is the preservation and management of urban spaces that have
cultural or ecological significance to various groups. (c) Place-changing transforms underutilized or
neglected spaces into more inclusive environments that provide new opportunities to various users.
Establishing these factors in urban design is a critical component in urban design. Urban planners must
create a design that is accessible to all, regardless of their socioeconomic status, a psychologically
healthy environment, and one that fosters social connections and community harmony.

Relationship between Process or Product

Design process in urban design includes gathering information or research, visual survey,
analysis, functional analysis, synthesis, evaluation and implementation. Data gathering as primary step to
urban design includes Understanding the structure, organization, and pattern of urban areas. Basic
information on land use, population, transportation, natural systems, and topography. Designers also
examine the varied character of the site as well as the structure of neighborhoods and business areas.
The problems and design objectives are also identified.

However, A visual survey is an essential component of any urban design study. It is an

examination of a city's or neighborhood's form, appearance, and composition while, analysis examines
the relationship between activities on various land uses and the related circulation systems. In synthesis
phase, the data gathered and the problem analysis must be translated into a proposal for action. The
evolution of concepts that address the problem is the first component of the synthesis phase. The
development of schematic design proposals follows the development of concepts. Evaluation occurs on
many levels, from meeting technical requirements to gaining approval from the public. After the design
proposals have been completed, they must be evaluated in light of the original problem or issue that
they were intended to address. And lastly, the implementation, the actual financing and construction
strategy is developed. To realize the project, detailed phasing studies and tools are being examined.

Successful Urban Designed City as a product of effective design process are influenced by these
factors. With these process, the growth of the city are planned accordingly before hand as one of the
product of effective urban design process because City development is always most efficient when it is
orderly and consistent with a specific vision. After all, it is based on a framework that considers the city's
current and future needs. City growth that is planned can foster strong relationships between local
leaders, various departments, and citizens. As a result, the entire community can work toward a
common goal of increased productivity and safer living conditions. Thus, it improves quality of life, with a
thoroughly planned city, it can provide its citizens with access to all necessary services, attractions, and
amenities. At the same time, the negative aspects of urban life are reduced, resulting in a healthier
lifestyle and better quality of life overall. Also taking into account a prepared solution for global
environmental issues in order to achieve sustainability. Well-planned cities will thus become the driving
forces of the nations, whereas poorly developed cities may prove highly detrimental.

Objective-Rational Processes vs. Expressive and Subjective Processes

Urban design is not a process in which the designer simply reflects their own style. It is not a
purely subjective process carried out by a single designer. To make the process subjective and individual
would be an irrational way to manage urban space. It becomes apparent that the production and
management of urban space requires technical assessments of a wide range of issues in order to make
efficient use of resources and enable effective application of rules. Urban design is related to other
professions such as architecture, town planning, engineering, law etc. to benefit from their specialist
expertise. To create the urban space and to direct and coordinate the process, all of these require
technical expertise and a high level of scientific knowledge.

Habermas provides a more objective and detailed rationality approach. This method promotes
intersubjective communication based on mutual understanding and reliance. Habermas' communicative
rationality reveals a new reasoning distinct from modernity's ordinary reason. He believes that such
reasoning teaches people "how to live together but differently" and "how to act in the world" in general.
It also provides people with the opportunity to consciously shape their lives. The conscious develops in
accordance with knowledge comprehension and application in acting (Healey, 1996).

The technical process of urban design is based on instrumental or objective rationality.

Throughout the modernist era, objective rationality was used as a technical. An organized approach is
used to successfully achieve the defined goals. This approach, however, cannot be used everywhere
because any social or technological change requires to question the rationality of decisions based on
objective rationality. It may be obsolete or irrational, even if it was rational at the time of decision-
making. The requirement for interactions among the interest groups is another aspect of the process.
This process involves a large number of stakeholders. Designers interacting with other professionals,
agencies in charge of resources and rules, and users of space should consider the interests and
sensitivities of all of these groups. The social aspect of the process defines the limits of logic. All interest
groups must reach an agreement. At this point, the role of the urban designer becomes apparent. A
balance between scientific knowledge and user demands should be established by urban designers.

Urban design is viewed as a creative process as well. Designers combines all design components
with his/her professional background, visual understanding, and graphic skills to express his/her "spatial
concepts in the form of an appropriate scheme" This is a reflection of the designer's subjective world
and the stage at which the designer's creativity manifests itself.

Professional Delineation of Roles and Activities

The development of cities in this period has occurred in a series of successive phases rather
than as a single event. As a result, the 'planning' of these cities has ebbed and flowed, influenced as
much by politics and social needs as by commercial and industrial drivers. To address the complex issues
confronting the future of urban design, a multidisciplinary approach must be at the heart of city
regeneration.

A multidisciplinary approach fosters a keen understanding of how to find common ground.

Understanding and shared knowledge are extremely important for professionals entering the workforce.
However, Urban professionals play an important role in the progressive and dynamic nature of the
urbanization process. The scope of their work can be described as classical articulation, in which the
planning professional's main responsibility is to present a decision-maker with relevant solutions and
courses of action that are important in the planning process. Urban planners can be classified into
various groups, including: Real Estate Developers, Transportation Planners, Metropolitan Planners,
Economic Development Planners, Regional Planners, Civil Engineers, Neighborhood Planners And
Strategic Urban Planners.

A planning professional's most important role is to establish a framework that will be used in the
area that has been identified for development. This framework is typically composed of three
components: land-use regulations, infrastructure investments, and taxation laws related to urban
development (Bertaud, 2010). Urban planners duties are:

 Examine a community's needs and preferences: When building in a community, professional

urban planners begin by assessing the needs of the general public.
 Conduct Research and Studies: In order to determine the best course of action for an urban
community. They may review previous plans that are similar to their upcoming project in order
 to incorporate project ideas, or they may conduct research in the area to determine the type of
land they are using.
 Create plans: After conducting extensive research, they create plans for neighborhoods that
include public transportation, school systems, and retail establishments.
 Communicate with officials: To determine their planning goals, urban planners communicate
with government officials.
 Local trends research: Using a variety of resources, such as census data analysis and
environmental reports, to determine project feasibility.
 Stakeholder presentations: After completing the project development proposal, urban planners
present the plan to stakeholders to discuss the plan's goals, benefits, and potential issues. Urban
Planners also present it to potential stakeholders to look for investors in the planning project.
 Closely follow legal standards: When developing urban plans, these professionals closely follow
all building standards to ensure their project meets all legal standards and policies. Urban
Planners also check zoning regulations, building codes, and environmental standards to ensure
that all restrictions are strictly followed.
 Collaborate with an urban planning team: To produce high-quality planning and building
projects, urban planners frequently collaborate with a team of construction professionals, such
as civil engineers and architects. They may also work with members of the community or
government officials.

Public vs Private Interventions

The function of urban design in the public and private realms has sparked some debate, resulting
in some criticism directed at urban design. As the visual management of urban space, urban design helps
to maximize private sector investments and returns these investments to the private sector again. When
basic needs such as education, health, and housing are taken into account, the visual management-
based interventions would be considered luxurious. On the other hand, if urban design is performed by
the public sector, it will be an instrument of public service and improvement of urban quality
environment. Urban space reflects the values, attempts, and aspirations of those who develop it. Sector
performs and directs the urban design process actively would have the opportunity to shift and manage
the urban space.

The private sector is a key stakeholder in both urban and economic development, contributing
significantly to national income and serving as the primary job creator and employer. The private sector
employs approximately 90% of the developing world's workforce (both formal and informal), provides
critical goods and services, and contributes to tax revenues and the efficient flow of capital. Further, it
will undertake the majority of future development in urban areas (Venables, 2015: 5). It is increasingly
being encouraged to help leverage the opportunities, and mitigate the challenges, of rapid urbanization
(see Topic Guides on State Business Relations, Sen 2015; and Inclusive Growth, Alexander, 2015). Private
sector actors are perceived as playing a role in urban governance: they influence whether urban areas
develop in inclusive and sustainable ways, and they affect poverty reduction and drivers of fragility and
conflict such as unemployment, exclusion and instability (Mac Sweeney, 2008; Hameed & Mixon,
2013; Haider, 2014).

Municipalities must cultivate relationships with local and foreign private sector interests by
involving associations and businesses in city-wide strategic planning processes. This can foster
commitment to a larger vision for the city that extends beyond short-term concerns. Based on the
municipality's strategic vision, this could entail a formalized partnership with organized. Other innovative
collaborations include the private sector providing managerial and technical training and assistance to
municipalities in order to help them improve their strategic management of urban areas.

Public Participation is concerned with an individuals involvement. Citizens have the right to
participate in the planning of their community's future. After all, it is these citizens who will be affected
by new developments, so involving them at every stage of the project, from concept to development, is
critical. Citizens, it is widely acknowledged and accepted, require more say in shaping the future of our
towns and cities. This is now regarded as a fundamental requirement of local democracy. Public
participation is interlinked with participatory democracy. Participatory democracy can be defined as the
process of collective decision-making, where both governments and citizens work in tandem to facilitate
the co-creation of policy-making.

The involvement of Public Sectors cooperation is used for collaborative planning processes.
Induced cooperation stimulating and facilitating role of the local planning authority, which requires
negotiations between mutually dependent stakeholders, and the regulating role, which requires
instruments and procedures under public law, in collaborative planning processes. When it comes to
urban design, public-private collaboration is necessary. The urban design process is made more
accessible by this feature. The communicative action area in society improves democracy participation.
Conclusion

Overall, urban planning must be one of the top priority of the government to a country. Urban
Planning plays a crucial role particularly in this 21st century as cities continue to grow and face various
challenges. Rapid population growth and urbanization are defining features of the 21st century. Urban
planning helps manage the influx of people into cities, ensuring that infrastructure, housing, and services
can support the growing population. Effective urban planning is essential for sustainable resource
management. It involves optimizing land use, water resources, and energy consumption to create
environmentally friendly and efficient urban areas.

Sustainable resource management requires effective urban planning. It entails creating

environmentally friendly and efficient urban areas by optimizing land use, water resources, and energy
consumption. Infrastructure development, including transportation systems, utilities, and public spaces,
requires careful planning. Infrastructure that is well-designed contributes to the overall functionality and
resilience of cities. By promoting green spaces, sustainable building practices, and efficient waste
management systems, urban planning can help mitigate environmental challenges. This benefits both
the overall health of the environment and the well-being of urban residents.

Furthermore, urban planning is critical in addressing social inequalities. It can help to create
inclusive and accessible spaces, ensuring that all members of the community have equal opportunities
and access to essential services. Cities must become more resilient and adaptable as the effects of
climate change worsen. Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, such as designing for flood
resilience, promoting sustainable transportation, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions, can all be
incorporated into urban planning.

With these benefits of urban planning, urban planners and officials must prioritize the
knowledge and build relationships to the public. The disadvantage of Stuttgart 21 in Germany is that its
ambitious plan for the eyesore railway system has erased the city's history and sense of identity. Several
century-old trees were cut down and destroyed so that urban planners could make the development
adaptable to the current condition of the site. The revival of the High Line in the United States has
received more appreciation and value because of the unique idea that retained the memory of the past
while creating new history for users of the 21 st century. The development of urban design is much more
appreciated if tradition, history, and a sense of belongingness are preserved and improved through
architectural intervention.
REFERENCES:

Urban Design

https://www.urbandesign.org.au/what-is-urban-design/

Scale

https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/31292/04SimkoThesis.pdf

http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12624164/index.pdf

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/471/8/082074/pdf

Visual Quality

Perovic, S., & Folic, N. K. (2012). Visual perception of public open spaces in Niksic. Procedia-Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 68, 921–933.