he: Choe db iodives sity and Consezvation Bio es ty ® Tesm Pobulavised -» Edward Wilson: . Divessity at all levels of biclogien RG aniSation- 41> Genetic divessity ° Divevsity within Species: * DifPewence of alleles , entive que 9 chsomosomes Stauctuseg: Exambles - * Ravwolfia Vomitoxia > Pok@acy and concentyation of COsSewpine: ¢ Mowe than So0000 qapetically difPewent Strains of vice And |,ondwWfaxieties of mango. 2+ Species diveasity a Vaziety of SpédieS”in an avea: e® western ghats have mowe ambhibians SpedesS APBEombased to eastesn Ghats. @ Product of Species wichness and Species evenness* ° Species Whevenness - dominance 2° EcOlagical on Community diversity @ Naziety of Ecosystem ™ an aveq- @ Examples > In India high ecological diversityIn Scandinavian Countzies : Low (Nox way » Sweden, Oenmark) Alpha diversity > within Community Beta, diversity ~ between two communities Qamma divessity > among communities in an azea Total Biodiversity on Eaxth une nn et eee ® Taxonomically known divexsity > (= 8B million © AS pew some Scientists > 20 to@GO Million © AS pew Robest May > + million pea nied ap ent 22. of total Species have been wecosded So Faw- e Animals- > +0+- @ Plants - Sa") ® Insects - most divexsed (40+ of animals) © Angiosbexms- mositRdivessed plants. NOTE: e while Calculating total biodiversity Prokaxy otes ave not incl@ded reasons - A+ Conventional Fechnique methods ave not suitable fox ident fication and chavactewizaton of micfobial Spedes. 2: Many Spades ave Simply not cultuwable under=Laboxatosy conditions.Biodiversity in India &,, e India + 40 biogeogyabhical segions: i @ India + 2-U +. of world's land avea, 8 t/s Species divessity of wosld- : e Neazly Weoon Species diversity of plants twice as many Animal Species: ° Probably move than [00000 plant, species and move than 3 Lakh Animals spedes @xe yet +0 be discovesed and descxibed- ® Natuze’s biological libwax be Foxe Wwe Cataloqued the the books Stocked theve: 42E Mega divessity Countaes - 4: Bazil 2: Columbia 3: Mexico 4. Indonesia 5. Peau 6- Malaysia }: Equator g. india ia Laive is Busing even tiHes of alt lo- china I). Mada gascae la» Austwolba ere REP APatterns of biodiversity a © Latitudinal , altitudinal , geoqraphicak . waphicol And humidity qzadients @ Latitudinal Gradient in divessity j ost well known. ig ood, ae eae = © Mose Productivity > Mowe Selaw NEnezqy. ® Tembezature axeas have Byde% gone feequent Glaciations in past. It eiiled most of the Species: No Such AivessifPication occuzed in tvobics wh@me the spedes continved to Plouxistdnd evolve undistuabed fo mi\lion of, ccs s- © Twopical aseag ay less Seasonal*and velatvely mdP@ &Constant and predictable: Species aze@ Relationshi e Gesmam natusalist and geographical Alex@nthes Von Humboldt - @ South American Jungles © Refahewshib between Species wichness and - veckangulas hypewbola (Stx aight ea es on logawithmic Scale) a S#oeGA— os Soe eeeflog s = Loge + Z Log A n> A> Logs = log c + Z 4ogA S= Species Richness A> Avea Z — Slobe of line / zequessidW coe PRicient cP. intescebt Nalue of Zi 7? 0'1-0°2! Smal) Gf like lants in Baitain, bisds in Califeania »molluses in New Yoxk Staffers > 06 -41:2: LaxqeXeseas (4:45 - fou givovous bixdS and mammals in teobical pe osest) Impoxtance of Species dive sity to Ecosystem @ which dives sty is imbostant fow Stabili producti gzesilience , Svusvigol@human trace, health eco System, 4: Stasbilt e Nodgtoo “much of Vaziation in productivity foo fear fo qear: ee© Must be Resistant ox vesilient Ye Natvral as well as man made distusban ® Must be zesistant +o invasions by alien Species: 2> Ecosystem health ; Raw Ehalich > vivel Pobbew h f é vii © Airplane - Ecosystem © Rivets - species f © Rivets on the wings - key SPR tie s- Loss of Bindi ®i+ Natuzal eytincton —_—_—_—_——_—_———— ees eAta Newry Slow wates : @ Some Species disabbear and othess which awe moze Adabt@agh the changed Condition take therm Place. Mass extnctoy @ Due to natuxof gotastzobhes. @ Till now five episodes of mass extncton of Speciesthave taken place. Anthzopoge nie extincton pue td digect o¥ indixect human inter Pesence. : cavsifig.d Sixth mass extincHon of Species. e enti 6-10 oo times move faster than the rate of Nato ral extinction.=< ll. Rest of loss of biodiversity J ® Deczease in productivity - - © Deczease in zesistant to envid Pestibusation like dzought: poe ® Inczease Naviability of ecosys. oc like soductivity » Wates use, = disease Ycles- Causes of loss of biodivewg the evil quartet) wo S87 wbiodives EP the evil quartet @ Habitat joss and Pragmentagion: e Over Exploitation @ Alien Species invasio L Coextinction Habitat @oJand Fragmentation @ Most imbostant Cause. e Toopical Bain Pox Baby — once Occubied \y ‘| of eaxth's latQaren, but today only Caps ® Amazon Pei - lungs of the Planet ~ Provide ox4gen to eaxth. ° Degzada f man habitats by Pollotion also heey $e eat of many >Examples - Pesticides linked decline o fish eating bivds and falcons+ Lead poisoning is another Major Cause of moztality of ma pedes like ducks 5 Swans» C¥anes: — oc Evteobhication of water bediés dvastcally Beduces Spedes dives sity. > Habitat fs aqmentation badly atteds Ehoke ©®ganisms Who wequises large tesvitosies like mammals, bizds atd/ also migy ating anim als. ONex Exbloitaton «Dodo, passenges pigeon , Stelles's Sea cow: Alien Species invasion e Nile peach a pagdafos fish was introduced into the lake WiEtoxia of East Afaica which killed And eliminated ovey 200 Spedes Of— CIOL i fishes. @ Cazsot 9xAss"(Paxthenium) came into India as a COnFaninant with wheat which elimmatked many hewbS and sh zubs. e Lantana a Shsub of tropical America which od intvoduced in India accidentally is ao Gevious weed today that Feblaced many Species in fowest - ea© Water hyacinth (Eichhosnia) was intwoduced gy Evrobeans in India which caused the death of many Aquatic plants and An = Iegat intzoducton of Agvican CatPi Claxiaa gaxiwpinus Pow aquacultux 'S posing a thseak to indigenous JcatPishes MQ wivess. Shy Co- extincton eIn plant pollinated mutali®t extinction Of one Partners will cads€D extinchon ° Another one- © Extinction of host cauS® extinction of pasasites. ConsePvation of co wR 8 RO aw esi (A) 7 Ln Situ ConSexvaton : Hotspots * Protected av@as it Examples A’ Saca@d groves and Saczed lakes 2: Bigsphese wresesues. 3+ Natoval Park and wildlife Sanctuaries, (ByewEX Sitv Cons exvation4: Sacved plants, home gazdens : 2:Seed Bank, gene banks» Cuyo Pubs Squier 3: Botanical gazden , Zoological park, , wildlife Sa basi Hotspots Initally 25 hotsbots Were idémti Pied globally” but now the numbewmise®aised to 3y Occubying eaxth's@land Aaseas of less than 2*)- Thsee hotsbot ave these in India- Western Ghat and «Se lanka * Indo Busma » Himalaya key critesia Foss detex miming hots pot - * Newsy high deguea of Species zichness. ‘High degueg of Endemism. » Degree of Phmeat which is measuzed in texms of habitat loss. OBO onp Nationa® Parks MDa e@ Both Plants (Floxa) and animals (Fauna) ave Psetected. ° Giga > Felling of tvee, habitat ™anibulatin ColWation aze not allowed: q@ Cosbet National Pask was the + Natonat park established in In@ia- Sanctuaries > errr e Animals axe protected- ®@ Collection of Posest product: vesting of Hmblew , private owne¥Sihips ete A528 allowed. a Biosbhee R€sesves © Protects Plants and Anifgals. ® Most e PRective Way to®@Bpsesue Plants . © Toibol People ave cay iDtesg zal combonents of the €cosysten. ei Bios bheve Res@sge in India Thuee Zones - 4- Cove Zone qupdistvsbed ang legally protect sds Dis Buffer Zone >It fs Managed to a ccommod dima. geeates weseasch and ees Be mancit one -> Outexmost Past Whersein local pet stays and Various activites Heese ents , Cxopping, forestey ete a wed -meres bobula , Examples - F Khasi and Jayanti Hills in “Av®analli Hills in Rajasthan. @)- Westesy Ghat zegions of ka and a @ - Mahazashtva. “S$ 8B4uja . Chanda and @. aveas of Madhya Pradesh Saczed Lake » KE Pushkax lake in Rajas Phan, Khecheopalwi lake in Sikkim Sacved Plant Tulsi (Ocimum shay 1 sudvaksha, Ficus weligiong y Conu nS on Biodiversity © The, earth Aummit (convention on bialgere dives ) og > Heldin @ Janeizxo ty (4q2. @ woald mit = Joh buzg, South p