Applications Development Syllabus Complete Design of Embedded Systems - Development of IoT Applications - Home Automation - Smart Agriculture - Smart Cities - Smart Healthcare. Contents 71 72 7.3 74 7.5 7.6 77 Complete Design of Embedded Systems Development of loT Applications Home Automation ‘Smart Agriculture ‘Smart Cities ‘Smart Healthcare Two Marks Questions with Answers 7-4)Applications Development Embedded Systems and loT 7-2 ppl ont Complete Design of Embedded Systems * Design process uses following concept : 1. Abstraction : Problem component is abstracted first. 2, Software and hardware architecture : Before start of design, be understood. 3. Additional functional _ properties additional functionality is required or not. : 4, System related family of design : Earlier version of system is also considered while designing. ; 5. Modular design : Modular design is a design approach that creates things out of independent parts with standard interfaces. This allows designs to be customized, upgraded, repaired and for parts to be reused. 6. Mapping : mapping into different representations is done from software requirement. 7. User interface design : It is designed as per user requirement, environment analysis and system functions. In automatic coffee vending machine, LCD display is the user interface. Design Metrics * Design metrics for embedded systems are as follows : architecture must Developer should understand any 1. Unit cost : The monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system, excluding NRE cost Size : The physical space required by the system Performance : The execution time or throughput of the system Power : The amount of power consumed by the system Flexibility : The ability to change the functionality of the system without incurring heavy NRE cost Maintainability : The ability to modify the system after its initial release 7. Time-to-market : The time required to develop a system to the point that it can be released and sold to customers seen 2 Y4 Abstraction Steps in the Design Process * Embedded system design can be divided into four major tasks : 1. Partitioning the function to be implemented into smaller interacting pieces. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeEmbedded Systems and loT 7-3 Applications Development 2. Allocating those partitions to microprocessors or other hardware units where the function may be implemented directly in hardware or in software running on a microprocessor, Scheduling the times at which functions are executed, which is important when several functions partitions share one hardware unit ? 4 Mapping a generic functional description into an implementation on a particular set of components, * Design flow of embedded system begins with design specification, its define system constraint, both cost and processing time. System functionality is defined in behavioral description, hardware software partitioning is done to optimize design result and still fit _ the requirement. * Hardware and software integration is done after hardware/software detail design. Register transfer level design is carried out by means hardware programming language such as, Verilog, [essen =o VHDL and Esterel. © Verification and testing process is done [asnnieraen Saenger to ensure embedded system design is fit ()op-down design Sc satis to specification. Fig. 7.1.1 show the ea major steps in the embedded system design process. Embedded System Requirements 1. Reactive systems : The system never stops and the system responds to signals produced by the environment. 2, Real time systems : Timing constraints on task execution, Hard and soft constraints. = Real design often uses top-down and bottom-up design methods. = What does the customer want ? (Requirement) = System functions/characteristics. (Specification) = Block diagram (Architecture) = HW & SW module detailed design (Components) * Working system (System Integration) TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeations Development Embecided Systems and ioT 74 Applic Pp Top-down design Methodology 1. Starts with the top level 2. Functional description is converted into component list on each level 3. Each component function is decomposed further on the next abstraction level 4. Layout is given only for transistor components Advantages of Top-down Methodology f * Highest level of customization possible on each abstraction level ‘* Only one small transistor library needed. * Only one layout design at the end Disadvantages of Top-down Methodology 3 * Difficult metric estimation on upper levels since layout is not known until the end * Design decision impact on higher level not clear. * Hot spot removal is difficult: * Metric annotation (closure) from lower to higher levels needed during design iterations. Bottom-up Design Methodology 1. Starts from the bottom level. 2. Each level generates library for the next higher level. * Circuit : Standard cells for logic level. * Logic : RTL components for processor level. * Processor : Processing and communication components for system level. * System : Embedded systems platforms for different applications. 3, Floor planning and layout on each level: Advantages of Bottom-up Methodology * Abstraction levels clearly separated with its own library * Accurate metric estimation with layout on each level * Globally distributed development possible « Easy management Disadvantages of Bottom-up Methodology * An optimal library for each design is difficult to predict * Library customization is outside the design group * Layout is performed on every level TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeLLL Embedded Systems and for Applications Development Requirement ¢ Requirements are description of wh; Seneral parameters that the system must satisfy. Plain language at the user wants and expects to get. + It may be developed in following ways : 1. Talking directly to customers; 2. Talking to marketing representatives; 3. Providing prototypes to users for comment, There are different groups of people involved in the requirements engineering Process. These are users, application experts, customers, marketing experts, project managers, electrical engineers, and hardware and software engineers. * The requirements can be classified into functional and non-functional Tequirements. Non-functional requirements impose constraints on the system requirements. Typical nonfunctional requirements includes : Performance, cost, physical size and weight, power consumption. © The non-functional requirements influence the functional requirements. The documentation of non-functional requirements is a valuable basis for decisions that have to be taken when capturing and implementing the functional requirements. ¢ Non-functional requirements may be more critical than functional requirements. If these are not met, the system may be useless. Non-functional Requirements. '* Major consideration for the usability of the system and its ultimate cost : : ¢ It may be a combination of soft performance metrics and hard deadlines ee ‘© Manufacturing costs (e.g. components, assembly) ‘s Nonrecurring engineering (NRE) costs (e.g. personnel, designing the system) It depends on the application Important not only in battery-powered systems . Specified in terms of battery life . Functional requirements i © Describe functionality or system services. Depend on the type of software, expected users and the type of system where the * Depend o1 software is used. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge‘Applications Development Embedded Systems and loT 7-6 ts of what the system * Functional user requirements may be high-level statemen 3 e system services in detail. Fi ye the se nctional system requirements should describ‘ y sale a ae Requement orm Nani ages : Sample requirements form . ; idan a ee (FS When the system | ales a 2 Se bos KSB! Dag S 2c , identified earlier Mi er teen othly. No a [AFF] specification * Specification is contract between the customer and the architects. It is more precise description of the system. * Specification must be carefully written so that it correctly reflects the customer's requirement. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thnist for knowledgeEmpeed Syeterns'and ior. 7-7 Applications Development * Specification may include functional and non-functional elements, It may be executable’ or may be in mathematical form for proofs. It provides input to the architecture design process, Unified Modeling Language i ibi L I d for describing Be earn guage (UML) is a language used fot Architecture Design ‘The architecture is a plan for the overall structure of the system that will be used Tater to design the components that make up the architecture. Major components for satisfying the specification are hardware components (CPUs, Peripherals) and software components (Major programs and their operations). Example : GPS moving map block diagram ors Search recover [7] enone cmsnane | | Ureiiee — Fig. 7.1.2 GPS moving map block diagram © Architectural descriptions must be designed to satisfy both functional and non-functional requirements. Architecture is represented by software and hardware. Designing Hardware and Software Components * We understand the components requirement in architectural design. The components will in general include hardware, FPGAs, boards, and software modules. ‘* Some components are ready-made, some can be modified from existing designs, and others must be designed from scratch. * Itis also make use of standard software modules. © For example : Topographic database, Standard topographic databases exist, and you probably want to use standard routines to access the database, not only is the data in a predefined format, but it is highly compressed to save storage. © Standard software save the design time. It is possible to implement faster. You can design your own components. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeApplications Development Embedded Systems and loT 7-8 System Integration : sible, there are many * System integration assembles the all components. Leet ens porieis Bead bugs. Bugs can be removed by good planning, Indivi tested first. ne i ion is difficult becau * Debug method is used to remove the bugs. System integration is Be it usually uncovers problems. * We must have a plan for integrating components much functionality as early as possible. e. * Debugging facilities for embedded systems are usually much more limited than desktop systems. to uncover bugs quickly, test as Challenges in Embedded Computing System Design ! * External constraints are one important source of difficulty _ Too little hardware and the system fails to meet its deadlines. Too much hardware and it becomes too expensive. Requirement of CPU and memory capacity. Faster hardware or cleverer software. Faster hardware makes the system more expensive. Increasing the clock rate may not be the solution. Memory access times may be the bottleneck. Power consumption is extremely important, in battery-powered applications. In non-battery applications, excessive power consumption can increase heat dissipation. So turn off unnecessary logic and reduce memory access time, Hardware to be used over several product generations. Add features by changing software. How can we design a ma i ichine that will provide the tequired performance for software that ‘we haven't yet written 2 lity is especially important in some applications, Such as safety-critical systema | TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - on upthrust for knowledge ;d Systems and loT Applications Development _snereasing application complexity even easing target system complexity in standard merous constraints and desi constraints, dependabilit and large volume products. ®n objectives; examples : Cost, power consumption, luced and overlapping design cyctes, Design flow of embedd tem constraint, both aa ae begins with design specification, its define javioral description, har Gece time, System functionality is defined in rand stil tt the requirement nn Pershing is done to optimize design dware and so i fon Pe coe integration is done after hardware/software detail design. Repis el design is carried out by means hardware programming anguage such as, Verilog, VHDL and Esterel, igi a testing process is done to ensure embedded system design is fit to ies in their design mplex testing : It may have to run a real machine. It cannot separate the testing of an embedded computer from the machine in which it is embedded. Limited observability and controllability : Usually no keyboard or screen. Tt may to watch the electrical signals on the bus. In real time applications, we may “not be able to stop the system. estricted development environments : The tools are more limited and not easy debug code. | Development of loT Applications ToT applications can help us to monitor our business, improve efficiency and e better decisions based on device data that it collects and analyzes. = Internet of Things means physical devices (or groups of devices) equipped sensors, software and other technologies and the ability to connect and data with other devices and systems via the Internet or other networks Wi-Fi or Bluetooth). ; jicati ires four elements : Cloud technolo; E Things application requires a Fey interne reliable network and intuitive software. i liable et peer an most important elements of TT, responsible for data ing and storage: ° Persie Low-energy sensors OF mobile devices that can be either ware + Bee tom-built or bought from third-party vendors. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® ~ an up-thrst for knowledgeApplications Development Embedded Systems and loT © Network : It is responsible for two-way See between all relevant IoT devices and properly linking these devices with each other. jor © Software : Software is responsible for managing all devices eee an er system. Whether we choose to develop a mobile app or Re: app, the software should be cloud-based. Additionally, users should be able to check information collected from sensors and devices via one dashboard. * Steps : 1. Define the requirements for the application : An important step in developing an IoT application is to define the goal and scope of the app. - Choosing the right hardware : The type of hardware pees ‘on project requirements. It could be sensors, GPS trackers, or even eer But it is important to pick devices that are reliable and relevant to the project. Find the right connectivity protocols : There are several network protocols that we can use like WiFi, 2G, 5G, Bluetooth, LoRa, NB-IoT, or Zigbee. Depending on devices and the availability of resources, we need to pick the right channels for connectivity. vy 2 4. Ensure the firmware is well equipped : Firmware, or device-side software, are the technical terms for the program that runs hardware. Select the right cloud platform : The right IoT platform will hand the necessary tools to create an application that serves our purpose. Home Automation * Home automation is the automatic control of electronic devices. in your home These devices are connected to the Internet, which allows them to be controlled remotely. * Interconnected devices enable to a future Internet of Things. * Energy saving applications, for example, control indoor climate and electricity usage by employing context information to switch off appliances (e.g, lights, computers), reduce room temperature, close windows, or stop warm water circulation. ws intelligently monitor and control smart homes in 1. Monitoring : Monitoring means that users can check in on their devices PP. For example, ; Someone could vi ir live feed from a smart security camera, ig ets live 2. Control : Control means that t the user can coi planning a security camera A trol these devices remotely, like to see more of a li ving space. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® «an up-tyrust for knowledgeEmbedded Systems and loT ee 7-14 Applications Development 3. Automation ; Finally, automation means setting up devices to trigger one another, like having a smart siren go off whenever an armed security camera detects motion. ‘Smart Lighting Smart control the lights with automation signal system to save energy. Smart, connected lighting is the next - generation energy - efficient LED products with additional sensors to sense things such as occupancy and temperature. In automatic light control system, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor is used to detect bright /medium /dim /dark conditions. It is simple enough to envision the addition of sensors and communications to create that initial concept of smarter, more adaptive lighting. If people are present, turn the lights on; if not, turn them off. Or use your smart phone to connect to the lighting system and tune it to the desired brightness level or to a particular color. ‘Smart lighting is considered the one of the main solutions for energy reduction by means of controlling lighting level according to desired need with minimum energy consumption. Smart - lighting systems utilize motion and light sensors for performing the control algorithms. The system uses motion and light sensors for detecting the surrounding environment. There are lamps controlled with the specific lighting level in order to supply the adequate amount of lighting required without affecting the user visibility. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeApplications Developmen, Embedded Systems and loT ae is dent on the weath ired_ light 1 is strongly depen ites * Certainly the required lighting level B ; onal in as weather at night might require more luminance than cloudy reflection from the clouds. Pe one -s require the highest possible lighting leye), see Ne eather * While during mist and foggy w ‘On snowy weather it might require a, as the visibility reaches its lowest. intermediate level between clear and foggy. : ‘ requires high lighting levels, while at day it needs just fade level ir. The lighting concentration During night it h to weal guidance or turn off if the weather is clea in the yard is affected by the above conditions. ‘Smart Appliances The role and scope of smart appliances in the home (Washer, dryer, refrigerator, dishwasher, fridge, freezer, air conditioner, vacuum cleaner and so on) is on the increase with the market being estimated to have a year on year compound growth of slightly over 15 %. * Connecting everyday objects to the internet is an essential element of the [oT. Some appliance suppliers use a low power wireless network to communicate over such as bluetooth, whilst others utilise the existing higher powered Wi-Fi network used for a tablet or computer wireless connectivity. Once a network is in place objects can populate the home environment and communicate with the user and each other. The ability of an object to respond to remote commands and change its behaviour makes it an active device, such as the new Hive heating thermostat or a Sky+ box. * Where the remote object has no ability to respond to remote control requests then it i$ considered passive as with some fixed cameras, microphones or temperature sensors. -R Sensor + It will be activated in the automated mode to detect person entering or coming out is the toom and set a counter based on that. If the counter show there 38 @ person*inside it will light up the room automatically and turn on the AC depending upon the temperature reading, eae ee oe about Piction, occupancy, glass breakage, door and window enings, water leaks, light intensity, temperature, energy consumption, camera and even appliance plug insertion or removal, * Control omens) ee off or adjust settings on appliances, furnaces, ait Ue 's, fans, pool pumps, wat i theatres, music, motorized blinds, door ie ie ee ee * To be deemed intelligent, an al : internet protocol communication, ppliance's sensors and controllers should use Tee APUETEATIONS® © Gide trset for ‘knowledgeEmbedded Systems and /oT 7-13 Applications Development * Smart refrigerators can keep track of the items stored and send updates to the ‘users when an item is low on stock. * Smart TV allow user to search video and movies from the Internet on a local storage drive, search TV schedule, fetch news and other things from the Internet. * OpenRemote is the professional open source middle-ware for an Internet of Things. Integrate any device or protocol, and design your own user interface and automation. Use our online designer, sync to the controller, and control with this app. * OpenRemote is a state of the art open source software platform for building control and automation. * OpenRemote allows for designing a fully customizable building and home control solution without the need to actually write code. Intrusion Detection * Intrusion Detection System (IDS) includes both hardware and software mechanisms and IDS is responsible for identifying malicious activities by monitoring network environment and system. © The purpose of home intrusion detection system is to detect intrusions using sensors and raise alerts, if necessary. * With the help of Light dependent resistor and PIR motion sensor, it detect the motions in the room. If a motion is detected, system capture the image with the help of a webCam and store locally. Now the alerts are sent to the user with the captured image. * Fig. 7.3.2 shows block diagram of intrusion detection. Fig. 7.3.2 Block diagram of intrusion detection * To detect any form of intrusion in restricted ‘areas and report it immediately, following concept is used. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeApplications Development Embedded Systems and loT 1 ae any “human being in th 1. A PIR bengoris tequired to deel tie Baebes oY ee ce if the person in the room by 2, An REID is required to validate the presence © tallying his identity with those in the database. 3. A camera is required to click the picture of the ro an alarm. om and send it via email as a An Goteret connection sie required (io remeretmmenese movements On a Website so that it can be accessed from any place and any aa Fai te ‘The different input / output devices are controlled using Pe ag IEEE 802.11 standard protocol. Data being gathered from sensors, as PIR sensors, temperature sensors, IR transmitter and receiver is being processed on micro - controller as a server. i Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) Sensor : PIR sensor is an electronic sensing device that senses infrared (IR) light emitted from entities in its field of view and used to detect motion in its range. It is activated only in the security mode to detect any unwanted motion at the entrance. If any unwanted movement is detected then it will signal the microcontroller to take necessary steps. Alarm : It will only be activated in the security mode when some intruder is detected by the PIR motion sensor. Cloud controlled intrusion detection is possible by using location aware services. Here geo - location of each node is independently detected and stored in the cloud. Some intrusion detection system uses UPnP technology. It is based on image processing to recognize the intrusion. Smoke for Gas Detection Smoke or gas detector sensor which detects the smoke and turns on the bu: alarm and all these are update on the web page. MQ2 is a semiconductor type sensor, which can appropriately sense the presence of smoke, LPG, methane, butane, propane and other hydrocarbon. wie i comes in contact with the gas to be monitored, the electrical resistance of e ae decreases; enabling the microcontroller to Tespond to the situation. Whe} it detects the concentration of combustible gas in the air it outputs its ms ie oaks voltage. The sensor can measure concentrations of flammable 000 ppm. The sensor can operate 20 to 50°C and consumes less than 150 mA at 5 V. — TECHNICAL 'PUBLIOATIONS® ans up thrust 436 knowledg : °Embedded Systems and /oT 7-15 Applications Development * The MQ2 smoke sensor reports smoke by the voltage level as output. The more smoke is there, the greater the voltage output. The MQ-2 also has a builtin potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity to smoke. By adjusting the potentiometer, one can change how sensitive it is to smoke, so there is a form of calibrating it to adjust how much voltage it will give in relation to the smoke it is exposed to. Smart Agriculture Smart Irrigation * In our country, agriculture is major source of food production to the growing demand of human population. In agriculture, irrigation is an essential process that influences crop production. © Generally farmers visit their agriculture fields periodically to check soil moisture level and based on requirement water is pumped by motors to irrigate respective fields. 2 * The smart irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. The system has a distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors placed in the root zone of the plants. ¢ Wireless Transmitter Unit (WTU) is comprised of a soil moisture sensor, a temperature sensor, a microcontroller, a RF transceiver and power source. Several WTUs can be incorporated in field to form a distributed network of sensors. ‘* Input to the microcontroller is the reading of the moisture sensor and depending upon the threshold value a high or a low. * If the soil moisture value is below the threshold or the temperature exceeds ‘the threshold value, then the motor is turned on till the levels of moisture and temperature are optimized. Otherwise the motor is off. The sensor values and motor status is displayed on an Android App. Green House Control « In modem greenhouses, several measurement points are required to trace down the local climate parameters in different parts of the big greenhouse to make the greenhouse automation system work properly. « The most important factors for the quality and productivity of plant growth are temperature, humidity, light and the level of the carbon dioxide. © Continuous monitoring of these environmental variables gives information to the grower to better understand, how each factor affects growth and how to manage maximal crop productiveness. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgezations Development Embedded Systems and loT 7-16 Applic * Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) can form a useful part of the automation system architecture in modern greenhouses. * Wireless communication can be used to collect the measurements and to communicate between the centralized control and the actuators located to the different parts of the greenhouse. * Fig. 7.4.1 shows greenhouse with sensor. XS “wo Computer (Database) Fig. 7.4.1 Greenhouse with sensor * Basic factors affecting plant growth are sunlight, water content in soil, temperature, CO concentration etc. These physical factors are hard to control manually inside a greenhouse and there is a need for automated design arises, * Data collected fom various sensor is stored on the centralized server and this server process the data. Smart Cities © The number of urban residents is growin; addition, 2050. ig by nearly 60 million every year. In more than 60 percent of the world's population will be living in cities by * As a result, people Occupying just 2 percent of the world’s land will consume about three-quarters of its resources. Moreover, more than 100 cities of 1 million people will be built in the next 10 years. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-hrust for knowledgeEmbedded Systems and oT 7-17 Applications Development * Over the past decade, the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, has developed a vision for collaborating, envisioning, developing, and testing numerous connected solutions that could pave the way to a smarter, greener urban environment. * Fig. 7.5.1 shows concept of smart city. ‘Smart industry Smart grid ‘Smart police Internet of Things Smarthome Smart people aysem pielig = ‘affic Fig. 7.5.1 Smart city * Smart city includes : 1, Smarter management of city infrastructure using big data analytics 2. Collaboration across multiple and disparate agencies using cloud technologies 3, Real - time data collection, enabling quick response using mobile technologies. 4, Enhanced security : Improved public safety and law enforcement, and more efficient emergency response. Better city planning improved schematics, project management and delivery Networked utilities smart metering and grid management. Building developments more automation and better management and security. a TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgelications Development Embedded Systems and loT 7-18 Appl ‘ta from heterogeneous i 7 ie. ? i large dat © With smart city applications producing continuous largs frdate 03 Handle such sources, existing relational database technologies are cee BO icant huge amounts of data given the limited processing spee ie storage expansion cost. * To address this problem, big data processing technologies, which ce a distributed data management and parallel processing, have provided enal bes platforms for data repositories, distributed processing, and interactive data visualization. Smart Parking Traffic congestion is major problem in big cities. Searching for a parking space is a routine (and often frustrating) activity for many people in cities around the world. © After finding parking space to the driver, he parks the vehicle, it maybe spend small amount of time to looking for a city council parking attendant to pay the parking fees. The smart parking system is designed by making use of some IOT supportable hardware's such as raspberry pi, auridino boards etc. ‘© Smart parking systems typically obtains information about available parking spaces in a particular geographic area and process is real - time to place vehicles at available positions. * It involves using low-cost sensors, real-time data collection, and mobile-phone-enabled automated payment systems that allow people to reserve parking in advance or very accurately predict where they will likely find a spot When deployed as a system, smart parking thus reduces car emissions in urban centers by reducing the need for people to needlessly circle city blocks searching for parking. It also permits cities to carefully manage their parking supply smart parking helps one of the biggest problems on driving in urban areas; finding empty parking spaces and controlling illegal parking. Smart parking application can be accessed by drivers from smart phones, tables. Sensor is used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is empty or occupied. * Local controller collect the information and send to server shows process specification for smart parking IoT system. Each parking slot contains the sensor and it reads at regular intervals, Sensor sends the status information to local processing centre. using Internet. Fig. 7.5.1 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thnist for knowledge7-19 Applications Development Occupied Fig. 7.5.2 Process specification for smart parking loT system Fig. 7.5.3 includes four layers : a sensing, networking, middleware and application __ layer. (See Fig. 7.5.3 on next page). Sensing layer defines a platform where sensor devices are embedded into the arking lot to detect car presence/absence, and RFID devices located at the parking gates and strategic points of the parking are used to identify cars based on a unique mapping between RFID tags and car. "* Networking Layer : TCP/IP over Ethernet for connecting the gateway to the parking server and database and Internet access for remote access to the smart parking system from outside. “Middleware layer hosts different databases and associated servers and manages all of the software intelligence provided by the smart parking system to provide smart services to users by enabling communication between the application layer where services are requested and the lower layers where smart devices are ‘embedded into the parking lot to provide smart services. ‘The application layer is the layer where the different services are defined and to different users, Client devices have been connected via the TCP/IP protocol to a parking database. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeEmbedded Systems and loT Client Devices Parking lot ° Parking availability status by integrating into the car detection system sources of light on parking spots, which are TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - Applications Development 7-20 Application Middleware Networking Sensing Fig, 7.5.3 controlled by actuators to inform of the status of ‘aN Up-thrust for knowledgepedded Systems and joT 7324 Applications Development a parl ; Fine ee Ree service, * {°° ©€cupied, green for empty, yellow for reserved and Remote availability checkin in real time the availability The data of smart parking merchant's daily lives in and intelligent displays (ea Smart Lighting 8 using the Internet and/or the GSM network to check of the smart parking system. lots are able to provide profits for both customers and ihe ‘Smart cities. This service works based on road sensors which lead drivers to the best path for parking in the city. Bei, lighting is one of the largest energy expenses for a city. The street light on comprises-of all the light lamps in an area with current sensors and RF module. 'N’ street lights of this section communicates with local controller unit _ Wirelessly through RF module (Zigbee). 'N’ local controller unit communicates _ with main server through IoT due to its global coverage area. ) Smart light infrastructure is the backbone of the IoT in smart cities. Smart and _ Wireless street light luminaries can act as service gateways for other street level ToT devices. “Smart street lights are intelligent lights that gather dynamic data ie. data that _ keep changing dynamically by time, through some sensors and generate required ‘information for the request claimed by a citizen on road. ‘Smart street light saves energy by sensing the surrounding through their sensors expecting some other sensor in some other device. Smart Roads Sensor is installed on road to provides road traffic condition, travel time ; “estimation, congestion and accident. Fig, 7.5.4 Smart roads characteristics mation and stored on the central database using cloud. traffic congestion, making safe driving, keeping ensor collect this info . "This information helps for solving "road condition upto date. TECHNICAL PUBL! ICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgeApplications Development Embedded Systems and loT a st real time * User can access the information from the cloud. User also ge information. . Traffic can be * Real time traffic maps can be obtained to enable smooth eh ee pa reduced with systems that detect alternate routes. User get ane ye ean te | they can locate a traffic free road, saving time and fe. is reduce traffic jams and pollution improves the quality of life. Smart Healthcare * Smart health can be defined as medical and public health practice supported by smart devices. The IoT devices will help to test the different Ese etS, £0 as to facilitate for proper diagnosis. Based on the diagnosis the treatment is monitored. Health and Fitness Monitoring ToT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood | Pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring | specialized implants. Smart health systems provide health related services using a network?,?some kind of connection between intelligent agents. These intelligent agents could be computing devices, mobile phones, sensors, Fitbit smart bands, surgical devices, devices that measure your blood chemistry, or devices that measure your brainwaves. Any of these things could be intelligent agents. * The human actors, patients or healthcare providers for example, could be intelligent agents in this system. The sensors, devices, computers, applications, and | human actors are all intelligent agents that might be connected in the smart health } system. Smart healthcare is an important research area for Intemet of Things, which employs sensors and other information identifying technologies, wireless and wired networks to realize large-scale, multi-layer interaction between medical equipments, medical staff and healthcare institutions, * Some challenges in the healthcare ‘system are as follows : 1. Smarter hospital : Smarter hospital is an important improvement of smart healthcare system. A natural problem is how to build a Smarter hospital for Greatly improving medical services and patient experience. 2. Data integration/tealtimeness : How to combine heterogeneous health data Sources in a unified and meaningful way enables the discovery and monitoring of health data from different Sources. It is also important for smart healthcare to ensure the data realtimeness, Patients and TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thust for knowledgeEmbedded Systems and loT a 7-23 ‘Applications Development 3. Medical re no shortness : There are not enough medical resources for the Population. For example, there are fewer doctors and high-level healthcare institutions but more patients. 4. "Low" ( ae usage of community health service centers. In contrast with community Pe a Service centers, people prefer the high-level healthcare institutions. This results in the low usage of community service centers. 5. Bad health habits. The citizens have some bad health habits that contribute to poor health, for instance, smoking and no sport. 6. Lack of information sharing, hospitals are not sharing enough information. This leads to the following two problems at least. First, the health information records of patients cannot be queried. Second, there is lack of medical cooperation between hospitals. "e The links between the many applications in health monitoring are : Applications require the gathering of data from sensors Applications must support user interfaces and displays Applications require network connectivity for access to infrastructural services e Sapo ‘Applications have in-use requirements such as low power, robustness, durability, accuracy and reliability. « Connected medical devices and associated IoT technologies will primarily be used to achieve the following capabilities : 1. Access real time visibility of the patient's condition, his/her activities, context and physiological parameters. 2. Monitor compliance to prescribed treatment, diet and exercise regimes. 3 Provide feedback and cues to patients, family members, doctors and caregivers in order to implement corrective action. 4. Leverage high performance computing for real time feedback and use ” evidence-based medicine for better patient outcome. Wearable Electronic ‘Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on the head, neck, arms, torso and feet. Current smart wearable devices include : 1, Head - Helmets, glasses 2. Neck - Jewelry, collars 43, Arm - Watches, wristbands, rings TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge‘Applications Development Embedded Systems and loT 4, Torso - Clothing, backpacks 5. Feet - Socks, shoes , 7 © Smart glasses help us enjoy more of the media and ey value and when part of an IoT system, they allow a new approach to pro fen « Smart watches not only help us stay connected, but’as a part of an ToT system, they allow access needed for improved productivity. Two Marks Questions with Answers 1 _ List the typical nonfunctional requirement for embedded system design. Ans. : Typical nonfunctional requirements includes : Performance, cost, physical size and weight, power consumption. Q2 Explain design metrics used in embedded system design. ‘Ans. : Design metrics are unit cost, size, performance, power and time to market. Q.3 What is smart parking ? ‘Ans. : Smart parking systems typically obtains information about available parking spaces in a particular geographic area and process is real-time to place vehicles at available positions. The smart parking system is designed by making use of some IOT supportable hardware's such as raspberry pi, auridino boards etc. Q4 When urban centers are labeled as smart 7 Ans. : Urban centers are labeled as smart when they leverage technologies to improve the management of common resources, such as street space or waste collection and improve the quality of urban life for citizens. Q5 What are consequence for smart parking use cases 7 ‘Ans, : Consequence are as follows : * Contributes to pollution Increases traffic incidents © Causes motorist frustration Q6 What is smart irrigation system 7 Ans.: The smart irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. The system has a distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors placed in the root zone of the plants. Wireless Transmitter Unit (NTU) is comprised of a soil moisture sensor, a temperature sensor, a microcontroller, @ RF transceiver and power source, Several WTUs can be incorporated in field to form a distributed network of sensors. Q00 FECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge