QMS 104: BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

For all
BAED-EC I, BAED-CA I, BAF-BS I, BAF-PS I,
Topic 2
BBA-MM I, BBA-EIM I and BPSCM I Students
By: ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES
Dr. Masoud Amri Komunte OF COUNTING
Department of Mathematics and Statistics Studies (MSS) Contents
Faculty of Science and Technology (FST) Direct counting (Enumeration)
Mzumbe University (MU) Indirect Counting
Fundamental principles of counting
Office: Block C 209 Factorials
Mobile: 0757986609 Principle of Permutations
Email: makomunte@mzumbe.ac.tz Principle of Combinations

Direct counting (Enumeration) Indirect counting

Indirect counting is the process of
What is counting? establishing number of times a certain event
has occurred without using natural numbers
When we count something, we want to know to count.

In this case we will use different principles

Thus, direct counting is the process of of counting which includes fundamental
establishing number of times a certain event principle of counting, principle of
has occurred. To do this we just use natural permutations and principle of combinations.
number to count 1, 2, 3, .,n for an event
which has occurred n times.

Fundamental principles of
Fundamental principles of counting
counting Example
Fundamental principle of counting states that: Find number of possible outcomes when
two coins are tossed simultaneously.
If one experiment has m different outcomes
and a second experiment has n different Solution
outcomes, then the first and the second We have
Experiment 1 tossing first coin whose number of
experiments performed together has m times
outcomes is 2
n that is mn different outcomes
Experiment 2 tossing second coin whose number of
outcomes is 2
Thus two experiments performed together, number of
outcomes is
 Fundamental principles of counting
Fundamental principles of counting Example 1

In general if an experiment consist of k sub-
experiment and for each sub-experiment there
possible outcome such that
Then the experiment can be done in
ways, that is there are
outcomes
Determine number of outcome from (i) 3 coin tosses (ii) 5
coin tosses
. Example 2
How many three digits number can be formed by using the
digits 2, 5 and 8 if
(i) digit can be repeated (ii)digit can not be repeated
Example 3
From example 2 above, how many even numbers can be
formed in each case?

FACTORIALS (!)
FACTORIALS (!) n factorial
A factorial, symbolized by with n being a number between 1 and infinite, is a product of
For any whole number n, it's factorial is the product of the natural numbers that are less than or
consecutive counting numbers starting at 1 and ending at n. The number 0 is an exception. 0 ! has a equal to it. For example: 7 ! = 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 5040
value of 1. That is
In general the algebra behind factorials looks like this:

n ! = n x (n-1) x (n-2) x (n-3) x ... x 1

Factorials are used in many ways, from their use in equations to solving word problems. Their most
useful application is through the calculation of the number of outcomes of an event. Example

Simplify the following (i) (ii)

Permutations
Principle of Permutations
An arrangement of n distinct objects in a specific
order is called a permutation of the objects.
Consider the possible arrangements of the Note:
letters a, b, and c. To determine the number of possibilities
The possible arrangements are: abc, acb, mathematically, one can use the multiplication rule to
bac, bca, cab, cba. get:
If the order of the arrangement is important 3 2 1 = 6 permutations.
then we say that each arrangement is a
permutation of the three letters. Thus Therefore number of permutations of n distinct
there are six permutations of the three objects is just n!
letters.
 Permutations-Example
Find number of permutations of the word (i) TIGO (ii) VODA Permutations
Permutation Rule :
NOTE
The arrangement of n objects in a specific order
The number of permutations of objects in which
are of first kind, are of the using r objects at a time is called a permutation
of n objects taken r objects at a time. It is
kind and is given as
written as nPr and the
formula is given by

Permutations-Example n Pr =
Find number of permutations of the word (i) TANZANIA
(ii) NYERERE (iii) MISSISSIPPI

Permutations - Example
Permutations - Example
How many different ways can four books be
How many different ways can a arranged on a shelf if they can be selected
chairperson and an assistant chairperson from nine books?
be selected for a research project if there
are seven scientists available?
Solution:
Solution: Number of ways Number of ways
= 7P2 = 7! / (7 2)! = 7!/5! = 42. =9P4 = 9! / (9 4)! = 9!/5! = 3024.

Principle of Combinations
Permutations - Example
Consider the possible arrangements of the
In how many different ways can two letters be
letters a, b, and c.
arranged from ABC?
The possible arrangements are: abc, acb,
bac, bca, cab, cba.
Solution: If the order of the arrangement is not
Try it now important then we say that each
arrangement is the same. We say there is
one combination of the three letters.
 Combinations Combinations Example 1

How many combinations of four objects

Combination Rule : are there taken two at a time?
The number of combinations of of r objects Solution 1
from n objects is denoted by nCr and the
Number of combinations is 4C2
formula is given by
4C2 = 4! / [(4 2)! 2!] = 4!/[2!2!] = 6.
nCr =

Combinations Example 2 Combinations Example 3

In order to survey the opinions of customers
at local malls, a researcher decides to select
5 malls from a total of 12 malls in a specific
geographic area. How many different ways
can the selection be made?
Solution 2:
Number of combinations/ways is 12C5
12C5 = 12! / [(12 5)! 5!] = 12!/[7!5!] = 792.
In a club there are 7 women and 5 men. A
committee of 3 women and 2 men is to be
chosen. How many different possibilities are
there?
Solution 3
Number of possibilities are as follows:
(number of ways of selecting 3 women from 7)
(number of ways of selecting 2 men from 5) =
7C3 5C2 = (35)(10) = 350.

Combinations Example 4 Combinations Solution 4

A committee of 5 people must be selected
from 5 men and 8 women. How many
ways can the selection be made if there
are at least 3 women on the committee?
Can you try it? Think more may be you can!
The committee can consist of 3 women and
2 men, or 4 women and 1 man, or 5 women.
To find the different possibilities, find each
separately and then add them:
8C3 5C2 + 8C4 5C1 + 8C5 5C0
= (56)(10) + (70)(5) + (56)(1)
= 966.
 MORE EXAMPLES
1. Suppose you want to buy two lines for your double lines
mobile phone. How many choices do you have from vodacom,
Tigo, Airtel and Zantel mobile companies? (Try this one now)
2. If a box contains 2 black balls and 3 red balls and two balls
are selected at randomly. Find the total number of ways of
selecting these balls such that:
(a) both are red
(b) both are of the same color
(c) one is red and one is black
(Wise student will try example 2 later on)
End of Topic 2
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