3 ‘The Parts of the Simple Sentence Al Su re, form, function Canter this sentence [1] Atheavy snonfall has blacked the mountain passes ‘Vhere are carious ways of analysing this, One way is to say that the sentence contains three units {heavy snowfall hay blocked the mountain passes We cannot simply arrange the units in any way that we ike, Por example, la] below is not an Enghsh sentence [Ia] Hay blocked the mountain passes a heavy snowfall Sentence [1] has a structure in that there are rules that decide the units that ean cco-oecur in the sentence and the order in which they eam occur The three units in [Ire phrases, Phrases also have a structure, We emnot rearrange the internal order of the three phrases in [I] 'These are not Enghsh phrases: eary 9 Heke f heacy suomfall and the mountain passes are noun phrases (cf. +2) and sas Hovkedis a verb phrase (ef. 4.11). We characterize them as these types of phrases because af their structure: in the noun phrases a noun is the main word, while in the verb phrase a xerh is the main word, ‘That kind of characterization describes the type of structure far each of the three mis We ean also look at the three units from a different point of views their fume tion, or how they are used in a particular sentence. Por example, in [1] 4 uamfais the subject of the sentence and the masa of the sentence (ef. 3.3.7} assevis the direct objectThe Parts uf the Simple Sentence [1] A heaesy summa has blocked the mountain passes. However, in [2 belowa Aeary snomfalfis the direct object and in [3] the maontain passes is the subject: [2] ‘They encountered « firey’ sion i sare me open We theretire sce that identical phrases may have different fonctions in different sentences, Turning hack to [1 , ve can combine the descriptions by structure and function Feary suomfil noun phrase functioning as direct object. In this chapter we will be examining the function of the phrases, not their structure. In the nevt section, we will take a preliminary loak at the fumetions af the parts of a sentence isa noun phease functioning as subject, and she nnutstatn passes 1S 3.2 Subject, predicate, verb Ir is traditional to divide the sentence into two n in constituents: the subject and the predicate. ‘The predicate consists of the verb and any other elements of the sentence apart from the subject: Subject predicate 1 Jearned all this much later. The chet is a soung man with broad experies work ‘The fare of the kind parallels the fare of the culture ‘The most important constituent of the predicate i the verb, Indeed, itis the most important constituent in the sentence, since regular sentences may consist of only a verh: imperatives such as Hep/and Laok-Phe verb of the sentence may consist 1 imaging. “The main verb in this verb, phrase comes last: inmagining. ‘The verbs that come before the main verb are auxiliary verbs (helping verbs), or simply auviliaries: cavl have Been T have been following traditional practi fof more than one word co wf the ward ver in two senses 1, Like the subject, the verb isa constituent of sentence structure, In [1] the verb, ‘oF the sentence is strnked and in [2] it is has [1] Anthony [2] Ellen vokead bis beard ew working all day 2, A verb is a word, just as a noun is 2 word, In this sense, [2] contains three verbs: the ausifiariesasand Been and the main verb arorkurg. The three verbs in [2| form a unit, the unit being a verb phrase (ef. 4.11)22. An Introduction to English Grammar 33 Opa tor In section 3.2 1 divided the sentence into twa parts: the subject and the predicate 1 then pointed to the verb as the most important constituent of the predicate We can nov identify an element in the verb that has important funetians in the se itor, Another way of analysing the sentence is to say that it wee the ape consists of three constituents: the subject, the operator, and the rest of the predicate As afirst approximation, [will say that the operator is the first or only ausibiary in the verl af the semtence, fn [1] the verb isc agining [1 You he operator is could the first auaiiary. tin [2| the verb is caw ger [2] Raren caw ger to the heart of a problem The operator is, the only ausiliary The operator plays.an essential role inthe formation of certain sentence structures: 1. We form most types of questions by interchanging the positions of the subject and the operator [I] Youce [lal Could you have been in ‘This is known as subjeet-operator inversion. 2, We form negative sentences by putting at after the operator, In informal style, net is often contracted to af, and in writing 2't is attached to the ‘operator, some operators have very different positive and negative forms (e-2 1 [4] and son tin [a [3] Barbara and Charles are getting married in April (a) Barbara and! Charles |“ getting married in April [4] Naney { [Hal Nancy | > be staviny with us, Operators can carry the stress in speech to convey certain hinds of emphasis: [5] As Pinish your homework, BT HAVE finished it [Oo] A Lam atiaidl to tell my parents, Bi You MUSF cell them, 4. Operators are used in sariows kinds of reduced clauses tn substitute for the predicateThe Parts of the Simple Sentence [7] As Are you leaving? Be Yes, Lam [8] Karen and Tom haven’r see the video, but fill bas, [9] Pll take one if you wf, 34 Dos Be, Have In 3.31 identified the operator as the first or only auxitiary, But many sentences have no ausiliry, asin [1] [1] ‘Terry ards tor a public authority Here thete is only the main verb nvrds. H we want to Roem the structures spectied in 3.8, we have to introduce the dummy operator da with the appropriate en did [la] Dues’Ferry work for a public authority? [Tb] ‘Terry ciesi’t work for a public authorin [lel es work fara public authority, and her sister docs too, ‘The auxiliary din these sentences is dummy operator because itis introduced tu perform the functions of an operator im the absence of true operators such as 11 an i. here are two operators that are not auxiliaries, The verb fe is used as an ‘operator even when itis the main verb, provided that itis the only ver: [2] Teanayan avvful system. [2a] Hasit an avtul system? Under the same condition, the main verb faze is optionally used as an operator: [3] Nora fas just one daughter [3a] Has Nora just one daughter But with fave there is a choice. We can introduce the dummy operator as with ve dayelier?} or substitute wer as the main verb other verbs (res Nora fh las 9, 3.5 Subject and verb Regular sentences consist of a subject and a predicate, and the predicate contains at least a seth (ef, 3.2}, Here are some sentences consisting of just the subject and the verbs24 An Introduction to English Grammar subject verb A door opened. ‘The sun is setting ‘The baby was erying. You must leave Many of us have protested. They have been drinking Sentences usually contain more than just the subject and the verb. Here ane several examples, with the subject (S) and the yerb (\) stalicized and fable is tack boots (S) dad (V) pained toes and faney stitching 1{S)rained(V} every day of our vacation Every hina of medical equipment (S) as Vin short suppl ‘The subject need not come first in the sentence Eventually the manasine diveetor(S) mvervened (V) in the dispute Over the years she (S) had cofleced (V) numerous prizes for academic achievement Sometimes, a word or phrase comes between the subject and the verb’ They (S) often siay (V) with us at weekends Or there isan interruption between parts of the verb) He(S)(V) never shawl (V9 this country enough ‘The easiest way to identify the subject in a declarative semtence is to turn this sentence into a yeeino question (one expecting the answer yes or‘). ‘The operator {op} and the subject change places aby (8) has (ap) been ¢ Has {op} the duty (S) becn ryin Beer sriponent(S) as (op) in short supply Hasop}every kind of me fmsewt (5) in shart suppls Eventually she managing director (S) mtersened in the dispute Did op) the sana ‘tur (S) eventually amtervene tn the dispute? In may be necessary to ttm other types of Sentences into declarative sentences t identity the subject tor this test and the next test, For example, the subject in [13 is that part of the sentence that changes place with the operator when the question is turned into-a declarative sentenceThe Parts of the Simple Sentence Another way of identify he subject of a dechrative sentence is by ashing 41 question introduced by who of what followed by the verb (without subject ‘operator inversion), The subject isthe constituent that mia or whar questions: [4] My Broh(S)rufted (V) by telephone with President min of China, [4a] io (S)iatte (\) by telephone with President Jiang Zemin of Cla =e Torin (S) has become (V) the fastest growing industry in our country [Sa] Whar (S) has become (V) the fastest growing industry an our country? Tourism We can identify the verb of the sentence because it cha auniliaries to express differences m time (For example, past and present) or attitude {or example, possibility, permission, and abligation). Here are some examples with the verb pr its form or contains predicts was predicting might predict predicted may predict could have predicted is predicting will predict should have been predicting We could use any of these forms of predict as the verb in this semtence He predicted (V) another world recession 26 Subject Many grammatical rules refer to the subject, Here are some examples, including several that [have mentioned exter 1, ‘There are rules tor the position of the subject, ‘Phe subject normally: comes before the serb in dectaratives, burt in questions it comes alter the operator [1] They (8) accepted (V) fall responsibility [Ia] Pid (op) hey (S) accept (V) fall responsibility he sulbject comes hetire the verb even in questions if vie or whut or an interrogative phrase such asm peri is the subject [Ib] Hho (S)avcepied (V) full responsibility 2. ‘Phe subject is normally absent in imperatives: Heip (V) me with the tu 3, Most verbs in the present have a distinctive firm ending in -s when the subject is singular and refers to something or someone other than the speaker fr the person or persons eing adresse:mw An Introduction to English Grammar The older child (singular 8) 2eds (singular V) the younger ones, Tie ole 1 (plural $} 2ed(plaral V) the younger ones The sen ar §} has (singular V) 2 clear moral position on racial ‘equality Pie sevutors (plural 8) daze (plural \) a clear moral position on racial exualit 4. Some pronouns (words like 4 y fie hey) have a distinctive form when they function as subject of the sentence or of ehuses in the sentence Sie (8) knows me well 1{(8) know fer wll, and they (S) know her well 00, 5. ‘The subject determines the form of reflexive pronouns (those ending in usados) that appear in the same clause wf such as fers ours the 1(8) hurt ays “The child ered when fe (8) hur ins baal You ($) ean look at yonae She (S) can Took at fers inthe mirror. n the mirror 6, When we turn an active sentence inte a passive sentence (et, 2.6) we change the subjects: Active: Tie (5) called Passive: (8) was called by We cam also omit the subject af the active sentence when we farm the passive mice, and indeed we generally lo 0 Passive: Te was called. 37 Transitive verbs and direct object Ha main verb requiresadirect ab verb, ‘The tem ‘transitive’ comes trom the notion that a person (represented the subject of the sentence) performs am action that afivets some person or thin: ect to complete the sentence, itis a there is a transition® of the action from the one to the other, Indeed, the direct object (JO) typically retery to person or thing directly atfeeted by the action described in the sentence sl ny’ ennai (IO), he strambesvies IO}, fees i my «doy Helen reeei ‘They ate 1 dusted te fa Anthony stroked Ais fe a (dO) One way of identifying the direct object ina declarative sentence is by asking a {question introduced bs sv or iar tollowed by the operator and the subject. The object is the constituent that mio or what questions:The Parts of the Simple Sentence [1] Carter has been phow [la} Hai (IO) has Cop} C iphing light bulbs lately -(S) been photographing lately reed the adverse effects of the J (op) Sandra (S) record? [2] Sandra rex [2a] Wai (dO) d Vhe advevse effects af | Dom is phoning his mother 1] (40) (op) Dowr(S) phoning His mai Some grammatical rules refer to the direct object, 1, ‘The direct object normally comes after the verb (bur ef. 3.11) 2 (V) fish ufhs (0) lately Carter 2, Some pronouns have a distinctive form when they function as direct abject (ef. 34} Sie phoned (JQ) earlier this evening He phaned her (UO) earlier this evenin: IF the subject and direct object refer to the same person or thing, the direct object isa reflexive pronoun (et, 3.6(5)) ‘he children hil shem: 4. When we turn an active sentence into a passive sentence, the direct abject of the active sentence hecomes the subject of the passive sentence Active: ‘The tests revealed traces af anstuay (dO), Passive: Paves of wnthuay (S) were revealed by the tests In this section T have discussed one basie sentence structure SVO: subject ~ {transitive} verb ~ (direct) object 38 Linking verbs and subject complement Wa serb requires a subject complement (SC) to complete the sentence, the serh is a linking verb. ‘The subject complement (underhned in the examples that tllos) typically identifies or characterizes the person or thing denoted by the subject: [1] Sandra is my mother’s nan [2] Your room must he the ae yeas to spine [3] ‘The upstairs tenant seemed a eeliable person [4] A university is of scholars28. An Introduction to English Grammar [5] ‘The receptionist seemed 3 (6) You should be more gareful [7] ‘The distinction became guite clear [8] ‘The corridor js gun array The most common linkin seth isfe, Other common linking verbs (with examples cof subject complements in parentheses) include: seco (a ” sccm (obcinasy fel (fooksh) get (ready look (cheer (orange). Subject complements are typically noun phrases (ef 4.2), as in [1] ii above, or adjective phrases fe, 421}, asin [SHS] abave We have now looked at 10 base sentence structures: G.I) SVOs subject (transitive) verb ~ (direct) object G8) SVC: subjeet-+ (hnking} verb = (subject) complement 39 Intransitive verbs and adverbials Hf a mai serb does not require another element t camplete it, the verb 3s intransitive astrating (V). We have now seen three basic sentenve structures G7) SVOs subject + (transitive) verb + (direct) object G8) SVC: subject + (linking) verb = (subject) complement G9) SVs subject intransitive} verb “The structures are basie because we ean always add optional elements to them hese optional clements are adverbial. Adverbials (1) convey a range of infor mation about the situation depicted in the basie structure (ct. 3.14). In [la below, the adverbial isfy depicts the manner of the action, and the adverbial ni Hiote Howse indicates the place of the action: [1a] ‘The protestory were demonstrating voity (A) White House (). 4s [Ia] indicates, a sentence may have more than one adverbial Jsielyis aw imensifer of age, comering the intensity of the aurecing [2a] Lentsely (4) agreeTie Parts of the Simple Sentence In [3a] onfartunaiely supplies the writer's comment [Ba] Cnfiriumately (A), mo eure exists In [4a] shevejire points to a logical connection between the mo sentences. Phe evidence stated in the first sentence is the reason far the jon in the second sentence [4a] A reliable witness has testified thar they were in Melbourne on the day they claimed to be an Sedney. Therefare (A) they are I The sentences [la}|4a] with adverbials have the basic structure SV, which we alo sce in the parallel sentences [I {4] without adverbs, In [5] the basic stuc- ture is SVO and in {6} itis SVC «ses (A) the labyrinthine committee structure provides a useful function in dissenuinating information, [6] Jade is plemtital ar sis area (X} the aalverbial has eancessive free fdespite all its weaknessee) and in [6] it indicates place We should be earefial to distinguish adverbial from adverbs (ef. 5.15). ‘The adverbial, like the subject, isa sentence constituent; the adverb, like the noun, isa word 3.10 Adverbial complement J esplained in seetion 3.9 that adverbials are optional elements in semenee struc= ture, However, some elements that conyey the same information as adverbials are obligatory because the main verb is not complete without them. Such obligatory clements are adverbial complements (aC), Gotrast [T] with [a [1] ‘The protestors were demonstrating esis the 1 [la] Phe protestors were nase the Whe Honse (aC). Jn [1] the sentence is complete without the adver not complete without the adverbial complement al, but in [la] the sentence is ‘Typically, adverbial complements reter to space, that s, location ar ditvetion: The city lies 225 ny aC) The nearest inhabitants are te wip aay aC), ear) This road goes to Masioon (aC). George is getting into hisaw An Introduction to English Grammar Adverhial complements may convey other meanings Their work issn she vary stages (aC), ‘The show will lst fe hows (aC), ‘The children were niet err mrher (aC). ‘These lerters are for Cindy (aC) We can now add a fourth basie sentence structure to aur set G7) SVOs subject + (transitive) verb + (direct) object G8}_—SVC: subject + (inking) serb + (subject) complement G9) SVs subject intransitive} verb GAN) SVA: subject verb ~adverbial (complement) The most common verb in the SVA struct 3.11 Direct object and indireet object We have seen that 4 transitive verb requires a direct abject to complete the sentence fef. 37}. Some transitive verbs can have t00 objects: an indireet object fallowed by a direct object. The indirect abject ((O) refers tw a person indirectls affected by the action described in the sentence. The person generally receives something or benefits trom somethin Ruth gave ny so (iO) a dirthaley prevent JO} (1 [2] Lean show you (1) nny liplama (40), [3] My tricnds will save ter (10) a seat (dO), [4] You may ask the speater (10) anoaer question (IO), The indirect object is usually equivalent t0 a phrase introduced by 49 01 fig but that phrase normally comes after the direct object. Sentences |1a{4a] parallel (HAE [la] Ruth gave a birthday present to mys [2a] Lean show my diploma ta yi [Sa] My friends will saxe-a seat for fers [4a| You may ask another question » ‘The structures in ||] and those in [Ia}-[4a] differ somewhat in their use, sme there isa general tendeney for the more important information to come at the end {ot 9.2), Por example, ifthe son has already been mentioned, but not the hirthela present, we would expect [1] to be used rather than [Ta}, though in speech we can indicate the focus of information by giving it prominence in our intonationThe Parts uf the Simple Sentence We can question the indirect object ina way similar to the questioning of the direct abject: [1b] GO) did Ruth give a birthday present ta? he grammatical rules that refer the direct abject (et, 3.7) also refer to the indirect object 1. ‘Phe indirect object eames after the verb: Ruth gave my son (iO) a birthday present (JO), Notice that the indirect object comes Ayfove the direct object 2. Some pronouns have a distinctive form when they function as indirect object: Fpaid her GO) the full amount Sie paid me (iO) the fall amount 3, Ifthe subject and indirect object refer to the same person, the indirect object is zenerally a refkesive pronoun (et, 3.6(3)} ‘The mam WO) abu ging director pail fe we salary 4. When we nurn am active sem he indirect abject at the active sentence can became the subject of the passive sentence nce into a passive sentence, The principal Tany (S) way ated Tony iO} an interview ned an interview ‘The direct object ean also become the subject, but in that ease the indirect object fi retained) is eenerally represented by a phrase introduced by to or fir: An interview was granted to Toms We can now a a ih basie sentence structure GA) SVOs subject = (transitive) verb = (direet) object 38) SVC subject + (linking) verb + (subject) complement, G9 SV subject ~ {intransitive} verb, GIN) SVAL subject = verb = adverbial (complement) GAIT) SVOG: subject « (rransitive) verb + findivvet) object 4 (direct) object 312 Direct object and object complement In 3.11 we have seen examples of transitive verbs that require two constituents an indirect object and a direct object. Ln this section [introduce the two remain- ing structares, cach of which consists of a subject, a transitive verb, a direct object and a complement. In both structures the complement is related to the direct, object.82 An Introduction to English Grammar In the fst structure, the direct object is fallowed by an object complement (C His jokes made i audience (40) ancasy (oC) (1) [2] Tdectared tie meeting (AO) pen (oC). [3] The heat has turned the mf (UO) sour (oC). [4] They elected fer (WO) there eader (oC) ‘This SVOC structure parallels the SVG structure (ef. 3.8), but i the first struce ture the complement is related to the direct nbject andl in the second its related t the subject, Compare (1 [4] with [Ta}-{4a] fla) The « {S) is uneasy) The mevtang (S) is upon (SC) [3a] The wil (S) is soar (SC). [Ha] She (S)is their feader(sC), Finally, the direct abject may be followed by fel, 3.10} n adverbial complement (aC) [5] You should par (¥) the cliekew (0) im the mieromave (4), [6 Dheep (V} my ear (dO) se (aC). [7] He stuck (Vis hands (UO) sr bas pockets). Just as the SVOC structure parallels the SVC structure, so this SVOA structure parallels the SV structure [Sa] The chiebew (S) isn the microwave C), [6a] My car (S) is euside she hause (aC), [Ta] His ans (S) are ra hs parbess (aC) We have now looked at four basic structures with transitive verbs and direct objects GF) SVOs subject » (ransitive} verb + (direct) object G.11} SVOO: subject + (transitive) verb + {indixeet) object + (direct) abject G.12) SVOC: subject» (transitive) verb (direct) object» (object) complement G.12) SVOA: subject = (Grunsinive) verh = direct object) + adverbial (complement) 313 The basic sentence structures J will now summarize what bas been deseribedl so far in this chapter, ‘The following lements (major sentence constituents} function in the basic sentence structures:The Parts of the Simple Sentence 33 subject s verb V object O- dircet abject dO © indirect object 10 complement C— subject complement sC C> object complement of 4 —adverbial complement a€ ‘These elements enter inte the seven haste sentence structures 1. SV: subject » intransitive verb (ef. 5.9) Somena (8) 6 tathing (V), 2. SVA: subject ~ ser My parents (S) are ji adverbial complement (ef. 3.19) (Vin G 3, SVC) subject » linkin 1(S) el (V) verb + subject complement ed (SC) 4. SVO: subject = transitive serb—direct abject fet. 5.7) He (8) have finshed (V) ane swark (GO), 8, SVOO: subject » transitive serb + indirect object © direct abject fet 3.11) She (S) has given (V) me (iQ) the fener (AO), 6. SVOAS subject © transitive verb © direct object + adverbial complement fef. 3.12) Vion (S) ear pur(V) your coat (HO) ar my beetroown (aC 7. SVOC. subject + transitive verb © direct abject © object complement fef. 3.12) Vou (S) dare made (V) me (IO) A99°(0C). The structures depend on the choice of the main verhs, regardless af any suifiaries that may be present ‘The same verb (sometimes in somewhat different senses} may enter into different structures. Here are some examples: sy Thave eaten SVO: —Thavecesey lunch SV: Ir smell SVC: Itsnelis sweet SVG Heelra foal SVO: He ets the material SvO. some sandwiches SVO0: them some sandaviches,M An Introduction to English Grammar SVO: Thayer SVOC: have ‘my representative her my representative s\ Phe children are. SVO. The children are gro SVG: The children are SVO: She SVOO: She. SVOA: She 1 cATTOIS vt me. seme atish shtme ott my guard. 14 The meanings of the sentence elements ‘The sentence elements are grammiatical, not semantic, categories. However, they are associated with certain meanings. In this section [ will illustrate some typical Subject 1. agentive Jn sentences witha transitive or intransitive ver, the subject tpl has an cntive tole the person that performs the action Marti vulineis calling l ‘The identified re is typical of structures witl a has switched! on the television 2. identi a linking verb Jeremy was my best friend, Davis is my sister-in-law characterized The characterized role is also typical af structures with a linking verb This Brana of enffee tastes better Poyfis an excellent student 4. affiveted With intransitive verbs the subject frequently has the affected role: the persom cor thing directly atfeeted by the action, but not intentionally performing the action Theyare drown Tike mater has boiled ie Sometimes there is 0» participant. ‘Phe subject funetion is then taken by iy which is there merely t0 ill the place of the subjectThe Parts of the Simple Sentence 35 13 raining, Iralready eleven welock, too hat, long way to Mins Verb ‘The major distinction in meaning is between verbs that are stasizeand verbs that Stative verbs intraduce a quality attributed to the subject ar a state af attains Tanra French eitizen Their children She fas two brothers Tier your alarm this morning Dynamic verbs introduce events. ‘They refer to something that happens: Her books self well We taffedabout you last nit Your ball has I isened to ber respectfully omy window Dynamic serhs, but not stative verbs, occur quite normally with fel $12,414) Her books ares We were sath They hi She is ing well about you last night fe been playingin the yard When stative verbs are used with the-g form, they have been transformed into dynamic verbs ‘Their children are feing noayy. Cbehavi Tam facet party next Sunday evening, nosis”) Direct object 1. affected ‘This is the eypical role of the direct object. See subject (4) above She shook fe Threw she the floorMin Introduction to English Grammar 2. resultant ‘The direct object nay refer tp something that comes into existence as a result oof the action Hes written on aevount of Pun kuntting o sireaser for mnyselt eventive The direct object may refer to an event, ‘The eventive abject generally con tains noun that is derived from a verb, In typical use, the noun earries the rain part of the meaning that is normally carried by the verb, and is preceded by a verb of general meaning, suck ay di, have, or make ‘They were having w quarred (cf They were guarvellie) Thave made my chive, (cf [have cose) Indirect object The indirect abject typically has a recipient rote: the person that is indirectly involved in the action, generally the person receiving something or intended te receive something, or benefiting in some way ‘They paid se the full amou He bought Sure. bunch of fhwers. David has been showing lidew his computer printout, Subject complement and abject complement he complement typically has the role ofattribute, ft autributes an identification cor characterization to the subject if tis a subject complement (6C)—ar the direct object if itis an abject complement (C} SC: Susan is apy aeons SC: Ronald became w paid avitaton oC: Thave made David uy: asittay, oC The sun has turned our curtains ye Adverbial Adherbials have a wide range of meanings, some at which apply to adverbial complements (ef. 3.19, 3.12). Here are some typical examples: 1. space My school is south of re sizer (position im space} She has gone éw abe band, (direction)The Parts of the Simple Sentence 37 ‘Phes're staying with us far a w weeks, (duration) We come here gutte afew (frequency) Your next appointment isn te favs day {position in time) manner ‘Phe students cheered witty T examined the statement carefully. 4. degree Hike them sez We kitow her eauise My brother is ill wh she ‘They voted tar her eur ofa seuse af yal 6 comment on truth-value (deuree of certainty or doubt) finish on time ath copies were destroyed 8. providing a connection between units Tyas not friendly with them: f unfairly Wearrived ton late, and « vrs 1 did not want thet to be treated vst we missed her. EXERCISES Exercises m asterisl ae more a Exereise 3.1 Subject, predicate, verb (of. 3.2) In each sentence below, underline the subject and circle the verb constituent 1. Since September, the airline industry has suffered its greatest ever slump in business, Analysts predict several years of diminished business