Language Maintenance O"The study of how languages survive, or the continuing use of (minority) language in the face of a more regionally, socially or politically dominant language.” (Van Herk, 2012)Language shift = Language shift refers to the process by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire of a community. It also refers to the fesult-of this process. = “When a community does net maintain its language, but gradually adopts another one, we talk about language shift’ (Hoffman, 1991) ® ‘The gradual replacement of one language by another as the primary language of communication and socialization within a speech community” (Van Herk, 2012)The factors which could contribute of language @ The patterns of language use 1-The dominant language is associated with social status and prestige 2-Obtaining work is the obvious economic reason for learning another language mine pressure of institutional domains such as schools and the jediaLanguage shift in different communities = Migrant minorities =Non-migrant minorities = Migrant majorities= Migrant minorities: untries like England, Austraia, New Zealand and The USA, the school is the | of the first domain in which children of migrants families meet English. They may have watched English TV programmes and heard English used in shops before starting school, but at school they are expected to interact in English. They have use English because it is the only means of communicating with the teacher and ‘other children. For many children of the migrants English soon becames the language for talking to other children-including their brothers and sisters.= Non-migrant communities: \guage shift is not always the result of migration. | Political, economic and social changes can occur within community, and this may result in linguistic changes As Iran struggles to achieve national unity , Farsi, the language of the largest and most powerful group, the Persian, can be considered a threat to the languages of the minority ethnic groups= Migrant Majorities /= People may shift both location and language because of the political and economic factors Over the last couples of centuries, many speakers of Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh, for instance, have sifted to England, and consequently to English, primarily in order to get work. They need English both for their job success an for their sacial well-being to make friends. But we find the outcome is the when it4s the majority group who do the physical moving.hat are some factors which accelerate a language shift? "Social bilingualism, migration, industrilization, the schoal’s = and government's use of language, urbanization, the prestige level of language, etc. (Cavallaaro, 2005)= Demographic factors Inguage shift is faster in urban areas than rural = 2-The size of the group is some times a critical factor ™ 3-Intermarriage between groups can accelerate language shift ™ Attitudes and values = 1-Language shift is slower among communities where the minority language ly valued, therefore when the language is seen as an important symbol hnic identity its generally maintained longer, and visa versa.ow can a minority language be maintained ? ™ To consider language an important syrnbol of a minority group's identity ™ To live close to each other and see each other frequently ™ To increase the degree and frequency of contact with the homeland ™ To encourage members of a minority community to take active steps to protect their language = Ig use the language in different settings @/To have the support of institutionThank you