Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (Father Of Microbiology History Of Bacteria Discovery Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria in 1675 without any major understanding of the organism and give them the name animalcules. Pasteur And Koch: But French Microbiologists, Pasteur, and Koch had the honor to make a major contribution in the field from 1870 to 1976. They were able to identify several bacteria morphologically and physiologically. Koch was able to demonstrate that bacteria can cause diseases such as Anthrax tuberculosis. This understanding leads them to suggest “The Germ Theory of sase”. The idea was soon accepted and studies on it as a subject were established. Thomas Jonathan Burrill (Father Of Mycology): Originally the idea was restricted to animals only. T. Burrill was the first to demonstrate that even plants could develop disea: es caused by bacteria. A lot of formation about the bacterial kingdom has been added to human knowledge since then, A comparative study of bacteria by different workers in this field is as follows: Mote Wik Plant Nutrients | Time Period | Non-Motte Mote wien Polar | Penirichous fagella Flagella gata Ta T9RO | Batra Feeds Basins Lehmann And | 1897 - Non-spiral motile ornon- | Sporing motile or non- | Bacillus Neumann | {927 | moti bacterum motile Simith 1903 Arlanabaster Bacterium Bait Bergy 1923 - Phytomonas Erwinia 1939 " Daan 1939 Peadomonas Peeadomonas And] Bem Xanthomonas Bera aR] readomonas Pseudomonas And] Bacerum Xanthomonas Contribution of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in Microbiology Single-tens microscope: Antonie van Lecuwenhock discovered the world’s first Single-lens microscope after Hooke’s illustration and very popular book Micrographia in 16. which was approximately 5 em long. He created 25 single-lens microscopes, which of them only nine were survived. Those microscopes, which were survived they have the magnification power up to 275 times, He also made 500 optical lenses. Single-Celled Life: In 1674, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered fitst single-celled life forms, nowadays which are grouped with the protists — these are mainly single-celled plants and animals. In the beginning, the Royal Society refused Leeuwenhoek’s Single-Celled Life. But, In 1677 his microscopic creatures were fully accepted The shape and size of Red Blood Cells: Leeuwenhoek was the first p of Red Blood Cells accurately In 1674. Bacteria: In 1676, Leeuwenhoek first discovered bacteria in water and called them ‘animalcules’ (from Latin ‘animalculum’ meaning tiny animal). Spermatozoa: ‘overed the Spermatozoa in 1676 Lymphatic Capillaries: Leeuwenhoek discovered the lymphatic capillaries in 1683, which carries “a white fluid, like milk.” Other Discoveries: ‘+ He observed the life-cycles of maggots and fleas, and proved creatures are not spontaneously generated. ‘+ By dissecting aphids Leeuwenhoek discovered parthenogenesis. ‘+ Leeuwenhoek observed the flow of blood in tiny capillaries and confirmed the blood circulation theory of William Harvey. son who determines the shape and size Leeuwenhoek disContribution of Robert Koch in Microbiology: 1. Isolating pure bacterial cultures: Robert Koch utilized Agar for isolation and cultivation of bacterial pure culture. ‘There were several benefits of this agar medium, such as; it easily solidify in 37-degree centigrade, it was undegradable to the most of bacteria, and produces a transparent medium. 2. Koch’s Postulates: Robert Published four postulates, which shows us the importance of pure culture in isolation of diseas e-causing organi 1s and described each necessary step to achieve this. 3. Tuberculosis: In the earliest time, people have believed tuberculosis is an inherited disease. But later Koch experimentally proved that Tuberculosis is an infectious disease and caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In his experiment, the bacteria satisfied all four of his postulates. 4. Causative Agent of Anthrax: Robert Koch identifies the causative agent of the fatal disease Anthrax, which is Bacillus anthracis. He found that the spores of anthrax bacteria are remains in the dormant stage in most of the time. In the presence of optimal conditions, these spores are activated and cause disease. 5. Causative Agent of Choler: In 1884, Koch isolate the causative agent of Cholera diseases, called Vibrio cholerae. 6. Acquired immunity: Koch observed the phenomenon of acquired immunity when he was examined the Papuan people. He found the Plasmodium parasite in their blood, but their symptoms of malaria were mild or could not even be noticed, Experiment of Koch’s Postulates: Robert Koch conduct an experiment with a healthy mice to establish these four postulates; @ | @ 1. Inhhis experiment, he isolated a pathogen from a disease infected animal 2:Then he culture this pathogen in the laboratory. 3. After that, he injects this pathogen culture into healthy mice. 4, The mice develop disease and died. 5. After that, he again isolates the pathogen in his laboratory from this experimental mice. Koch’s Postulates: Robert Published four postulates, which shows us the importance of pure culture in isolation of disease-causing organisms and described each necessary step to achieve this. His four Postulates were; 1A specific organism can always be found in Association with a given disease 2. ‘The organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture in the laboratory. 3. The pure culture will produce the disease when inoculated into a respectable animal. 4, It is possible to recover the organism in pure culture from the experimentally infected animal, Limit There 1 2, 3. mane ation of Koch’s Postulates: was several limitations of Koch postulates such as; ‘The microorganism should be grown and cultured in pure culture, If the microorganism does not grow in selected media it will fal. ‘Most time, wild type pathogens require complex nutrients which cannot be supplied within a culture plate. This limitation can cause pathogens of interest to die. Slow growing pathogens have slim chances of growing on a culture plate against other fast-growing ones. Did not consider microevolution in which at that time, the term was not discovered yet Selected media might not be compactable with the pathogen in which causes the pathogen to die A harmless bacteria may cause infection if it acquired extra virulence factors or gains access to deep tissues via trauma or infects an immunocompromised patient.Experiments on Spontaneous Generation Theory Aristotle: The Greek philosopher Aristotle(384-322 BC) supports the spontaneous generation theory. He thought that life was originated from nonliving materials if the material contained pneuma (“vital heat”) Redi’s Experiment: In 1668, an Italian scientist Francesco Redi conduct an experiment on a piece of fresh meat to disprove the spontaneous, theory. oom . in tow different jars econd one was covered + He left one jar open and the with a cloth, + After a few days, he observed that the open jar contained maggots whereas the covered jar contained ‘no maggots. + He also noticed that maggots were found on the exterior surface of the cloth, which was used to cover the Jar. From this experiment, Redi proved that maggots came from the fly eggs means spontaneous generation theory was wrong. Because according to this theory living cells were originated from the nonliving cells. The Germ Theory of Disease Fasksovered vn gauze Fhskunsoaled Flasksesied The germ theory of disease states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, ‘or fungi. These diseases are caused by the growth and replication of microorganisms. Germ theory states that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur confirmed this theory in the 1870s and 1880s with a series of Wait elegant experiments proving that microorganisms were responsible for causing anthrax, rabies, oe plague, cholera, and tuberculosis. Louis Pasteur No growth took two swan-neck flasks containing a rich liquid broth, and boiled the broths, He retained one flask as it is; and broke the neck of the other flask. The broth in the first flask remained as itis; whereas the broth in the second flask became cloudy which indicated microbial growth. Boil J, Boil Dust particles in air entered the first flask but were stuck 4 Microbial growth inthe swan neck and could no travel into the broth. On the other hand, dust particles easily fell in the second flask, thereby introducing microbes into the broth. This experiment proved the existence of germs in air (dust particles in air, tobe precise), and served as the final nail in the coffin of spontaneous generation theory. This experiment silenced all the debates between germ theory and spontaneous generation theory of origin of life. He performed various other fermentation processes for compounds like lactic acid, butyric acid, etc. Thus he postulated the germ theory of fermentation which states that every fermentation process is acted upon by certain microbes. He further extended the theory to animal and human diseases, He observed that the diseases are also caused by the germs present in or around the body. Contribution of Louis Pasteur in Microbiology: Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist considered the most important founders of Microbiology. Microbiology developed as a scientific discipline from the era of Louis Pasteur (1822- 1895) himself. He first coined the term “microbiology” for the study of organisms of microscopic size. For his innumerable contributions in the field, he is also known as the Father of Microbiology. He is renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.The studies on fermentation led Pasteur to take interest to work in microbiology. His contributions to microbiology are as follows: ‘= The doctrine of spontaneous generation was disapproved by his experiments that showed that without contamination, microorganisms could not develop. ‘+ He proposed the principles of fermentation for preservation of food. «* He introduced the sterilization t -hniques and developed steam sterilizer, hot air oven and autoclave. ‘+ He described the method of pasteurization of milk and wine. ‘+ He reduced mortality from puerperal fever. He had also contributed for the vaccine development agai several diseases, such as anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies. + Liquid media concept: He used nutrient broth to grow microorganisms. ‘* He was the founder of the Pasteur Institute, Paris, Spontaneous Vs Biogenesis: ‘SPONTANEOUS GENERATION BIOGENESIS Spontaneous generation is the theory that living organisms may be created from non-living matter, as shown by the presence of life in supposedly sterile conditions. Biogenesis is the theory that all living maller originates from other living matter. This distinguishes between abiogenesis and spontaneous generation. Francesco Redi, Alexander Oparin, Stanley Miller, and Harold Urey were proponents of spontaneous generation, Due to the ancient Greek proponent, spontaneous generation is also known as Aristotelian abiogenesis. The invisibility and stealth of certain species, such as rats, bees, and bacteria, led to the belief in spontaneous generation, William Harvey, Theodore Schwann, Lazzaro Spallanzani, John Needham, and Louis Pasteur were proponents of biogenesis, The first person to refute spontaneous generation was Lazzaro Spallanzani, He demonstrated that microorganisms can be destroyed by boiling in 1767. He boiled meat in a sealed jar, and the broth later showed no signs of bacterial development. With a series of experiments close to Spallanzani's, Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation in 1864 Tife on Earth originated from non-living molecules, according to spontaneous generation. Life on Earth originated from pre-existing living forms, according to biogenesis, Spontaneous generation has not been scientifically proven. Biogenesis has been proved scientifically, Spontaneous generation is based on observations and Biogenesis is based on real research and material facts logical reasoning. Scope of Microbiology Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil, water and atmosphere. For example microorganisms are required for the production of bread, cheese, yogurt, alcohol, wine, beer, antibiotics (¢.g. penicillin, streptomycin, chloromycetin), vaccines, vitamins, enzymes and many ‘more important products. Agricultural microbiology — try to combat plant diseases that attack important food crops, work on methods to increase soil fertility and crop yields etc. Currently there isa great interest in using bacterial or viral insect pathogens as substitute for chemical pesticides. Microbial ecology — biogeochemical cycles — bioremediation to reduce pollution effects Food and dairy microbiology ~ try to prevent microbial spoilage of food and transmission of food borne diseases such as botulism and salmonellolis. Use microorganisms to make foods such as cheese, yogurt pickles and beers. Industrial microbiology — used to make products such as antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, alcohols and other solvents, vitamins, amino acids and enzymes, ial physiology and Biochemistry — study the synthesis of antibiotics and toxins, microbial energy production, microbial nitrogen fixation, effects of chemical and physical agents on microbial growth and survival ete Microbial genetics and Molecular biology — nature of genetic information and how it regulated the development and function of cells and organisms. Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products Genetic engineering — arisen from work of microbial genetics and molecular biology. Engineered microorganisms are ‘used to make hormones, antibiotics, vaccines and other products. New genes can be inserted into plants and animals.Biogenesis Vs Abiogenesis: Details Biogenesis, ‘Abiogenesis Examples Cell division; flies developing from larvae; | Spontaneous generation, baby mice created by adult males and females. Experimental Evidence Yes, seen inthe Tab. No, never observed Time period Mid-19* century to present. Early Greeks to mid-19® century. Originator of the theory, Louis Pasteur. Aristotle Theory states that life comes from | Living things. mliving things. Whittaker’s Five Kingdom System: The five-kingdom classification was proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969 and hotasynthesize ‘chlo or nonmete was built on the work of two-kingdom classification. In Five Kingdom Classification, the organisms are classified based on several characteristics such as mode of nutrition, thallus organization, cell structure, phylogenetic relationships, and reproduction Mycoplasma, bacteria, actinomycetes__and cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae comes under Kingdom Monera, Protozoans, phytoplanktons, zooplanktons comes under Kingdom Monera Protista, Molds, mushroom, and yeast comes under Kingdom Fungi. Algae, Bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, Multicelled eukaryotes comes under Kingdom Plantae. Sponges, Invertebrates, vertebrates Multicelled eukaryotes comes under Kingdom Animalia Golden Age Of Microbiology ‘The period 1857 to 1914 has been appropriately named Golden age of Microbiology. During this period rapid advances and organized mainly by Pasteur and Robert Koch led to the establishment of microbiology as a Scientists Year Work 1857 Fermentation Pasteur 1861 Disproved spontaneous Generation, 1864 Pasteurization 1880 ‘Immunization Techniques. 1876 ‘Germ theory of disease. Koch 1881 Pure Cultures. 1882 mycobacterium tuberculosis. 1883 Vibrio Chlorae Lister 1867 ‘Asepic Surgery ‘Abbe 1870 Condenser & Oil immersion. Neisser 1879 Neisseria gonorthoae Escherich 1884 Escherichia coli Petri 1887 petri dish Von bering 1890 Diptheria antibiotic. Winogradsk 1892 Sulfur eyele Shiga 1898 Shigella Dysenteriae 1910 syphilis