Chemical Bond (On par with the new syllabus ) 2015 onwards a w a. Myr.S.KOBINATH (St.Patrick’s College)Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 Chemical Bond * Nobel gas electronic configuration 01. The noble gases all contain an outermost shell filled with electrons. . The first noble gas helium has two electrons. . Noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable gases under standard conditions. . The six noble gases that occur naturally are helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), and Radon (Rn). The positive Ion 01. During chemical reactions involving two or more atoms, some types of atoms lose one or more electron turning into a positive ion It is called a positive ion. Because when it loses electrons, the number of positive protons becomes larger than the number of negative electrons, so the overall charge of the particle is positive. If it loses two electrons its charge will be +2. If it loses 3, its charge will be +3 Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 1Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 03. Metal atoms lose the electron, or electrons, in their highest energy level and become positively charged ions . released 1 valence electron aN a ‘Sodium atom Sodium ion, Na* (positive ion) 2.8.1 (less stable) .8 (stable) * The Negative Ion 01. Other types of atoms gain the and to form negative ions. This is because the number of negative electrons becomes larger than the number of positive protons, making the overall charge of the ion negative. . If it gains one electron its charge become -1, if it gains two electrons its charge becomes -2. If it gains 3 electrons its charge becomes -3 . Non-metal atoms gain an electron, or electrons, from another atom to become negatively charged ions. —~Filled valence shell F- (negative ion) 9 protons 9 protons 9 electrons 10 electrons 0 net charge =1_ net charge Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 2Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 Group II Group III Group IV Group VI Group VII Element s a » Bb a fo} a B Charge Symbol of ion * Note: - 01. Note 1: carbon and silicon in Group 4 usually form covalent bond by sharing electrons 02. Note 2: the elements in Group 0 do not react with other elements to form ions. * Chemical bonding A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms or molecules that allows the formation of chemical compounds, which contain two or more atoms. There are two types of chemical bonding they are 01. Ionic bond 02. Covalent bond Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College)Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 * Sodium attain the Nobel gas electronic configuration Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 4Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 * Chlorine attain the Nobel gas electronic configuration Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) BIMr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 * Ionic bond 01. An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that involves a metal and a nonmetal ion through electrostatic attraction. . In short, it is a bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions. . Ionic compound have high melting and boiling points. Eg- NaCl , KCl, MgC, NaxO , MgO , CaO Boctonisgiven away Tom wa Needsen lection spare elecron tobecome sable * Ionic lattice 01. A giant ionic lattice is a highly regular arrangement of anions and Cations a giant, regularly repeating array. For the ionic compound . Sodium chloride this can be explored below. . The sodium chloride crystals is an example six sodium ions are packed around a chloride ion. There are ionic lattices of various geometric shapes in various ionic compounds Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 6Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 * Formation of sodium chloride SO-96 A sodium, A chloride Asodium A chloride ‘atom ‘atom cation anion 2 (No)'+(2Chy — NaCl Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 7Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 ® Covalent bonding 01. A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, and other covalent bonds. . There are three types of covalent bond they are Bond type Structure single covalent bond One pairs of electrons are shared between the atoms is called single covalent bond Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 8Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 Bond type Structure Example Double covalent pee Oxygen Carbon Oxygen bond Two pairs of electrons are shared between the atoms is called Double covalent bond Triple covalent bond Three pairs of electrons are shared between the atoms is called triple covalent bond Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 9Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 x Formation of Oxygen Molecule. ©-8 Mr.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 10Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 * Covalent Crystals A covalent crystals has true covalent bonds between all of the atoms in the crystal. You can think of a covalent crystal as one big molecule. Many covalent crystals have extremely high melting points. Examples of covalent crystals include diamond and zine sulfide crystals. @ Diamond 01. In diamond’s structure, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms by very strong bonds forming a 3D tetrahedral shape . Doesn't conduct electricity. All the electrons are held tightly between the atoms, and aren't free to move 03. Is very hard. This is again due to the need to break © Graphite 01. The melting point and boiling point are high 02. Graphite makes layers are super SS imposed on one other. 03. The forces holding these layers are BSS weak. Thus one layer can easily slide SS over the other, therefore graphite behaves as a lubricant. Mr.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) uMr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 * Lewis structures 01. Two American scientists, Gilbert Lewis and Erwin Langmuir, in 1916 put forward the view that chemical bonds are always formed among the electrons in the outermost energy levels. 02. Lewis structures illustrate how electrons exist in valence shells when covalent molecules are formed. When representing Lewis structures, the valence electrons of participating atoms are shown as dots (_) and crosses ( x) * Lewis Dot and cross diagram The Lewis dot and cross diagram illustrates how electrons exist in the covalent bond. In this diagram, electrons of one atom are represented by dots while the electrons of the other atom are shown by crosses. Eg:- NE oo CO2 HxNtsH ex i O:C:0; * Lewis Dot diagram The Lewis Dot diagram electrons of two atoms are represented by dots Methane Ammonia Mr.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 12Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 * Lewis Structure When a bond electron pair is represented by a short line (-) and a non-bonding lone pair by dots, it is called the Lewis structure Eg:- CHa H NH; H Cm Zou H H H nou | * Lewis structures of some covalent molecules Lewis Dot Lewis Dot and Cross Lewis Diagram Diagram Structures HSN$H Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College)Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 “Draw The dot and cross diagrams, Lewis dot diagrams and Lewis structures of the following molecules Compounds | Dot- Cross Dot structure | Structure Mr.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 4Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 Compounds | Dot- Cross Dot structure | Structure Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 15Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 Compounds | Dot- Cross Dot structure | Structure Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 16Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 “+ The Experiment to show that Ionic bond conduct electricity in liquid state Sails segoe) Nac sengaed Differences between ionic bond and covalent bond Tonic bond Covalent bond Made up of ions Made up of molecules It has high boiling and melting point It’s found in solid state at | It’s found in liquid or gases room temperature state at room temperature Conduct electricity in Does not conduct electricity in liquid or molten state any state Low boiling and melting point Mr.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) aMr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 * Polarity of Bonds 01. Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons of a chemical bond towards itself. . When two atoms of different electro negativities are joined by a covalent bond, the attraction imposed by the two atoms on the bond pair is different. . Element Fluorine is considered the element of highest electronegativity (F > 0 >N > Cl) . A bond with partial positive and negative charges is called polar covalent bonds. Eg CoHsOH H20 H i Ae 3 HH In case where two atoms of similar or slightly different electro negativities are joined by a covalent bond, the bonding electrons between those two atoms distribute symmetrically. Such covalent bonds are referred to as non — polar covalent bonds. Ey Coz CCla cr | O=C=0 i Mr-.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 18Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 * Inter molecular Bonds The attractive forces among the molecules are known as inter molecular forces Intermolecular bonds in water Intermolecular bonds o- x O a 7 : H aa ~ Qj & if ~~ s f\6 of Ne 01. In water molecules the oxygen atom is more electronegativity than the hydrogen atom. Therefore, oxygen atom pulls the electrons of the covalent bond towards hydrogen. By this action. Negative charge form in oxygen and positive charge formed in hydrogen. So water molecule has polar property. . The force between two water molecules is known as inter molecular bonds %* What are some special properties possessed by water due to attractive forces among the water molecule? 1) High boiling point 2) High specific heat capacity 3) Having higher density than that of water Mr.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 19Mr.S.Kobinath (St.Patrick’s College) Chemistry — Unit - 10 Don’t Read success stories, You will get only message... Read failure stories, You will get some Ideas to get success...!!! Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam All Right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of copyright owner © Mr.S.Kobinath B 077-2259542 Mr.S.K (St.Patrick’s College) 20English Medium Classes.. 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