SOLUTIONS TO THE CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 PROBLEMS IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA WARREN E. STEWART EDWIN N. LIGHTFOOT Department of Chemical Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin New York ~ London, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHaerer 4 — Checked by | T. J. Sadowski L.A Computation | Rn of Goses at Low Den Two methods of solution are given in the texts the kinetic theory method based on Eq. |.4-18, and the corresponding states method baxd on Fig. 1.3-1, The kineivc Huory method is mor acurale, Coluulahons by both methods are summarized here. _ Me a Dap y dan [Mei] gmc | =e] nites | 0, 32.00| 3433) 113, 200 | 108 0.02029 | Ne | 202 3681 | as 320 | 1oan 0. 01747 ees 16.04 | | S822] Bt 24 | Lis 0. 01044 | _ Corresponding Stans Merned: oe [ Constants from lable 5-I Pr Me Brvalcted | | Gas | T. (K) | peat) | pe Cop) | = = BE | (fg. bao preny | O. | ies [487 [o0250 tao | 6.020 O82 | Na 126.2 335 0.0180 2.32, 0.030 0.97 0.075 | CHy | 191-0 458 0.0159 1.64 0.022 0.64 0.0110 ‘The observed valus are: 0, (0.0203cp), Na (0.017Sep) , CHy (0.0109 cp), as given wn Table 11-2, L.B Calculation of Viscosities of Gas Mixhares ak Low Density For the binary »yiem bang considered re seo “be He cs CchF, — 2h0 According to Eq, 4-20, & é i. =1, and “Le (HIM (ERIM = 008 an els Bs1 120.4 124, zoie \"4 == 2.) I. 1 f= flies (BR) MCREYAT® = coro Application of Eq. 14-19 than gives: Ze i 2.2 A= Be AtB= | xy | 2xjhy | Lx yhy xi / Ey xpi/ Sa Paine” Hongx 108 er nin Ht i 6.00, 3.434 ie00 0.0 124.0 (124.0) ato | o2s | 3.200 0.13 o4 tau. 3 ant (aa. | OSO! 2.467 0.546 17-4 113.6 130s" 43-4 i o7s | 1734 0.314 32 91, Bos las | 1.00} [.000 0.04z a4 0.0 (88%) Bas (8) Fom lable 8-1 we find that 1,= 126.2°K , pe= 33Satm., and He= 180x 1O~ g crn} sec '. Hence: Pe = pipe = (1000 + 147 )/(33.59C147) = 1-40 b From fig. 13-1) Mr = Lo! = Wh = (400468 / (126.218) = 232 iil Hence the predic viscosity 1S = By He = (-0F)(18Ox 107%) = 1.93 x 107% cow sect (bo) Fem Table lt-2, at 20°C (68°F), po al (6 107 g cmt see. Tom Mig, 13-2 for the vabics 3 Pe Gnd Tp Calculated above, pi = 1, Hence the predicied viseasily 8 i b= pp? = (an yciasxio4) = 1.93 %107* g cmtsec A.D Estimation of Liquid Wiscosity (a) Equation 15-10 may be used with valugof N,h, R fom TableC.2, and nn oT (R) 273-2 373-2 e (gy cm=3) 0.9948 0.4584 V=Mip (cm? g-molcn") 18-02. isso} AG np (cag) at rormal boiling pt) 4989 aq DU np = MAD yup (eat g-mncie™") 3,982 | 8,988 | exp 0-408 AU yu, /RT B.6ox10% | 1.40 x0™ Nas P(g et eet) 2aixio*| aaiaxiot Redined Viscouiry (4 € 0-19 0.02973 (by Use Eq. 15 42 te get: (Hew Tp = 373974) At 213.2% At 373.2°% a2 x10) exp (5.89(919.29/(278.2) = 4.04107 "gun's fh = (Zur) exp (3.3) = 9.5 x10} go sect Summary of results: orc lootc, Ovserved viscosity Cop? L737 0.2821 Prediuicd by Eq. 15-10 484 2.97 Preaiciea by Eq, 15-18 t.0 gs Both equahons give poor predichons. This is not Surprisirig inasmuch a5 Phe cmpriveal forevuta in Eqs. LS=| Gt seq. donot hold for wake, nor for mest astouakd sub stances. LE Molecular Vetocity and Mean Free Path From Eq. \.4-l the mean speed of A molecule is we [BRR =f 8 eam 107 x273.2)' 2 425 x10 em sect ™M wT (32.00) From Eq 14-3 the mean free path is (82.057X273.2) -6 = 4340 NZ re (3x 10-8)* (41) (6.023% 1074) Hence the mean fice path is (43% 169/ (34107?) = 310 molecular dia encten under these conditions. cm In the liquid state, on Hu other hand, te correspondiag Tatio wbuld be of the order of magnitude of or een less than, unihy L.F Compartson of the Uyehara-Wation Chart with Kinetic Theory (:) Gmbination of Eqs. 4-H and 18 gies Sree 2 BO acoqexios SE YM PB In addition, from Eq. L4-il we knew that T= O17 wT/e The calculations for the kwiehic thedry blo! are summarized below| V6 Tt Oye | Ondine = y Be Bom from Table | 2.6093 VED, i Aig. 13-1 | B-2 fa O38 0.23) 2785 0.464 } _ | OF 0.308 2aie 054s : _ 05 0.385 2.287 a.735° Hl - | 0.8 0.616 | 1780 tag ! 0.215 Lo 0.170 1.587 1.492, 0.342 We Liss 1314 28S 0.515 2° tse fo waias Dar : 0.64 3.0 23) |! Loaq 3.90 | 0.96 50 335 | 0997 | 565 : 43g Bo Ge 0. e584 116 | 138 10.0 2.70 O.8LY4 400 2.16 SS = As may br seen th the figure both Hy kinehe theory plot and the Uyehara- Watson plot predict essentially the sams kempernhure cpencanceef visosity, as fs seen by the Similar shapes of tha hwo cures. (b) Using an asemge value for the ratio of Hhe ordinates of the wo curves, we get: poe ME To a — = 42 x 1075 Bie where pL [2] 9 on! seen! Pe in micropones we get: wet 42 MPT ater A, and Te [=] °K. Solving for {) Estirnation of of by Bq. L412 gives bee 42M 7% Loess EA]? = 59am heh ve Eq. 1.3-2 gives a coeffiuent of 61-6 but is otherwise i dantcal, Estrnation of oF by Eq. 14-14 gives: Bes 42 Me TU [zat (teyp.y \ ~ T.06 M'& pM Tos This should be compared vaith Eq. bos in wien the namarial wottracnt is 770. In View of He epprovimalt manteop Eqs. b4-il 2, 43, Uyshara and Watson's relahons re to be picterrea,Figure fer Problem 1.6c 1.G Companion ofthe Simple Kinetic Theory with the Exact Theory for Rigid Spheres When Eq. 1-4-9 is written tn terms of the units uscd in Eq. 14-18, and dis assurmd 4e be the Same as o” we get: = 2% A(M/N aT p= 4%. 3 ve ae 2 (1.3805 x 107" ) th (MT ane 6.023 x 107% (oe 4) = 1.813 x 107% “SS Eq. L418 reduas to the same form as thal above (by setting Quy cqual te unity) but the numerical constant is 2.6693 x 1075, Hence the simple kines Heong I low by about 22% for rigid spheres. CuapteR 2 — Checked by V.D Shah 2.A Determination of Capillary Radius by Flow Measurements Solve the Hagen-Poiseuille formula for R to get R- 4/8&kelo . 4/ 8P?Lw AI x Ap or Ap in whith P=p/p and w= pQ. formula to get! R= 4/ 8(4:03 x 1078 )(0.5002 2.997 x10°9)_ (3. 1416 )(4.829 x 105) = [3.105 x 107° = 751x107 m or OLTSI_mm, The Reynolds number for the system (s: Using mks units we subbshhute into this (mks unite Used here) Re = Dwrp _ 2(# 2 (2.997 x Io) EOE \RPp T (7.512 x107*)(4.03 x10 0.9552. x10)7 Hence Re = 66.0, and the flow is laminar (this justifies use of fre. Hagen Poiseuille law. Inasmuch as Le = 0.035 DRe = 0.35 cm. , allowance for he tnd effects would wot change R by mor than a factor of: 2.B Volume Rake of through an Annu We use Eq. 24-16 im which KS O88e Oe p= (136.9 Ib, FO he ) (see he = 380x107? Ib, feo! (R-PL) = (8.37 Ip i*)(32.17 poundals Thy!) (144 in" fe) = 2.44 x10" poundals fe R= (li in)\(& Hi") = 0.0417 fF Thensubstthibon into Eq. 24-16 gives Q= we (24-4 “to* IL fen! S07) (0.0 ostT ey (0.163) 9 og B (3.8 x 10-* Ibm FE see) (21 Fe) - Ft 3 sect Te verify that it was proper to use the laminar flow formula of Eq.24—Ib we compuk the Reynolds number: = 2R (I-*) dvyp 2 ( Re ee ES ae) (Te) - z& (0. 108)( 80.3) = (090 ® (0. O917 C3. B x10 YI. 45) 2-C Loss of Catelyst Partices ma Slack Gos @) Rearrangement of Eq, 26-16 give: v= v= Dy-p)g /18 in which Dis the sphere diameter, When vy Is larger than 1.0 ft sec! (vertically lowmward) then the porticle will not * 40 up the shade, Henue we want is und that vaheo} D for whic vj = LO ft see! This will be the maginvim cliameter of partides that can be lost.Using cgs units we get: vy7 OF ft seo *) (42 ae fAN(2.546 em et) = BOS On seel P = (0.045 Ib, ft 22(454 g tba! (12 x 2.54)77 (ft? em) = 1.2 x10 g cd Therefore: ae — Dro =f BR 2 [ (8X 0.00026 20.5 (pg (1.2 = 7.2107") ( 981) = bel x 107% cm = LO microns (b) Fa. 26-16 fs of course valid only for ReZO.4 although it mony be Applied approximately Up ty about Re=d . Far the system ot hand Re = Dup (l-L x 107? X 30-5 )(7.2 x1 b (0. 00026) In Chapter © , methods are giv for handimiy flow around spnuc fue Re 7 1. 2.D Flow of Falling Film--- Aliemate Derivations (@) Set up a Momentum balance as before and obtain the differential equation: kz 22 = 9q cos dx + p which may be Integrated to give? Ty, = pGX cop + Cy Inasmuch as Ne moammbum is transfered at Z=8, then at that plane we have T , =O. This boundary condition enables us to determine Cx to be + Gs - 9 & ase and hence the momentum flux dishibution ist Tre = —pgS csp [1 -( 2/81) Note that thy momentum flux ism the negative X- directionInsertion of Newton's law of viscosity Tz, = —f Gv, /d%) into the above expression then gives the differential ¢quation for the Velocity distribution ae (Ajo (0-9) PB This first-order differential equation fs easily integrated to give : ve = easy. EZ _ 1(zy ( B oh (os 2 (3) the constant of integration, C,, being zero becaux Vz=0 of H=0. Now we nole that Z and x are related thus? @ - +-(@) where 2 i the Coordinak used 4 $2.2. If the above relation fs subsHhuted inte the velecity dismbution we get + Ve = (285) cas [1-3 -4{a-2 which, upon Simplification, —— > (Be )ee [+ GY) which is the same as EQ. 22-16 This just illushaks that the choice of Coordinate syste makes no diffcrena im the final answer, ole ye cal we pee (b) Sulsstibulion of Eq. 2.2 12 wh Eq. 22-8 gyes for combank pe dv, oe 3) cos ae 7 (ele Integration dwrce gives: Y= pose txt ot Get, Application of the boundary conditions Be 4 At x=0, Az/dx=0 Bc Zz At x=8) y =-0 gives two Simultaneous equations for He iilegration constants Cy ond Cyt10 O = (P9/PI (cs B20 + Cy Oo-+ (937) (cos p)- £87 + Cy8 + Cr whence Cy =0 and Ca= £ (9q57/p) cos B+ Insertion of the valass into the last expression for Vz than grees finally! Ve = (995°/2p) (cosa) Li - (x/5 I which is the same as Eq. 22-16. A. differential momentum balance leads to dtz _ Q-R = Mort dx Lt Then, tnserhon of Newton's law gives ay, _ _(R-%) due “po Two successive integrations then yield - — (RA) Ma nt t+ Ox + Use of the boundery enditions that v.sO at x= +B then gives the values of Cy and C, 5 when these are Wiserted inte the last equation we get for te velocity distribution: ye (BRB [. (3) . 2pt B Onee the velocity profiles are known we Can get Various derived gquanhhest Go-F The momentin flax dishababin fs Ty. = —p ee Dy Tha average velocity is: kaye SSP ve dade = eye dxdz OB = (A) E lt 27 ie Sa). GY] 48) = (BR) BY/3pbdi The marumum velocity is: Vz,mox = Rake of avg. to makvelocity Siny / Va, mone 4 = 2 RPO BW Volume rateob Flow: Q-= BWiny = 3 Bae The latter result is the analeg of the Hagen-Foiseuille law 2.F Interrelation of Slit and Annulus Formulas Substitution of K = 41-€ info Eq. 24-16 gives: Q= = (R R)RT (4-1 4+ 4e ~6er + 43-64) B i (4-4 +2€ - €2)* Len 4er-be -é * w(B-R)R* | 4e ~ ez + tes — * Bpl 4e% -4e34e4 etbet+gerre When the indicated long division i» performed we then get + or Qe TBR) Ke [4 ee If € CL , tan the term ge and higher terms may be neglected. = Fe + |2.G Laminar Flow of a Falling Film on Outside of a Circular Tube (a) We set up a momentum balance over a thin shell of thickness Or: {Momentum IN} — {MomENTIM OUT? 4 {Force} = 0 QnrL ty.) \ ~ (Aer t)| + InLdr pq =0 . rear PY Divide by 2nL Or and take the limit as Ar +O - wk = (rt) + rpg =e Substitution of Newton's law into this equation gives: (for constant [L) a dua) th a(n Ss) = — $qr Two integrations then give: ve = = PTT i + Cyinr + Application of the boundary conditions : Bei: At r= R, Vz 20 Bc. 2: At rzaR, dvzldr=o Qives the followirig two equations for Cy and Cz 2 Beau: o- - £9Rt +C,&R +G 4p 2 Boz: o= —~882R , Ga 2p oR Thex mon be solved for Cy and Cz, and the Tesults subshhikd int He expression for Vz Gbove ; hence we finally get: = Re re 2 r me PE (yy ew &] {b) The volume rate of flo: is: me pak pa Qs= Cj verdrda® = &mk*| wy § dg whee F- lo IeSubsti futon of the velocity profile intu this integral gives+ 43 Q= ee (tg Pa 2a EE) ab & {; - 2 4 = regi pe sty ee lPte ap (3 e+ ela ] og RY ~ "E— (- i+4a?—3a) + 4at ta) ae ©) \f we sct asd+e€ (where € Is small) and expand im power of € This ts in agreement with §q.2.2-19 with W=2wR , S= eR and os=4. 2.H Non-Newlonten Flow mi a Tube (a) Combination of Eq, 2.H—I and fq.2.3-12 gives: diz)” (Fo-P.) r m(-@=)" = (- Ss) a let sedi/w 3 tin: ude C ( PP y rs ‘or amb -P.\S post a (® *) fone + c| mL sel The boundary condition of Zero Velocity at He Wall allows ont fo evaluate C, with fhe reait that : Integration gives:ae (Soe R i r\ st 2m s+l [4 7 (=) | The volurac rai of flow tstran: Qa an(RAI) RTs (5) (g) 20g) Hence, when tha integralion is performed: (RRR Note that whin eed and Q=tk on FL mrp» this becomes the 2mL s+3 Hagen- Poiseuille formula (b) For the Ellis fluid the velocity drstabution is: = CURR) R* eye , [(PoPDR |* we “oo SERE [a-(ay] + * [OEY [Lay] Gnd the volume rate of flow ts: 2L BL 2L Q= w(R-A)R*D 4 TBR | Re +3 These results may be obtained by the same process described in (w. R.L Flow of o Bingham Fluid from a_ Circular Tube There will be flow only if the qreakst Value of te momentum flux Ths exceeds thavalue of T characterizing the Birgham fluid. “The greekst val Of Tz occunat thewall and Is £gR/2 Henw: ') pgR/2 < %% Flura will not flow If pa R/2 > Te Flaia will flo45 2.3. Annular Flow Inner Cylinder Moving Axially A shell romenturn balana leads to the difleential equation A (p We S:(" Ze) = 0 This has to be integrated with the boundary conditions Boi: At rekR, we Bet At or-R, v2 + 0 When the tntegration ts performed and the two titegration constants arc evaluaked from the above two boundary conditions, we get: ve , tr(/R) v tk Then the volume rate of Flow Js found to be: R Q= 2n fon ve r dr " 7 4 ane (a (5) &) (8) = 2nRV tee [Te tee HS] |S se Ls - 2] 2. Non-Newtonien Film Flow Accoroing te P%% for any fluid Ty, = pgx. When the rheologia! equation for the Bingham fluid is inserted into this , we get: ve T) — Po dx ~ £3% When this is integrated we get : Ve = eat Be tyAt x=8, vz=0 so that 46 o= -ft gr 4 Bs 4+ q@ Ho & Subtracting these last two equations gives: oo EL] EL] Gee) for re veiouy eat m ae Heh xs &. Th velocity in Pre “plug flows region* (OS xox) Is: ve = seh [4 - 7? De 5 (0¢%¢ xe) where To — gxe is tha defining equation for Xo- Next, we get the mass rate of flow ( with W=usidth of film, GQ= volume rate of flav): Q 8 = foe 3 i W £ J, Vz OX = o[ue|t- fe) x] ) ntegntn by pacts = s. x (~ SE) ae 5 ae Finally : ee pe ple Pos sa [a 2(3) + 4(8)'] Hence 5 would have to be obtawied from oa. graphical solution , by plotting ST pe x p7gs* "8 isCHAPTER 3 — Checked by V. D. Shah 3A Torque Required to Turn a Fricton Bearing In Eq. 3.5-13 is given an expression for calaulating the torque needad to turn an outer rotating cylinder at an angular velocity ho. For the problum described wi Prob. 3.A we necd & Similar formula for the torque need to turn an inner rotatmy cylader aban angular velouly Oi. Ib should be obviows thar The tuo expressions muskhe thesame. If IEA nt one can eatily Show Hat when the iiner cybndir 1S rolated at We and He outer held stationary, Hun the velocth, dismbution Gb * KR: and the torque is then: = QmreR )( + ) («R) rekeR I wi or Ton te paer® (2s) Which is the same 1h form as Eq. 3.5-13 For the situation described in Problem 3.A we evaluate the various quantihes needed : toner radius t000 |. oaas 5 0.996 ouker radus 4.002" Ke 0.996 Text) = Boog * 244 y These conversion factors come from Table, C.3-+ H = 229 @ = (2006.72 x107%) Ub, févhsec? = O.1344 IB FET sect = (200% 2.04 x107F ) Ube sec fi = 4.19 x107 "y see ft~ Dui = Qoo rem (5 EE )(20 Foden = 22 raters Ree (am) = (GaP fe = Lo = &m = tee 1 2 iaa Fe # See Problem 3-FHence the torque is “= Gm )(4) (418 10) ( 238) (ita. )(2) = 0.32 Ib ft And the power Is P=IQ (0.32 fe) (22m sec"') (<4 tl 0.012 hp if In using the above formulae tt has been tacitly assurmad that the flow is Stable and laminar. We must Verify Hnat this is indeed so by using Eq. 35-1. Henw We must chide fo be sun that: Baeke )O-*)™ < A 4s Inserting tha values from this example we have: 3) (0.498) ( rex) (Se) (@.1344) which is well helows the cribtead limit of 412. »y (0.002) “ae mR 10 3.8. The Cone-and- Plate Viscornekr Throughout this problem we recognize that 1 the conical slit O = Wa that Sih 6 can everywhere be set equal to unity te a very good approximation; hence ‘the expressions for torque, Mmomertim flux, and velocthy profile may be writen as follows : and Fom &q. 2.5-32: T= Suk’ T,, — a/v, Rom Eq. 3.5-33: Teg * -p SC4) From Eq. 3.5 -37: Yea (9) =~)When these three relations are combined we get fs 2, 3 g- Fe FuRP pa. /(E-%) which is 8 very good approximation for Very fing cone angles. [This same result is given by S.Oka m Vol. IL of Eirtch's "Rhedogy" (Academic Press, 1160)— see p. 62.] For the situation at hand R=lOem p= lOocp = bg crt sect 10 radians 1 radians = mit = S, fadians 2 1 radiant Seen ete rate 60 Sec ese = = 05% 2 ian Fn = BE = ag Tadlens Hence the torque is: T= Ex (40) (4) ( 2) /& = 4% 10" dynem B.C The Effect of Altitude on Air Pressure, If we assume @ staltonary atmosphere —te.no wind currents — then the equation of mation is: 4 se = PY (~ is measured from level of Late Superior) If it be assumed that the ideal gas lew (s applicable, then p= PM RI From the given temperature data. the ternperature in PR is: Ti) = 530 —(3xlo*)z “Thin the equation of motion may be integrated: > l42t \aat M dz dp = dz = a. { j P [ra R 530 — (3x1o3)z 150 ° ° When the integrations are performed, we get:a tm (i750) = (E)(sta) & HESS CHG a) [a- (2.421) 5 use serves ("2) (shes) (2 Keen . ) ta (Id = R / \ 3x10 B30 = (x4 Ss Bey Ce) Now thsert the values q= — 32.19 ft seo i it M= 29 |b,, (Ib-mole)t R= 1545 fe lby (Ib-mole)™' CRI™ and obtain: at x= 1421 ft above Lake Superior B.D, Viscosity Determination with a Couette-Hatschele Viscomelr Here it will be desirable to wie a. sufficientty high torque that accuracy of viscosity determinations Is primarily limied by the error In measuring angular velocity. A torque of 10* dyn-cm , corresponding to a torque uncertairity of 4% , appears reasonable, if this Corresponds 40 & Reynolds number th the stable lamuhar range. The angular velodhy corresponding to this torque (ss Qs TF (t-KY) _ fot) Ci~ 0-719) = 4.98 = Oa ret pL RE An (079) (0-579(49(29-25) The Reynolds number for this case is: Re = eR _ G58) 20.2572) sag & (0.87) Accordmy ty Fig. 3.5-2 thisis well Whltih the stable, larmhar range, ard Harton & torque of 10% dyne-cm is acceplable,B.E Use of Navier-Stokes Equattons to Set-Up Simple Problems Problem ‘Start with equations | Assumptions Results given In: (2) Flow of iso- Contmuity: Fable 3-4-1 (A) thermal film | Moton: Tabla 3.42 (Der) L (b) Two-phare Gontrmutty: Tame 4-1 (4) | 2 5 a Flows wi aw Motien: Table 34-2. Omh TR horizental slit (Der) ip both phases] {c) Axial an- Gorknuity: Table 34-1 (A) | nular Flow Hotton: Tabu 3: o= pte i * 43 Vg=‘e=0 7 OF Pror i (D,e,FD 8 i Vp = Var) 4 p scorahant G0 i 13 L == Note that in each of these cases tha €quation of continuity is autematiaily satished by tha assumpkons in the 3d column. 3.F Nelocity Distibution 1h a Stormer Viseometer_ Frum Table 34-3 (D,E,F) , assurmng that Yp 8-compeonent of the equation af motion becames: o- SCE (eve) When this is tegrated we get(by “peeling off" the g's one ata hme): Ve lr) and Vr ave eo the - CL Ves Grit &22 When tha boundary conditions (n rekR, Vyes KROY Atr=R 5 vy=0 are used, Cy and Ca areevaluated to giver or We rey now use Gy.(D) of Table 34-6 to get the torque a5 follows: a J = (2nkRL)+ (4+ %,) * (eR) R reve [area] force perunitarea] — [levtrarm] ) r=kR = (2m eeReL )(- pre *) Than useof the velocihy dishribution above gives: P= 4nlp Qi R (75) Whan this ts solved for (i and rserked inte Hu velocity distibution we get (e)= ge (#- a) 4xpl Which Is the expression geniin the text. Noke that Ve/r is the angular velouhy dishibution. An alternate solution may be effected by starting with &q(B) of Tabu 34-3 And imfegratng once, getting JT into the momentum flux expression by application Of the boundary condihon at rere,Stuy RB se = -e (Mt RB ay (d= -B5 (SB) = eS Belt = pRB = ew (Ber BB) (ix) Then add the various contiibutions B Tex + Bt + du. = This collection of derivatives ¢s Just (U2) and is zero for @ Fluid of constant p. 3-H Velocity Distribution behveen Tro Rotating Cylndes This problem Is setup exacHy as 3.F. Theve locity distribution is Vy = Cir + Car”! Qs before, but now the constants Cy and C, are determined from the boundary con- ditior on Atrs Ry 9 Ve= xR Os [at inner wail] At r= R, Yes Ride (at outer wat] Both O.; and Que are considued to be positive 1A the @untertodastse (posshve 8) direeh’on Solution for the constants griet: (kKR)*May — Ry Cy = eae) (eK)* - RE and hene, fnally: eR (O4- Mey Gs (xe Re St 2 med) — Re ~ 2.) | % Barn [Rr (Oe Mui) (= Aa) r24 3.T Changing the Form of the Equation of Motion (a The equivalence of Eqs. 3:2-8 and 32-10 may easily be Shown by Showing that their 2c¢ Yr and Z-components are the same. For the x- components this comesponds. to dumonshating the equivalence of Eqs. 3.2-5 and 32-4, We begih by performmiy the differenbiations of pmdiucte ih Eq, 32-5: 3 3, Ux Ue = OV Px £ + pm me | + tM Boy + py +¥n 35 pYe + pve means the addihonal terms which ar common te both equatrons. Nok that underlined erms are a em 2 2B) we (on Pt ay POY Bee) = (- # where the equation of conhnuity has been used toget the m’gnt side. Note that tha, wee Underlined ferms are: 2. a 2 = D 2 (Ps + Py by TPS) Me = PEO POE where the definition of the Substanhal derivative has been used. Substhution of These expressions inte Hu equation of mohon above gives: Dy L FD which is Eq. $2-9. (i) Alternatively one can use some of the vector tensor formulosop th pendix A. We note that C4. Ash 30 allows us te wnile setting equal toy i 1) SY squat toe Lvs pyy 1 = [ee Vy] + vr py) are x cau fe px.) Then using Hie equation ofconhiuity we get! Lv py l= ply-¥s) - vy 22 y = +WwIj- 2B py + p & ply w1l- 2px + ep 3 Daan = Dz = PRE 7 BeretInsertion of this result into Eq. 32-8 Mun gives Eq. 32-10, B.S. The Equation of Continuity in Gyhindrical Codrdinates (0) Consider a volume element fixed (Pedr, Ord0,2+A2, Wi space. es shown 11 Ihe accompanying diagram. The volume of #his element is approximately equal t FAB Ar Ar Whe fate of increase of mass wit this volume Is:given Very nearly by: ee) r A@ Ar Az st “The net rate of input of mass is: (pvr raean)/ =( Pye rbAs)/ hor +(pvg- Ards)] —(pvg- Arde (pve Ards 6 (p¥e- Ar at + (pier rOOO2)| (pve PAP Ae) When the rate of increase of mass fs equated to the net rate of inpub, we then have @ shutement of Hx lows of conservation of mass. Ibis nok quike exad inasmuch as one really Should speuity an opproprialt. overage value for rand fer p in tu volume elmunt If now wedimdeby Arde ana let Ar, 96, he all yo fo tery, hen the above tentionta cro become Unimportant and we get! rE aun Prt = PPV Dera yy (PVE re PM orae ari3 ‘ar B70 AD ele p Letedhe — Crone Bewo Ba TT This yields finally, After division by rs ic} 2 p= [Eten + This # the same ay Eq. (by mh Table 34-1.26 (8) Using the chain rule of partial differentiation a ox (om) =O Cz*),.@),.+ CH), (88) + CE Oz ae), 2B [ pyr cos =P% 38 | + cos + 2; L pvr oe - pe sine | + (- 3%) +o Bees) = (32), AD, CRG, CED 08 fA I, Fh Oz DOs 2 [pve sin® + pvp cose | + sin 8 2 6 + 3 [ pve ome + pve ]-(S8) +0 When these two expressions are added , Considermbie cancellation occurs and one obtains + Solem + Blew = Be (reves + +30 (Pv) Insertion of this into Eq.(A)of Table 34-1 gves “Eq (6). (©) This mas be done easily by using Summply frigonomedrical ana geomebical arguments as seen at Fhe rrght27 .K Radial Flow between Two Faralle) Disks _ (a. (Equation of comhnuity : Airey =o ti motion: Ve Ove a — ap Bw(L_]> ie Oy, Sai Pre Se =~ Bt hae (ee (PH) tH SE From the coninnuity equation It follows that rv, = Pl) , that is, some function of Z Becaas of symmehy we know that of dots not dipnd on & (b) Becouse of the result th (a), the second term on the myhtside of the equation of motion is identically zero. And becouse We = P@O/r We mroy re wine the equation of motion thus: pte GA) =-B tee Gh or -p fi ue 4 be 3 dr - de ©) We now integrnte this equation wilh ispect tor te get. wy Vb shee (ao) = Se +e) GE (d) When the left side & small we get: eb Ap dz B Int B And wntegmmhing we get: A =~ SP ot + 4G apn " Hence Cy rmust be ano Now ¢ must be zero ok Z= +b and z=-b + Ab 2p ine and C= so Hrat finally:) The Volurme vate of flow fs given by: +b Q= nine | ry de 28 2 a = an. Aee _y> 7 apt (rainy je erat 3 = Zn. Ap 2 [t- Ap tm (nin) 1 = 4m Ap bP 2p tm (Ia) 3. Symmety of the Tensor T The moment of inertia of a rectangular body, of dimensions Ax by Ay and mass My with vespect-to an axis through its Cenkr of gravity and perpendicular tothe surface Axdy iw rem (@ 2 2") For the volume element undar consideration, Newtons 24 lars of motion bevomes: 2 Y(t, Azan 2 ( yy * Tye hyeay ) — Ayan & (S5).+ Flea) (x) +@ypY =p Axby Az 2 (aren) vibe Os 1s Hie instantanceus ungutar velouhy- Divide by QvdyAz and fet AnByAz go fe iro. “the Kem containing OL Clearly of hightr onder amd drops out. We are Haan left wath Tay = Tye 3.M. Aur Entrammant it a Drainitig Tank Ay thts syste fs foo wmplex to permit analytic talment, we are dimensional analysis. We rusk establish operating condihons so that the differential equations and boundary conditions dasuibing the system are both the Same. This means that Hae large andsmall tanks must be geometvically similar, and that the Froude and 24 Reynolds numbers must be equal Choose D Clank diamekr) as a characteriste length, and (4Q/"b*) as the characteristic Velocity, Where Q is the volumetric flow rate out of tha. tank. Then : . Re - 26 . R= lee De ? Teg Denote quantihes assodakd with the large and small tanks by subscripts Land Tespechvely. We excluds tha possibility of attening the grovitatronal eld. thin the requirement of equel Reynolds and Froude numizes is: ee (B)(B) = YA) = (EGR) - ce Re: () = (By* Then: from the abort bro statenunts: (=) = (00227) 2 6.080 Gonsequentiy, Dy = ©.080)(cofe) = 4.8 fe @g = (0.080) ( 00 gal mn = 146 galm Therefore: a. The modal lank should be 4-8 fl in diameter b. The drawolf Hube should be 0. 0P0 ft in diameler, and 0.080 fi high C. The drawolf- Aube should be plaud 0.32 feet from the side of thu tanke. IE In thistank Waters wiHthdruan at 1.46 golem, air will be entraind when te liquid level (2 G8 /60) of Hu level producing entoiiment in the large tank at a. witthdrawal rake of 800 3c rant30 CHaprter 4 — Checked by T J. Sadowski 4.A ‘Time for Attainment of Steady State in lube Flow @) From Figure 4.13 the velocify will be within 10% of Its final value when Pt/R® = 0.45. Hence: t= (0.45)R2/9 = (o.4sy OTK OE = 6.39 x10" sec. (3.45 x 107%) (b) For water P= 107° m* sec”! hence: t= (0.48) Cte” = 22 sec A.B Velocity near a Moving Sphere From Eq.4.2-!3 for @= x/2 oss = ~ [1 4(8) - 48) where Rir <4. If “Rie KA then tha cubic ferm will be unimpor tant. Then we get: oot = 3(8) or we = %R r= Soa R i (Clearly the neglect of the cubic tarm was yustifiable: y 3 J314.D Comparison of Exact Result and Boundary-Layer Result 32, For the exact sclution , we simply look up the appropriate values of the error function: (2) 0.177 (b) 0.480 (c) 157 From Gy, 4.4-10 we get for the boundary-layer solution: @) 4- 2% (02) + $$ (029%. 1 0212 + 0.00; = 0.789 (e) 4- 3 (os) 4 £A(os)= | —0530+0.022 = 0.442 OM 4- FE Clo + ££ Gos | — lob 40.177 = ONG Hena the percent error ins tre boundary-layer treatment is: @+41.5% (b) + 25% () - 26%. 4-E Unsteady Pseudoplastic Flo~ near a Moving Wall The partial differential equation to be solved is: Oe -(= Be mH man (_ Oe) Dw ot P) dy By) OP Oy ) We now assume that ~ # (30) = dp Substitute these "Similar profiles" inte the onginal differential equation and Inegrak. from 0 to yet [rear] ms [STL ea] 0 —_ SO call tis -B call this (&) call this +A len Then stg A B itv orWhen we take $(y) tobe f(y) = 1-3 a/8 and A= (3/2)™(I/n) lence (& y= (2 y x mi monV™" sw = | g(ay mow “+ describes how tne boundary layer thiclaress advances with hme 21+ AP we dind that B= + (met) Whence: 4,F Use of the von Kirmdén Momentum Balance (a) For flow pasta flat plate Vea IS @ constant and: = yy we S&L ER) 4 We assume the Following similar profiles: 2d dx pty Cs) = doy Se JPA A) ay u Now we fet ep Then: oop 7 800 = where { coos * T * = 3 x 3 - Ey and $0) = JP 80-6149 = So (44-49) 0-24 4 2 + Hence the boundary loyer momentum balanu ay rts us Pye, 8 br 3 3 3 ah dx = ve 38. ~ eax 140 13 Veo 4y3)dy = 3h a3)dy S 8lntgmtion then gives 7 (280" [PZ be = fie fab (b) The drag force on a plate with climensions W*L wetkd on both sides oF would be: i Q (Try \yoo? We 0 : i$ [oe dx opr We [Ee = 1.292 pp lLwrv3" 4.G. Ideal Flow near a Stagnation Point (@) Complex potential is casos Vo = zt 4 — (xtty)® = = (x -y*) — i (2xy) Hence the velocity potlentral and stream funchonare eOoy) = — (x*-y*) Vo WY Gy = - 2xyvo the curves of P= C are sheambines: ys -£0% a v positive values of C we get hyperbolas 14 the seoand quadrant as Fig4@ For negater valucsof C we get hyperbolic in the fret quadmant When C=O we get the x-axis as a Streaming. “This steambru moy be repla ed by a solid sur face. (by The velocity components are: vy = ~ BA = tdvox Vy= -2B 2 ‘y By 7 Aves fer (eel = [yl = wnan = Ed and ys 4b. That ts, vo specthes the “Speco level” of the Flow netA.H Ideal Flow around a Sphere _ 7 (a) From Eq, 4.H-I Ves - LE ob r2sin@ 30 =. ve Rt Vo F* = “2 sho = Braging 70 8 + 5 Tae TE sh8 os = = Veo RE cos8 + Vp cor 8 = _ R Vag Cos 8 (1 =) Ve = 7 \ Yoo 1 a= 7 ra) ~ Bsm8 shee (ee) Re 7 ae) os R3 Then vz = Veg os? @ ('-%) “t+ Veo sin (1 + REY When reo, the terms with 194 the denominatr gchamali and V2 = Veo Cos" + Veg Sin*@ = Voo (b) At the surface r=R, from part (a) we gett Vg =~ vo smO+ (itt, = — te sine (C) Fir ideal, trrotahynal flow P+ tpyt = Po + £p veo and hence: a , ~ bev te. 7 oe lat poPe ~ dyvd Li -Ge)"] by @& (1 = $oiate) 4.1. Vortex Flow (a) w= t(f/2e) wz = -(L/2e)@ + i(Dyun) tar Hence { ¢= - (L/20)6 LW = + (L/an) tar and Ye= - ttf = & rye > te(6) For a. “free vortex" vg = B/r [fem @J 36 For a "Fareed vortex” vg = Qur C From Ex. 34-2] Ka. u Vy ZZ ” Forced Voritx a a "Free Vortex” ts rc CHAPTER 5 — Checked by T.J- Sadowski 5-A Pressure Dro uited for Laminar-Tur bu lent Transition At thetransition point Re = D&dp/p = 2-1 x10 Now from a rearrangement of Pofseuille's law, We can get Ap/L in terms of the Reynolds number, thus: 4 Qe RaPR LC nRtew BpL Solving for the pressure gradient, we get: Apa 8h0? _ Sp Dorp 1 4 ip L Re pRD F gr? IF we now insert the crihcal valucof Re given abort, and the following values for Pp, and Ri P= 0-183 pose 5 p= 132 gem 5 R= O21 thin we get? ap. # (ounsy* C (oun asp + (210 10°?) - [eat tasot no (1.32) (0.21 x 2.54) 68 B/y5B Velocity Distribution i Turbulent Pipe Flow _ 37 y = ApR ~ R (Ap) = @5) (,, a.) = 4, mF ast © To ek BR (Ar) > (#0 * gta5) = 473 x10 ps (b) For the sthiation described we ux the following values: p= lO gums = e24 Ib pL = 0-01 g em! sec! Vie 0.01 cm*sect = bi KIO Fr see! Hence: Hip = 5390 ft-! And Atolp = Bug d X10 Ft sect thus vt = eae 3 St= 520 s At the tube center , r=O , s=R =0.5 ft , so that S| = (63490) (0.5) = 2695 lpoR Which enables as fo get from Fig 5.371 the following value for He rraximuan Velocity vt = 25.2 Sek Conse quen ry unit vt= 25.3 >- 5 st = 5390s We are now In & position to calculate Ihe following table: V* (cate) st (Fig. 5-3-1) s (ft) [1 stn) — | 00 | ao ~~ t O0. ° 2.58 2.58 4.19 «104 0.0081S 5.16 Se Ox 1073 0.01250 10.32 Iso 2.83 x103 0.0340 18,00 (73 3.31% 10% 0.397 | 204s B10 so x10" 1.800 } 258 | 269s 0.50 | Gone(C) See Gropn on next page ZL Just, a reatonable number 38 GG) If we assume that <¥27/Vismex = 0-83 then wecan calculate an approximate value for te Reynolds number. Vay = 0.83 Vin = 0.83 (5.43K10™ vt) = 0-83 (593x107 (268) = [270 fe sec? Then the Reynolds number (s ethmakd to be: = D&> 5) (1. Re = 4% 2p _ (OF) (4270) _ 5.76 x10" Cl x107S) Hence the flow is Certainly turbuent (e) “The volume rate of flow is obtained by inkgrating the velodty profile over the cross-section. ey, AME E/E ymon)) Par V, [ Get Aor) 2D rt (4-) man’) he I That is we evaluate the integral using “Simpson's Rule The terms ini the Dracket are Omputd below to ae 1.000)( 0.0) 0.0c0 9.492)( 0.5) Lagy Bane Los Lasy Therefore 0-965 1.5) is s (20(0.450)( 2.05 eo ia) 2 86.3 = 0.80 (4)(0-933)(2.5> @.330 Non 6 Ss (2) (0.413) ( 3.0) 5-478 smox 4) (0.89) (3.5) 12.474 and ()( 0.865) 4.0) 6.920 @) (0.830) ( 45) 14.440 27 = ©80)(5-43 xi0™ Kas) (2)(0-784X b.0) 1840 ) (0-717)C Ss) Is.74 = UL23 ft see! UU) (0.00060) = _ 2-000 and B= 86.284 Q = (os) (1.223) = 0.963 ft} sec!5.C Average Flow Velocity in Turbulent Tube Flow Gey LE ead rr ag PR ‘ Boe Ete eee 1 iT = 2 J, (i-&)™ Ede Where £ = /R = Sp RG et af) o* U-s) ag wee Gated 7 Ate dar 4 rl [ al [ C _-s | tel fer ° eg RLGned= ted at (menneny (nei(ane) (6) <> 2 ow R R? lo L + a 8 a tm st + 3. ) rdr Va rmase Va, max a Rte = 2%_ (4 B (Lita sts a.9)( RM? -st) ast Vezmax \ Rvp lo 0.36 7 & ve KPa (Ry, st Reap = 2- j=) aia ( Sa) (st tm st — st) - Tmax (Rup 0.36\ “pe (sty st on (Ss =) + 38 (=) st. 3.8 (=) ; When the limits are inserted, we get oop ey Ryne _ oo, Se = ees \ene te wane ©. 3a) ayn Vesmace Note that thts result shows a dupendence on a. Reynolds number Rvx pl p> Whiuas Hheresult iri (a) showed no dependena of thit sort.5.D Velocity Distribution ina Channel 4i @) The momentum flux dishi lution iA the channel [+ Vyz = Ue (7/h) Where ‘Co is the wall shear stress. Hence acvording to the von kdrmén sinilarily hypothests (Ax dy) (d>¥_ /dy*)* (b) Take the square root of both sides to get 1 rm (AN /dy)* 7 muy = a fay where ve ol # sat (ave fay) Let p= d%/aq, se thar To: (y/h) = pry ved] = 5 where or ar ar I ay ot. Which ee (4 le eu Me) = 20-) Setting p= die /dy we then get a first order equation for Jp which can be integrated: 0 oe 72, Vaz, max Integration i> easily performed by nie vq= Bs one gets finaly Vevmox ~ Ve - = tn roe aaa + & (1 -JE) (c) If the result tin (b) Is expanded in eS series, We get: Vesmax - Vi Ht Ma Tee el fe: [- es 3 (4) Hence 4. 18y = Wy he)(4/2h) , which shows that the velocity distibution (incorrectly) has a non-zero slope at yro. ~ 3G)Chapter © — Checked by V. D. Shah i ©.A Fressure Drop for Given Flow Rak with Fittings Tipe isi i Average velocity = y= Q = LatxtoPemsee! _— 4o20 um see"! A we (25/2)* cme Reynolds number = P&r = 25(Amacie (2.01) 4 = Loos xlo From Fig.6.2-1 for smooth pipes The requited pressure drop is then: (Pompe) = 2B ep rE f= 0.0020 = 2( ial 4 (32025) + 2(1S)28) 2 Pere ) (2) (4020) “fo-00r2) = 3.29 «10% g erm sem* = 4,63 10% pai 6.B. Pressure Drop Required for a Gwen Flow Rate with Elevation Change The Reynolds number is HESS e eee eee Re. Dee ; ar (Sect wasy)™ ot (B.oe8in x254 om) (18 Seo 378s x ge TE owe 2,) (0.01005 g crm sec~ = 184 10" In fig. G.2-1 we find that for this Reynolds number f= 0.0064 for tmosth tubes. Therefore: Ti) Po-PL = ~PGCho—h.) + 45 bewrsf = frBows ) (32.16 #(% )(2.tex10 *psia ) pourdal (95202) + 2.(15) (3.062) lb ae \ ene ‘b= \(oage2) (ig Bes ocozme BH) 6 cov) (ate nic* Be) x (5.008 /ia)2/4 fee Pounds = 182 + 0.04 5 15.2 psa43 The quantities needed for the calculation are: bob, = (0.251 the th™ (82.17 Ih, FE Secm® Ibe!) (14h in fe) = L1G x103 Ib, Fe! sec D = os ft. P= 62.4 tb, ft L = i320% B= 6.72 x10 * Ib, fr sect Herwe. 7 (0.5)(62.4) ( 103)(0.5) (e72 x1o*) Y 2 (1320)(624) | 4 (4.64 x104)(5.92 x 1077) = 274 x10™ © 274 x10 A straight lie Of stops —2 on the log f vs: log, Re plot threagh f=, Rez 2pb x 107 intersects, the f vs. Re curve at Re = 3.6 x10" Hence the average Velocity is: + 7 Gy = Rep , Get yetexio) gags pe sect Dp (0.5 X 624) The volume rate of flow is: _ 2 3.142 )(0.5)* Qa ~P ay = (Mewes) (0.775) = 0.152 ft5 secm? =G3 SX ©.D Motion of a Spherein a Liquid (Q) Fore of gravity on sphere is: Fray = ‘mq = (0.0500 )( 4807) = 49.0 dynes Fora of buoyancy fs Foaoy ~ $x (0.28)3(0.900)(980-7) = S78 dynes Hence net upwarct force is: Fasay ~ Farms = 8:8 aye Hence drag force In the downward direction is Fle Baynes (b) The friction factor is defined by: Fo= (RR*)( ap vcs )FThen. f = fe af ae 7 44 2 i = ae) el (SE )(4e2 Dp ve 8 (88 dynes) T (0.500 em)* (0.900 9 cm™3) (0.500 cm sect) = 398 (ey Sree f 398 isin the Stokes's law region We can write _ 2t Bag Re where Re = 0.0602 . Hence, pew Die _ (OSNO5H08) 524 4g artsce & 310 ep. & (0.0602) 6.E Drag Calculations when Sphere Diam “Is Unknown (0) Methed A: Plot f/Re vs. Re Sime f/Re does nob contain D, hena from this curve we can read off the value of Re for a calculable verlus of Fire. Methoa B+ On the log-log ploto¢ F=f (Re) , plot abo the curse f= (Eye, Which , on the log-log plot, will be a Inhe of slope sd. This method avoids any necessity o preparing a separnic plot. (o) First walcalue F/R: 49D Pepnee —P » Veo = 30.5 cm veer! PvE Np) Disp P= 12x10" tg end Sipn = 2g awd = t dP (Psp —P 7 een eel =F vap 7 Bes 2.0% 107% gem tse = 4 G8oee x10) (2 Qo.5)* (12 x10) = 208 log-log. plot We now draw almeof siope 4 through Re=I f= 278 on Fy 6-3-1. te intenedts the f (3. Ra Gurre at about 0.955 Then we can get the partide diameter fiom the known Reynoldsnumber: = 4 = r . ) De Repl OAs26 x1 iio ricmens Voo @ Go.5 7.241074) (c) When Voo & Increased by a factor of 40 then f/Re= 10-3. 278 and the plotting produ described catirer gives Ke = 75. Herce: (15)( 26 x10*) == = 890 microns (305) (7.2 x10" *) ©.F Estimation of Void Fraction ofa Packed Bed The superficial Velocity is: Ig y¢ om gy _ to py = (28s in oo SEN 4S* we) Tame SL sy cn aee (14h int 02.54 > According to the Blake-Kozeny equation: ee _ _ 1150p L Vo (1-€)* Dp Ap 150 (0.565 4 cr! sect )(T3 * 2.54 em) (1.55 em sect) (Oe em)* (158 x ©8947 dynes cm—*) = 0.0555 Solving the above equation for €, we find: €=0.30 The quantity Dyvop 1 | (oa russ(nae7) 1 en po ire (0.565) (1-09.30) ~ and here (+ was legitimate to ux the Blake-Ko.eny equation (a Ryure 04-0. 6.G Friction Factor for Flow around a Flat Plate Define K= bpvd , A= QWL = total weted categ he = Tel Then } is deh-ud as:(0) Laminar flow: f= 1328 YPRLW*vS 1.328 46 WLpvs [Re a 3 (&) Turbulent tow, f= O72 pVAWH (Tvep/p) 0.072 WLpw [Re ©.H_ Friction Factor for Laminar Slit Flow For a slit of width W the quantities in Eq. @.I-I are defined as follows: Fo Cpop.) 2 Bw Kz bp qt As 2WL+4BL ¥ Q2WL Re = 2B4 > p/p Herce: (po-p.) 2 BW. WL op From Problem ZE , since Q = 2BW 7, (e- y= BLO _ 3 ph (ZBWor) Pe 2 Bw = 2 Bw Combination of these last tre resulis gives: fect. % Bwp Re G1 Friction Factor for_q Rotating Dik (0) Laminar Flows £2 2. = O61 RAY oui ~ KAR pk? OF Qe Re Re (6) Taroatent Flow 0.073 p MFR L/R* Dp) 6.023 KAR £pR*Q?- an -RG.I Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow 1A Smooth Tubes 47 According to the logarithmic velocity distribution given In Eq. 5.3-124 vt 2.5 st 45.5 Where vt =V/Vy and st= Svy p/p. The average velocity is given by Qs 2 [Pore Ve Wy R* J, aw 2 Ruy p/e Ty le (1 &) a(S) VeRp Jo Ve R Fe Rey 2 ~ ae J (A - SAeE) a (ene) fy Jo * Ray ple B& Re. e i "(2.5 tm st + 5.5)(1- ie, ) dst Ra, = 5S Re ~ £65)Re +25 (sttmst -s)| * 7 Ray nie +e 25 oe tL =) ( s" im s 4 lo = LTS + 2.5 tm Re, i Vx \2 Hence f= 2 (S) or Helis - WF Vee (25 Ge Re + oo) = 4.07 log, Re VF - 0.60 the latter siep maleing use of He folloving: _ Ry p _ Deve ive = Rey = =" = et aj 7 Reg = Re 4 fé v7©.K Friction Factor for Power-Law NonNewtonian Flow 48 tn Tubes For tubes we know From Eq, 61-4 And from Problem 2.H = = a = (BPIRT R* Q= FRAW = ok ae = When the stond relation is solved fo get (Pe-PL) in terem of 47 and subshhiked Into the expression for $,we get- a f= Ne “mR (3n41)™ kee = fa Geet Lt Diver 5 n™ Ree a cant ths Reg Re. = eee meee ane (ora) The only advantage to dehning Req is that the result tor + has the Same form Gs the expression for f fer Nentonn tlaids, €.L. Inadequary of Mean Hydraulic Rauius for Laminar Flow (a) For the annulus with radii hydroulic radits [st fe So Fhe wR and IS respect tly tne mean Dee Cy ce Then Eq. 2 -le with $= Ib/Re beomes: Po-P t te bp or Bik) 2RU- arrSolving for (> we get: = (Po-PL) R™ 1 ~ = oe Lo] 49 b) At k=. the bracketed quantity in Eq. 2-4-5 is: a) [ (re) - co =i () - At k= 4, the bracketed quantity in the equahon for <4) at He fop of this page is: [a-«] = 025 Hence, the Error in using the mean hydraulic radius is 025-04 _ , 9 OT 047] or 47% pasa 2=0. & 12) ° O17 6.M Falling Sphere th Newto law Region Newton's law of motion is for a spnere of fixed mass m mw FE > ot The force F ts madeup of FA = Qravitahonal fore = mg F= drag fore = (wR 4pv2)(044) = mgcrv™ Where © [s @ constant defined by the abole. Then Newton’ second law of motton becomes for the z-direction: dv L ce etyt 7 gt 7 Integeahon for V=O ak to then yields: «ay t \ Inon * I | a lo or 7 titan ey = gtand hence = dz 50 SEosv = E& tanh cgt Nore that as t > 02, tanh cgt 4. Hence the "terminal velocity” Te Lye. A Second integration then gives (for 2=0 at to): z ret i de = ¢€ J, tanh cgt at or —=5 ' cg But mgcr= 0.22 wR” , so that C= YO2 wRy/mg = 0.22 wR? 9 AV ERR Pond Eom EMS) Nok that this solution assumes Hhut the particie Is always In the Newton's law reyion during its ennre trajectory, We hone used He inilval condition that v2O ut t=O , Which Is Clearly outside the Newtons law region.* According to Eq, 75-6 PoP = p%e* (p71) We now compute. B and vz thus: Si Ss Dy 5\+ -2-(2) 2/5) = 021 &- 2+ (3) -G) 2 v= @ _ (450 9 \(noo222 HS, H i" rom it tt 2.27 Fb se) ae (2/8 ft)? Hene il Ib, mn Pa-Pi = (63 Bes (2.27 fy (ox at \Gax E\Gh am) = On1d/ psi TB Compressible Gas Flow in Cyhridrical Pipes From Eq. 1.3-2 ~ Pa 2, =-f" Ldn -(4e'- £0) pf - Ro, P 1 (RT ee oo Ge te (L487 C597. +) in2 (28) aa (coatuoctooans. som oa a a 2 TU/4)* 3g Tse a = 26.4 -0.1 = 26.3 Btu lbz! Here we naveused R= 1.987 B% __ = 0.7502 fetatm Ib mole °R Ib more °R bi | lbp = 322 poundals 1B = 7/8 Ib, te(4) The mean hydraulic radius Is (see Eq. 62-14) = 2. T(RZ-RMY RL =e = = +R- 27 Seimae 7 FRR) and the average flow velecity is 6 a = &. SL = SB TRERS (44) The Reynolds number Is (see Eq. 6-2-I6) Rea FRiGre _ 2(Ri-RD Qe _ 2ap ¥ me (R2-RE) pb ae (RR, HE Lomi) (| gem 2 (240 C3789 gar Nes BE) C'S x (Sir 3 4 = 1.56xI0 W254 F)(0.00 3s.) Hence flow fs turbulent and f = 0.0047 (Att) From Eq, 7440 we determine —WpQ (rate of dorrig work in foot. poundals per second ) : ak + (ha-hi)pQ + 3 Ap vy R, F L 7 “Qe gohan b) PQ + \ Soe Kee -pWa 1 W fe m= (32.2 Sen )(s He) 624 FR) ad0 Fe x0.134 Bx Yo TE 240% 0.134 * 2)°(624 ¢ a wot 2 20.3 _. (0.0047) we (By -(RY) kG? = 5300+ 114 = 5470 ft poundals see’ = 0.51 hp Keep iri mind that the mean hydraulic radius is an empiriusm. A recent analysis of available experrmental data (0.M.Meterand R.B.Bird, AIChE Journal (1961)) shows that for annuli the mean hydraulic radius gives friction factors Which are OFF by as much as 15 or 20%, in’ the turbulent regime. Keepinmind further that Ry, should not be used for laminar flows (see Problen 6-L),TD Force on a U-berd ina Pipe 53 The net force on the U-bend will be the sum of the force oft the fitid and tre force of the surroundiriy atmosphere. The force of the flurd ia the x-direction is: Foe FSM2* SP + PMY a —s + por + pa Sa Pr A Sz 4 (Signs marked with an arrow are +" because the exit Control surface — at plane "2"—I[s oriented in the -x—direction.) Insertion of numerical Values a re (©24 BB )(o Ae scot) x (44e)* + {2b + 147 K (Zin)* - 2.2) + {19 + 14.7$ wm (2m)* - (32.2) 4 4 ad = 3 = 129 x10" + 2.81 x10 = 4,10 x10 poundals = /.27 x10 be Now to get the net force omit the two 14.773 and get Fret = (1-29 x 10%) + (eee «10%) = 2.91 x 1S poundals = 905 Iby 7.E Disintegration of Wood Chips GG) From Eq. 74-10 taking “I at the top of Hhe slurry suspension and "2" at the outlet +o the digestor: [i duy?-o] +[o- gh] + (BP) =0 2 Hence we = af {( pe) + ah] = i | Be x 44 BE x 32.2 Pande me tbs fe 5 bn fe + 32. 2% sv208] a[15550 = 124 ft sec!Ard w= pos = (6s a Yiea £8 (Bee) = 2eiolb wee! S4 To get the initial inpact fore ae opply ey 7.2-3 between plane "2" and plane "3" (the whpack plane) + Fa un. = (124 )(28i0 bey a) = 19.900 ly ‘LE Calculution of Flow Rate Ey. 74-10 tor this systmis (H = depthot Itquid in tank) gh, - sy") + FE At + 2, (4v*ev), =0 or LD Eye: + &( ERY Zen = 9 (4m) For the sifuutton destrined ! vi p= ©1e x 10% Ib, ft oe" fz ©e4 lb, HH? LD = (one) tt Lo= Z2i+il+la = S2tt Z (evi = OS + 2(0.7) = 14 Hth, = 2 #2) 4 14 = 53 ft Hence ©.12 x107 \2/ 82 7 ye x1on* \ 2 [o-Té x10" 22) pe a1 { ele ence) ( a) St + 2( 7) (Hy RE (%) (era) or: ( 7 1 = 22)(54) Rer4 + 3.2 «1077 Ret = Los x10 Trid) and error solution Re + Ret [Rx TOO Res Ret J 2x 10e O.C04> rei10'® dxieé C.0ce4 O.24 x 10° 15% 10% 0,002; Graphical \atrpetatio yives 2 x i0'® 0-67 x 10'° O.e1 x icl® Lat xio'® Re = 1d 10%Then, knowing the Reynolds number we can get the aviraye flo os velocity p= Rex ($5) = (23 x40") (258 x10S) = BLS tse! De Tre volume rate of Flow is: a> oS = (318 Ln ( EY ay 449 BE gal ge) = 1450 3 1G. E Jaluation of Various Averages of Velocity from Pi ot Tube Data Use of Stnpson's rule gives: 7 uy He LEI LIN eHUeAt TTS Aet ed 0.67 el Venon vy, TH Velocity Averages 1 Turbulent 3 4 all 7 (@) For tee turbulent éetouty distribution eatin (1 il k) ‘ * wk i ai (1-£)7 rarao TE Jel Jf dea z rar dé TR (rk yi rdrds (by SirmitarlyTL Mulhple Discharge into a Common Canduit 56 (ar As plane "I" we select the collection of cress-sechions of all the smell hibes leading into the big tube, plane "2" (8 taken to be @ plane far enough down the tube that a distinct Velocity profile has been established. © rer He system thus defined we pale three balances: MASS BAI ance = At steady stake WeWk or G1>S, = (22S. 50 that tis UE llliee) MOMENTUM BALANCE: «At Skady Shale with no external forces: OPIS, = p4I27S. +b Si ~ pS. F =O The fore F of the fluid on tre solid will consist of Hoe Viscous forces acting tangentially at the walls (whtch we neglect) and the normal forte p, (Sa-Si) acting in the direction opposite to the direction of Flow. Hence: POPS. PEP Sa + PS, —PaS2 tb (Sar1)=0 The result may be rewriliey by using the mass balance and the definition of a set of quantites K;P defined ty Eq. 7-1-3: @® (Pa b= psa? “le Ki? — pe Ke] MECHANICAL, Ab steady-state the mechanical energy balance gives: Erne Yenc ST bbe ea 2) f > wi? qa? We insert mip this the expression obtained from the momentum balanu for (p,-p))3 thereby we obtain: 7 w ay @® E,= bet oun? [i 2p Ke +e(2 z | Kn KO” ee The equations rnarkced with @ are the results of applyiny the mucroscopre balances. (b) The calculation of freltc'? has been descrined in the solution to Probie 7H. (c) For B=0 (Ce. for discharge into avery large tank) tie Kinetic Energy of Hae entering Stream fs completely Aissipaicd , Yegardess of He. 1 Y requmne tn trie small tune. For laminar flow ta wnat tubes and nighly turpulent flow 1 the jarge have , Gnd vith Bai, wehee Kis K and KLPLL vo that the LJ 1m the exprension fr Fy ts YeS7 N ew/tnnion (a) The method is the same as in Problem TH. 3 we set ves ry\st pst! Yow I= (RYT = bok where s= l/r, and perform the same integiattons as mM ITH. for example: 3 we fb a BY gas V3 ay ct max j,i Fas : oP ase. 3st) pay - 24 (1-35 3k =§ ) Eas Bsr? (St 3)(S+2) 3545) Ard ep 7 Cie eae ee nae f) Bay 343 Hence: cys 3 (s#3)* 3 (Sn t1)* Kips (eee (3845) (ane (5043) “The expression for the Is Obtauried Similarly (b) For the Bingham fluids oy = K (1-98, + 3S) 5 is >? is 12 are 454 The at ig So + ig Se a Sa +54.7 Friction Losses in Non- Newtoa‘an Fiow 58 (a) From the solution to Problem 2.H: = [ BaF s a =[I-( (& yn “2m en y= | &-FIR 1S B 2m Sea Dividing gives: te = (Ss "') <4) (SX - (=) Wher sot (b E,= -J(t:vy)aV R = | 7 du, de = ehh Igy Ge GS rdrde = Qamt fF ce ee de dr = 2mm ve 2B 4 RAL PO SF = (347x105) + (8.18 x 108) (3.47 x 10° ) 4 GPC 000) ©.044) = (@53x10°) ft