Contents

• Computer Program, Programming Language,

• Web Development,
• Programming vs. Web Development
• Internet, World Wide Web
• HTML,
• Programming v. Scripting,
• Client/Server Model,
• Universal Addressing (TCP/IP, DNS),
• URL Protocols (HTTP, SMTP, FTP)
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Computer Program
• What is a Computer Program?
• What is Software?
• What is the difference between Computer Program and Software?
• A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a
programming language for a computer to execute.
• Software is a set of computer programs and associated
documentation and data.
• Computer programs are one component of software, which also
includes documentation and other intangible components.
• A computer program in its human-readable form is called
source code.
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Programming Languages

• What is Programming Language? Our focus on this course!

• It is a system of notation for

writing computer programs.
• Most PLs are text based formal languages,
but they may also be graphical.
• The description of a PL is usually split
into the two components,
✓ Syntax (form)
✓ Semantics (meaning), which are
usually defined by a formal language
.
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 Web Development
• Web development refers to
developing and maintaining
websites.
• It includes different aspects such as
web design, web programming, and
database management.
• Web development involves the tasks
that take place behind the scenes to
make a website look great, work fast,
and offer a smooth user experience.
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Conti..
Frontend Development Backend Development
• Frontend development is also called • Backend development called the
the ‘client side’ of the application. server-side of application
• It is the part of a website that the • It is focused on that part of any web
user interacts with directly. page that users can’t see.
• Frontend developers convert the • Backend developers store and
available data into a graphical user organize data while also ensuring
interface using HTML, CSS, and the proper functioning of everything
JavaScript. available on the frontend.
Fullstack Development
• Fullstack development involves both the front-end and the back-end development.
• Full-stack developers take care of the development of the design of the web page as
well as managing the database for data organization and storage.
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 Programming
• It is writing a set of instructions for computers that direct them to do a
specified task.
• It is the implementation of logic to facilitate particular computing
operations and functionality.
• A programmer is usually responsible for writing codes for desktop software
and applications or improving the current standard of software, or
implementing some new features and functionalities.
• A programmer’s job also involves testing and fixing bugs.
• Programmers can use any number of programming languages such as
Python, Java, C#, JavaScript, and C++ to build an application.
• Programmers write their script in a language depending on their choice and
goals.
• A programmer may not necessarily be a web developer.
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Web Development
• It involves the tasks associated with developing a website for the Internet.
• It involves the tasks that help in developing websites.
• Web development includes web content development, client-side scripting,
server-side scripting, network security configuration, and more.
• Web developers write code for the websites.
• Web developers mainly use HTML to organize text, CSS to define how
that text displays, and JavaScript for client-side work.
• They may also use backend or server-side languages like PHP, ASP.net,
Python, and NodeJS or databases languages like SQL.
• In addition to some programming languages, web developers also use
graphics and video software.
• All web developers know how to program using programming languages.
Thus, a web developer is also a programmer who can build web-based
applications. 7
• What is Internet?
• The internet is a globally connected network system that
transmit data via various types of media.
• It is a network of global exchanges – including private,
public, business, academic and government networks –
connected by guided, wireless and fiber-optic
technologies.
• The terms internet and World Wide Web are often used
interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same thing;
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Conti..

• The internet refers to the global communication

system, including hardware and infrastructure,
• While the web is one of the services communicated
over the internet.

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• The first workable prototype of the Internet came in
the late 1960s with the creation of Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET).
• Originally funded by the U.S. Department of Defense
• ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple
computers to communicate on a single network.

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Conti..

• The internet technology continued to grow in the

1970s after scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf
developed Transmission Control Protocol and Internet
Protocol, or TCP/IP,
• It is a communications model that set standards for
how data could be transmitted between multiple
networks.
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World Wide Web

• The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the

Web, is an information system where documents and
other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource
Locators (URLs, such as https://www.example.com/),
which may be interlinked by hypertext, and are accessible
over the Internet.
• The resources of the WWW may be accessed by users by
a software called a web browser.
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Conti..

• English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World

Wide Web in 1989.
• He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed
at The European Organization for Nuclear Research
(CERN) near Geneva, Switzerland.
• The World Wide Web has been central to the development
of the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of
people use to interact on the Internet.
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Conti..

• Hypertext is a text which contains links to other texts.

• Markup language refers to a text-encoding system
consisting of a set of symbols inserted in a text document
to control its structure, formatting, or the relationship
between its parts.
• The Hyper Text Markup Language or HTML is the
standard markup language for documents designed to be
displayed in a web browser.
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 Conti..

• Web resources may be any type of downloaded media, but

web pages are hypertext media that have been formatted in
HTML.
• Such formatting allows for embedded hyperlinks that
contain URLs and permit users to navigate to other web
resources.
• In addition to text, web pages may contain images, video,
audio, and software components that are rendered in the
user's web browser as coherent pages of multimedia content.
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 HTML

• It is the standard markup language for documents designed to

be displayed in a web browser.
• It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript.
• Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or
from local storage and render the documents into multimedia
web pages.
• The first publicly available description of HTML was a
document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet
by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991.
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Programming v. Scripting,

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17
Client - Server Model

• When you browse the web today, your browser on your desktop or mobile
device is the client. You enter a URL into your browser to visit a website.
• Your browser, the client, connects to the computer that holds the website you
want to visit, the server, and sends a request for the website using a standard
called the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (hence http://).
• The server accepts this request and sends a response to your browser along with
the requested data if available.
✓ If you entered the right address and the website is live, the server sends the
browser the appropriate HTML page and you see the homepage on your
screen.
✓ If there was an error, the server responds with an error code, such as 404,
when it can’t find the page you requested.
• That is the client-server model of the world wide web in action.
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Universal Addressing
(TCP/IP, DNS, DHCP)
TCP/IP DNS
Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Domain Name System
• Every device on the Internet is assigned an IP
• A set of rules for communication between
computers where each device (host) is address, but navigating to them using their 12-digit
assigned a unique IP address which is valid IP address would be very cumbersome.
on a particular network. • DNS allows a domain name to be used as a
• An IP address is made up of 4 "octets" pseudonym for a specific IP address. (i.e.
ranging between 0 and 255, and separated www.example.com).
by a period or dot. (Ex. 128.241.171.241) • When you type in a web site name, your system
• An IP address can be assigned statically or looks up the name on an assigned DNS server and
dynamically. resolves it to its IP address. It can then access the
web site.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• It is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host
with its IP address and other related configuration information such as the subnet mask
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 URLs Protocols
(HTTP, FTP, SMTP)
• A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) aka a
web address is a unique identifier used to
locate a resource on the Internet.
• URLs consist of multiple parts -- including a
protocol and domain name -- that tell a web
browser how and where to retrieve a
resource.
• The protocols which are used to access
resources on the internet includes HTTP
(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol), FTP (File
Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol) and the resource is
reached through the domain name system
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Conti..
• HTTP is the backbone of the World Wide Web (WWW).
It defines the format of messages through which Web
Browsers and Web Servers communicate, whilst also
defining how a web browser should respond to a particular
web browser request. Conti
• FTP is the underlying protocol that is used to, transfer
files over a communication network. It establishes two
TCP connections: Control Connection to authenticate the
user, and Data Connection to transfer the files.
• SMTP is used by Email servers all over the globe to
communicate with each other.

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