After completing this unit, students Find Highest Common Factor (H.CF) (LCM) of algebraic expressions by factori hod. | Know the relationship between H.C. (CM ‘Use division method to de ul common factor and least common multiple. Eafe roti any ‘and LCM. | Use highest common f Teast common multiple to reduce fractional expr Jing, addition, subtraction, multiplication | and division. | | ] Find square algebraic expression by factorization and y oi utcratoCred Me Nene Algebraic manipulation refers to manipulation of _ algebraic expressions, often into a simpler form or form which is more easily handled and dealt with. It is one of the most basic, necessary important skills in a problem solving of algebraic expression. In this unit, we will discuss HCF and LCM of the algebraic e&pa by factorization and division method and their applicatio Common Factor (HCF) / Greatesi sion and Least Common Multiple (LCM) 7 (LCM) of Algebraic expression by Factor (a) Highest Common Factor (HCF)/p For finding the HCF of the éxpression, first we find the factors of each polynomial. The: e product of their common factors. This product of tors is known as HCF by factorization. Example] Sa the following expression by using factorization 6 ¢ 4 W420 and x74 12x +35, (i, (Fy, 2241 and x°44x 43 Solution (i) torize the given expression x"+x - 20 and x°+12x+ 35, factors are as under: ay = 20 = a°45x—4y-20 = x(t 5)-40r+ 5) ‘N =(x+ 5) (x- 4) > and 274 12n-+35 = 2747445 +35 = x(x 7) +5(x+7) = (x45) (v7) ‘Common factor in both the expression is (x 5) : (CR = x45Dred Pier ee a ee Solution (ii): We factorize the given expression (x + 1)", x7=1 and a*#4x +3 ‘The factors are as under: (#1) = (x +1) +1) V1 =(x+1)(@-1) and t+dy+3x43x+x+3 Oo (r+ 3) +1 (r+ 3) QR x +3) (x +1) ‘Common factor in all the three expression is (1+ 1) YY 2 HGF=x+1. Find the H.C of the following expressi¢ factorization method. (0-b)(@+ab+b2) O . @-@P = BY @p +a? (a= Dat Hy @P Cab} (a- Bla + by (2K FI} (a b)(a+ Brkt bP Dgh)(ae+ b2+ ab) HEF = (a - bee aS Least Common 19 (LCM) by Factorization method Least comm iple (LCM) of two or more polynomials is the expression degree which is divisible by the given polynomials. To find LOM by Factorization we use the following formula: ‘Common factors X non common factors the LCM of x°-8 and x"#x-6 Sol low find the factors of x°-8 and x*+x-6 NN 2-8 =(x)'~(2)'=(x-2)(x7+2x+4) wand x7+y-6124+31-21-6 x(x43) ~ 2x43) = (#3) (1-2) Common factor = (v=2) Non common factors = (x +3)(x°+2r+4) LCM= Common factors x non common factors, 2) (x74 2x+4)(x+3)=(x°-8)(x43)Cred Me Nene Find the LCM of x°-1, x°-2x7+x Solution: — Now find the factors of x’ and x°2x"4. 2 ATs Qe) ) Gye) and x¢-2x°4x=x(x"-2r-+1) =x(x-)? =» LCM= Common factors x non common factors LCM=x(a-1)'(+x+1). 5.1.2, Know the Relationship between HCF and LCM. ‘The relation between HCF and LCM of two. Solution: x = 2-3) +3) = (e-2)(a-9) ; find the product of p(x) andq(x). lx) q (x)= (42-5346) x (47-9) @ LCM & HCE =(x ~ 2)(x = 3)(x +3) x (x= =(7-5x+6)x (7-9)... Gi) From results (i) and (ii), we have LOM * HCF = p(x) x q(x), Hence, verified.Dred Pierre Neo ‘Example Find the LCM of the following polynomials by using the formula. plx)= x7#14+48 and q(x)= 2748x412. Solution: Now first we have to find the HCF of the p(x) and q(x). (x)= #142448 =P H8xtGx HB & = x(x+8)+6(¢48) = (46) (e48) YY and q(x) =x? +8412 oO = PHort2x 412 > = x(046)#2(046) = (x42) (+6) so, HCF of p(x) and q(2) is (x + 6). HCF Lem a (0 + 14x +48) reel) (+6) s0, RG era. Ss sCred Me Nene 5.13 Use division method to determine highest common factor and least common multiple To find the HCF of two or more algebraic expressions by division method, the following examples will help us to understand the method. Find the HCF by division method of the following polynon 2a? + 7x? + xd and 2° +927 + 11 +2. Solution: — Now, by actual division, we have, 1 De $7x $4x—4) 2c $90' T+? X WW ETC dx 4 oO . Date 7x46 > NS x 2x? 47x46) 2074 7x7 +x 2x 73? 4 We take common factor —2 from — x42) +6 “feet RY 3x+6 ~3rt6 00 HICK is +2. the HCE by division method of the following polynomials: P+ 20H], x? —Land x°4 4xt 3. "First we find the HCF of any two expression then its HCF with third Now, by actual division, we have, 1 ee Qee lx? ear we2r+1 2x42 We take common factor +2 from 2x+2 and omit it.Pare) Perr Lee ae 00 & The HCF of x? +2x+1andx 4x43 isx+1 Now we find HCF of x+1and x*—1 1 ‘The HCF of all the three als is(x +1). Now we will find LC fion find HCF by actual division, © 42+3) aa = 4x33 6x" + 15x -9 ~6x7+15x-9 =-3(2x*-5x43), we omit-3. Now multiply x°-4x+3 by 2 x5 2x? 5x43) 2x? 8x46 20 +3x 5x? Bx? 11x +6Cred Mea Meno Multiplying by 2, ie., 10x*-22x+12, 5 2x? 5x43) 10x?—22x+12 10x? 25x £15 3x-3 gQ 3x-3=3(x-1)omit 3 and then again bysdivision 2x3 xo) Qe 5x43 fe Be ~3x+ 28 — 6x7 +1 Lx - 6)(x° - 4x +3) x-1 livide x'-6x"+11x-6 by x-1, we have, x2-Sx46 x1) x°-6x7 +11x-6 = Ss 5x? +11 ss Set 45x ‘\ 6x-6 a ~6x £6 oo LCM =(x°-4x+3)(x"-5x46).Pare) Perr Lee ae 5.14 Solve real life problems related to HCF and LCM Rida has two pieces of cloth one piece is 45 inches wide and other piece is 90 inches wide. She wants to cut both the strips of equal width. How wide should she cut the strips? Solution: — This problem can be solved using HCF because she is cu dividing the cloth for widest possible strips. So, HF of 45 and 90 YY 45=3x3x5 Bx 3x5 Product of common factors «3x 5 Ht 5 So, Rida should cat each piece es wide, (EXamplQD Sarfraz exercise every, d Imran every 4 days. Sarfraz and Imran both exercised today,, many days they exercise together again? Solution: This problem gait be solved using least common multiple because we are trying {the time they will exercise, time that it will occurs out the same th They will exercise together again in 8 days.Cred Me Nene (i) 72x4¥'Pand 120x'y's (ii), 180s", 120r's* Rand 2107" (ii) -3x-18andx' +5r+6 (iv) 4x*-9 and 2x”-5xt3 (v) 2a? = 86°), (40440-2407) and (2a°-12ab-+1617) (vi) Peet and 443244341 2. Find the HCF of the following expressions by (i) x°#3x+2 and 3:°-3x-6 i) 2?+15x7431xH12 and 3x'+23x74503 (ii) 4x°-27-100x- 50 and x+10x"- (iv) sHay-2y2, x743y+2y? and 2° a Find the LCM of the following () —-7a'¥'Cand Stai*c® (ii) 21x14 and 3x° es? (w) 6xt+11x43, (wi) ex 4. Find the LCM (i) P25e (ii) ( F of the x°-11x+24 and 1°-6x+6 is (v3), Find the LCM. ICF and LCM of two expressions are (x+3) and (x'#7x7+7x-15), if e expression is x°+8x+15, Find the second expression, ‘The HCF and LCM of two polynomial of the second degree are 3x-2 and 3:°47x?-4 respectively. Find the product of two polynomial. Verify the relationship between HCF and LCM. ie(HCF*LCM = p(x) q(x)) for the polynomial p(x)=x?-8r-20and g(x)=x2- 15+ 50Pare) Perr Lee ae ‘A carpenter got given some free wooden planks. Some are 12cm long and some are 18cm. He wants to cut them so that he has equal size planks to make using them easier. What size planks should he cut them. into to avoid wasting any wood? Train A and train B stops at Hyderabad as 10:30am. Train A stops 12 minutes and train B stops every 14 minutes. when do they e together? Ener on Y~ a Tf p(x) and g(x) are algebraic expressions and q(x) 4 ) ialled 6 an Algebraic Fraction. Simplest form of algebraic fraction is a in which there is no common factor except 1 in numerator, nominator, In algebraic fraction fundamental operations Gakope carried out in the same ‘way asin common fractions. In the following examples we sh the use of highest common factor and least common reduce fractional expressions in simplest form involving funtigmental operations. Use highest c: F factor and least common multiple to reduce expressions involving addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. 1 x7-3x+ 2-6 1 ax7—] 0 2x*-6x+x-3 (2x-1)(2x+l) = X0=3)+2(0-3) 1 2x(x—3)+1(@-3) (2x—1)(2x+1) = BD sere 03 (3x) Qx-Ax+1)Cred Me Nene = (+2), 1 (x41) @x-NQx+1) = (F+2)2x-1)41 (x—D(2x+1) 2x? -x+4y—2+1 _ 2x? 43x-1 (2x-1)2x+1) 4-1 J Simplify. 2 -__*=4 (GREE Simplify: ane Oo 2 x4 Solution: —-3 x42 2x? 4+x-6 > =2____at x+2 2x? 44x Sots x a 26 (x-4) (x 82)(2x-3) 6-x+4 Hees aA = 3-2 2x? +x-6 . ab?+2a b= 6b+9 ify, «= 2a, Ply: B64 23a” + ab? +20 ab—6+2b-3a a ab’ +2a a(b? +2) bP =3b-36+9 ee es ——— ab—6+2b-3a BS 4+2b — W(a+2)—3(a+2) (6? +2) -—4__, bb (a42)(6-3)Dred Pierre Neo _ 4 0-303) (@+2)(6-3) b _ a -3)(0-3) © (a+2)(0=3) _alb-3) ~ b(a+2) simplify: po _ ,Ap+a) Silty: es Heals p=, Ara) Padsts 3r+3)5 = (P+ MP4) , 2p. Solution: Simplification provided p + q#0 and r+s#0 iy) 3 O47 x(Qx+1) 3x(r+1) 2,3 mt-24+3 xe] x42) x53 iy 22 4x21 49 6x-7 X41 ke iH (ee | 09(G5)\a)ss 1 & aa eran +Tet12 x 4x-12 24+ It+12 xr4x-2 | xP -2x-8 4s tS oeeBx 44” 16 ears 4 Pre 8x 44Cred Menno eee 5.3.1 Find square root of an algebraic expression by Factorization and Division We shall discuss two methods, in order to find the square roots algebraic expressions. (a) By factorization (b) By division (a) Square Root by Factorization method. ‘inc juare root e ression: Find sq of the exp 49; factorization method. Solution: — 49x°+126xy+81y" (7x) 2 (7)(9y) + (9y)", = (xt yp, Therefore:= 49x" +126xy +8ly = pacers se yt + 121° 19x. 42x +49, pea) 0} 43x 12x’ 191° 424449 ss +x a1 92 ‘NX 4 t6x-7 28x" 42x +49 a 7 28x? 42x +49 Av +6x- 14 oo 0 Therefore: 4x" +129 -19x7 424-449 = 207+ 34-7,Dred Pierre Neo (Examnpl@] For what value of a the 36x*+ 36x°+ 57x°+ 2dy + @ will be the perfect square? Solution: By division method, we have, 6x + 3x44 ox? 36x"+ 36x"+ 57x*4 24x + a oO +6" +36x* QR 12v + 3x 36x 4571-24 xt a YY +3x £36x°+ 9x" oO 1atertd 8x +2ax +a } +4 £48x7+ 24x 416 12x°+6x+8 Given expression will be a pe a-16=0 >a=16, Therefore, a= 16, will make the What should be ad, H+dx410x245, so that it may be a perfect square? £67 Ort 9 or ~(12x+4) the perfect square will be obtained by adding 12r+4 to the given ‘expression.Cred Me Nene 1. Find the square root of the following algebraic expression factorization method. @ ee ray’ oxy (ii) 4x4! - = ) (» 4} OS +2 (vii) (7-241) (x-6x49) 2. Find the square root of the fol division method. (x44 204 3x74 et 1 (iii) 4x48x°42022+ mei iv) ae Lean y (v) 22x43 -=. (vi) a yt 2yet Gaz (vit) (2 Ayer (vitiy x64 4 a(e 4 jsac40 a weg Soa 4. om be subtracted from9x"-121"+ 4418x124" 18 to make it irfect square? \ ‘or what value of ‘m’,9x'+ 12x"+ 34x°+ mx + 25 will be the perfect square? 6. For what value of ‘p’ and ‘q’, be the perfect square? i) x74 446 ¥ iv) 363 soe (vi) (4x1) 81) (viii) (2 (x?47x+10)(x745x+6) -braic expressions by i 4 40x? + 26x°+ 8x1 a dx the expression x‘ 8x°+ 30x + px + q willDred Pierre Neo True and false questions Read the following sentences carefully and encircle "T’ in case of and ‘F” in case of false statement. SY () HF of 4 andy -2isy-2. (i) HCF ofa’-Landa’Lisa+1. (ii) LCM of + Land x +1isx? +1. (iv) LCM of x4~ y and x? - y'isx?+ y’. O /E (v) HCE ofa? +4a+3 anda? + 5a + 6 isa +3. T/F 2. Fillin the blanks. (i) There are methods to polynomials. (ji) LCM * HICF of two polynomial (ii) HCE of y*- Sy and y * sn (iv) LCMof yaoyee ty cane (v) HCF of, we an, 3. Tick (¥) the aed () — HCFof. x? = dry +4y is: (a) 4 (b) x?+2xy 47 (OMe (4) (-2y) (2y+32)° and (2y+32) is: 2y+3z (b) 2y+32)* Gi) ) yade)? (2) Qy+32)° HCF of 33 -y'and 2+xyty’ is: (@) oxy (b) shay ay? © xy (@) @ew (iv) LCM of (x -y)' and(x -y)'is: @ ey) (0) (e-y)? © et (@) @-yCred Me Nene Ww) Fy i) Simplified form of —Y—,-—1 — (vi) PI fom Ob Sx © ay ~5x © Sx+y exdtay! w(x+y) (a) ax*+ay? © sexy (vil) yf abeny +) (vit e-b (@d) iy Be ‘\ ‘Q HCF P Q S © fa © aa () LCM of 7=x41 and x7 41 is: (a) x41 (b) xP - x41 (841 (d) +x 41Pare) Pienaar © There are two methods to be used to find the HCF and algebraic expression (i) Factorization method (ii) Division method QR © LCM x HCF of two polynomials = product of polynomials © With help of LCM and HCF, addition, multiplicati jon and division of algebraic expression can be found. © There are two methods to be used to find the of algebraic expression (i) Square root by Factorization method. Nw