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‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﰷﻣﻞ اﶈﺘﻮى ﳝﻜﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ زﻣﺰم ﻋﲆ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬

‫اﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫دار زﻣﺰم انﴍون‬
‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‪/‬اﳌﺒﲎ اﻻٕﺳﺘامثري )ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﰪ اﻟﻀﻴﻌﺔ(‬
‫ﻫﺎﺗﻒ‪0096265346482 :‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻛﺲ‪0096265346483:‬‬
‫ﻋﲈن – ا ٔﻻردن‬
‫‪email: zamzamjo@gmail.com‬‬

‫ٔاول ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﲨﻠﻮن ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ اﻻٕﻟﻜﱰوﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪www.jamalon.com‬‬
‫ٔاول اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻋﲆ اﻻٕﳝﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫‪alrawadieh@yahoo.com‬‬

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 ‫المملكة األردنية الھاشمية‬

‫رقم اإليداع لدى دائرة المكتبة الوطنية‬

‫)‪(2013/9/3268‬‬

‫‪338.4791‬‬

‫الرواضية‪ ،‬زياد عيد‬

‫سياحة البيئيّة المفاھيم واألسس والمقومات‪ /‬زياد عيد الرواضية‬

‫ال ﱢ‬

‫عمان‪ :‬المعد‪2013 ،‬‬

‫)‪ (380‬ص‪.‬‬

‫ر‪ .‬أ‪2013/9/3268 : .‬‬

‫المواصفات‪/:‬السياحة‪//‬البيئة‪//‬الصناعة السياحية‪/‬‬

‫يتحمل المؤلف كامل المسؤولية القانونية عن محتوى مصنفه وال يعبّر ھذا‬

‫المصنف عن رأي دائرة المكتبة الوطنية أو أي جھة حكومية أخرى‬

‫ﲨﻴﻊ اﳊﻘﻮق ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ وﳝﻨﻊ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ أو ﻧﺴﺦ أو إﻋﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻊ دون إذن ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺆﻟﻒ‬

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 ‫ُٔاﻫﺪي ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫إﱃ روح وادلي ﰲ اﳉﻨّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﻳ َ ْﺴﻜﳯﺎ‬
‫وٕاﱃ اﻟﻮادلة اﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻓﻬﺮس اﶈﺘﻮايت‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﳌﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﲤﻬﻴﺪ‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ا ٔﻻول‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ و ٔاﳘﻴﳤﺎ‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫اﳌﻔﻬﻮم‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮر ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل ﰲ ﻣﻮاهجﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳋﴬاء‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ و ٔاﺻﻨﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫ٔاﺷﲀل ﺗﻨﻈﲓ اﻟﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺒﺔ ادلﳝﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫اﳌﻨﺎخ‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫اﳌﺴﻄﺤﺎت اﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ )اﶈﻴﻄﺎت‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﺤﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﺤﲑات‪ ،‬وا ٔﻻﳖﺎر(‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫اﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﳉﺒﻠﻴﺔ واﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎت‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﺎري‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫اﳊﻴﺎة اﻟﱪﻳﺔ ) اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﳊﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ(‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫اﶈﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪53‬‬ ‫اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ وﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﲀن اﶈﻠﻴﲔ‬
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‫‪57‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ٔاﺛﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟ َّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫‪58‬‬ ‫اﻻٓاثر الاﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واجملﳣﻌﺎت اﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪58‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫ﺣﲈﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﳊﻴﻮي‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﴩﰷء اﶈﻠﻴﲔ ﰲ ﺣﲈﻳﺔ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ‬
‫وﺻﻴﺎﻧﳤﺎ‬
‫‪69‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﳌﺮ ٔاة ﰲ اجملﳣﻊ‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫اﻻٓاثر اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واجملﳣﻌﺎت اﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪73‬‬ ‫ﲥﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻻٓﻣﻨﺔ ﳌﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر وا ٔﻻﺳﲈك واﳊﻴﻮاانت وا ٔﻻﴭﺎر‬
‫‪74‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﳋﺪﻣﺎت‬
‫‪76‬‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺣﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﺮاﱐ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﺗﻐﲑ ﺻﻔﺔ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ا ٔﻻراﴈ‬
‫‪76‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ واﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﳌﴬة ابﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫‪79‬‬ ‫ٔاﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﲑ اﳌﻨﺎيخ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫‪79‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﲑات ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻐﻼف اﳉﻮي واﻧﺒﻌﺎث اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﲑات ﰲ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﺳﻄﺢ ا ٔﻻرض وﻫﻄﻮل ا ٔﻻﻣﻄﺎر‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﲑات ﰲ اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﳉﻠﻴﺪي‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﺤﺎر وا ٔﻻﳖﺎر اﳌﺘﺠﻤﺪة‪ ،‬وﻣﺴـﺘﻮايت‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
‫‪82‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎٔﺛﲑ اﳌﻨﺎخ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻘﺮار ابﻟﺴﻔﺮ واﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎٔﺛﲑات اﻟﺘﻐﲑ اﳌﻨﺎيخ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‬
‫‪86‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ الاﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻮهجﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﲓ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ الاﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮهجﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ إدارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ الاﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮهجﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴـﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
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‫‪91‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ الاﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴـﺔ وﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻮهجﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫‪95‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن‪ :‬اﶈﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎٔة اﶈﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ إﻧﺸﺎء اﶈﻤﻴﺎت ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن‬
‫‪97‬‬ ‫ﶊﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻮﻣﺮي‬
‫‪99‬‬ ‫ﶊﻴﺔ ا ٔﻻزرق اﳌﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪102‬‬ ‫ﶊﻴﺔ اﳌﻮﺟﺐ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪106‬‬ ‫ﶊﻴﺔ ﻏﺎابت ﲺﻠﻮن‬
‫‪109‬‬ ‫ﶊﻴﺔ ﺿﺎان ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﳊﻴــــﻮي‬
‫‪115‬‬ ‫ﶊﻴﺔ وادي رم‬
‫‪117‬‬ ‫ﶊﻴﺔ ﻏﺎابت دﺑﲔ‬
‫‪120‬‬ ‫ﶊﻴﺔ اﻟﲑﻣﻮك اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪121‬‬ ‫اﶈﻤﻴﺎت ا ٔﻻﺧﺮى اﳌﻘﱰﺣﺔ )ﻗﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﻞ ﻣﺴﻌﻮدة(‬
‫‪123‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن‪ :‬اﳌﺴﻄﺤﺎت اﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﶵﺎﻣﺎت‬
‫اﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪123‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺞ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ‬
‫‪124‬‬ ‫اﳌﺸﺎﰻ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﳯﺎ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ‬
‫‪126‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﱱﻩ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮي‬
‫‪127‬‬ ‫ٔاﺷﲀل اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﲚﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ‬
‫‪130‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﳌﻴﺖ‬
‫‪131‬‬ ‫اﳋﺪﻣﺎت واﳌﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﳌﻴﺖ‬
‫‪133‬‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ اﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﳊﺎرة‬
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‫‪134‬‬ ‫ﺣﲈﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻋﲔ‬
‫‪134‬‬ ‫اﻟﺰارا‬
‫‪134‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ اﶵﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪135‬‬ ‫ﺣﲈﻣﺎت ﻋﻔﺮا‬
‫‪135‬‬ ‫ﺣﲈﻣﺎت اﻟﱪﺑﻴﻄﺔ‬
‫‪136‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ اﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﳊﺎرة‬
‫‪136‬‬ ‫ﺑﱤ ا ٔﻻزرق اﳊﺎرة‬
‫‪136‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ وادي ﺑﻦ ﺣﲈد‬
‫‪137‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺪي ودﻳﺮ ﻋﻼ‬
‫‪137‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴـﺘﻐةل‬
‫‪139‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس‬
‫ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن‪ :‬اﳌﺒﺎﱐ واﻟﻘﺮى اﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن‬
‫‪141‬‬ ‫اﳌﺒﺎﱐ اﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﲈن‬
‫‪143‬‬ ‫اﳌﺒﺎﱐ اﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺎٔداب اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‬
‫‪147‬‬ ‫اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻜﺮك اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‬
‫‪149‬‬ ‫اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺴﻠﻂ اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‬
‫‪152‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮى اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‬
‫‪152‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺿﺎان اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‬
‫‪153‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﻃﻴﺒﺔ زﻣﺎن اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‬
‫‪155‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑـﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎرات اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن‬
‫‪156‬‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺎرات اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ اﶈﻤﻴﺎت‬
‫‪158‬‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺎرات اﻟﻘﺮوﻳﺔ واﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ‬
‫‪162‬‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺎرات اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺼﺤﺎرى واﻟﻬﻀﺒﺎت )ﻣﺴﺎر‬
‫‪8‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‪ ،‬وادي ﻋﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وادي رم(‬
‫‪162‬‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺎرات اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ)ﻣﺴﺎر ﻣﺘﲋﻩ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮي(‬
‫‪163‬‬ ‫ا ٔﻻدوات واﻟﺘﺠﻬﲒات اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﰲ اﳌﺴﺎرات اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫‪165‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻻٕﻳﻮاء اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ )اﻟﲋل واخملاميت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ(‬
‫‪165‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﲋل اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪167‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﲋل اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪169‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﲓ اﻟﲋل اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪174‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮانت اﻟﲋل اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪179‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﶺﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﳌﳬةل ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﲋل اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪181‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺼﺤـﺔ واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ اﻟﲋل اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪182‬‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﳒﺎح اﻟﲋل اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪190‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﲓ اخملاميت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪192‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اخملاميت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪193‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬
‫إﻋﺪاد اﻟﱪانﻣﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﳉﺬب ا ٔﻻﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮهجﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪216‬‬ ‫إﺟﺮاء ﲝﻮث اﺳـﺘﻄﻼﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﲔ‬
‫‪218‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﱪانﻣﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪220‬‬ ‫ٔاﻣﺜةل ﻋﲆ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﳌﻌﺪّ ة ﻟﻮهجﺎت ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪233‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺰودي اﳋﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪236‬‬ ‫إدارة اخملﺎﻃﺮ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪات ﻣﻌﺪّ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪238‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﲑ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪252‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪254‬‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺿﺒﻂ اﳉﻮدة ﻟﻠﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪257‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﴍ‬
‫ٔاﺳﻮاق اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪257‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪265‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﲑات ﰲ ﺗﻮهجﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح ورﻏﺒﺎﲥﻢ‬
‫‪268‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﰲ اﻟﻘﺎرة ا ٔﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪271‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﰲ ٔاورواب‬
‫‪273‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﰲ آﺳـﻴﺎ واوﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳـﻴﺎ‬
‫‪274‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﰲ إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫‪276‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ادلول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪278‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح ﻋﲆ اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪282‬‬ ‫ﲩﻢ ادلﺧﻞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬
‫‪287‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﳊﺎدي ﻋﴩ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪288‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪289‬‬ ‫ٔاﺷﲀل اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻮهجﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪295‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎايت وا ٔﻻﻫﺪاف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪297‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ وﻣﻜﻮانت ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﻮهجﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪313‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻻٕﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪317‬‬ ‫ا ٔﻻﻃﺮاف اﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫‪323‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﴩ‬
‫اﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪324‬‬ ‫ٔاﳘﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت ﰲ ﺗﻨﻈﲓ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫‪325‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت ادلوﻟﻴﺔ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ابﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪337‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ابﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫‪350‬‬ ‫اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﳌﺴﺆوةل ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﲔ وا ٔﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ابﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫‪350‬‬ ‫اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت ادلوﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪351‬‬ ‫اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪353‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﲚﺔ اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮس اﳉﺪاول‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫رﰴ اﳉﺪول اﳌﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫)‪ٔ (1‬اﱒ ا ٔﻻﻗﺎﻟﲓ اﳉﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬
‫)‪ (2‬اﻟﺘﻔﺎوت ﰲ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻻٕﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳّﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﲔ اﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ‪41‬‬
‫اﳉﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ادلول اﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ واﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (3‬اﻟﻔﺮوق ﰲ اﳉﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺑﲔ اﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﳉﺒﻠﻴﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ‪42‬‬
‫ﰲ ادلول اﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ واﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻨﺎﰋ اﶈﲇ اﻻٕﺟﲈﱄ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ‪67‬‬
‫اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬
‫)‪ (5‬اﻻٓاثر اﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻐﲑات اﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﲝﻠﻮل ‪81‬‬
‫‪2020‬‬
‫‪98‬‬ ‫)‪ (6‬ﻗﺎﲚﺔ ﺑﺎٔﱒ اﳊﻴﻮاانت واﻟﻨﺒﺎاتت اﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻮﻣﺮي‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫)‪ (7‬ﻗﺎﲚﺔ ﺑﺎٔﱒ اﳊﻴﻮاانت واﻟﻨﺒﺎاتت اﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ ا ٔﻻزرق‬
‫‪103‬‬ ‫)‪ (8‬ﻗﺎﲚﺔ ﺑﺎٔﱒ اﳊﻴﻮاانت واﻟﻨﺒﺎاتت اﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ اﳌﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫‪107‬‬ ‫)‪ (9‬ﻗﺎﲚﺔ ﺑﺎٔﱒ اﳊﻴﻮاانت واﻟﻨﺒﺎاتت ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ ﻏﺎابت ﲺﻠﻮن‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫)‪ (10‬ﻗﺎﲚﺔ ﺑﺎٔﱒ اﳊﻴﻮاانت واﻟﻨﺒﺎاتت اﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ ﺿﺎان‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﳊﻴﻮي‬
‫‪115‬‬ ‫)‪ (11‬ﻗﺎﲚﺔ ﺑﺎٔﱒ اﳊﻴﻮاانت واﻟﻨﺒﺎاتت اﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ وادي رم‬
‫)‪ (12‬ﻗﺎﲚﺔ ﺑﺎٔﱒ اﳊﻴﻮاانت واﻟﻨﺒﺎاتت اﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ ﻏﺎابت دﺑﲔ ‪119‬‬
‫)‪ (13‬ﻗﺎﲚﺔ ﺑﺎٔﱒ اﳊﻴﻮاانت واﻟﻨﺒﺎاتت اﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ اﻟﲑﻣﻮك ‪121‬‬
‫ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ‬
‫‪143‬‬ ‫)‪ (14‬أﺑﺮز اﳌﺒﺎﱐ اﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎٔداب‬
‫‪199‬‬ ‫)‪ (15‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﴍﰷت إﻋﺪاد اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﲑة‬
‫‪12‬‬
 ‫واﻟﻜﺒﲑة‬
‫‪240‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﺘﲀﻟﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﱪانﻣﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‬ ‫)‪(16‬‬
‫‪244‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪول ٔاﺳﻌﺎر ﻟﻠﱪانﻣﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‬ ‫)‪(17‬‬
‫‪251‬‬ ‫ﺗﲀﻟﻴﻒ اﻻٕﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﰲ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻔﺮدة‬ ‫)‪(18‬‬
‫‪251‬‬ ‫ﺗﲀﻟﻴﻒ اﻻٕﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﰲ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ‬ ‫)‪(19‬‬
‫‪260‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﳮﻮ ﰲ أﻋﺪاد اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2011‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﱰﻛﲒ ﻋﲆ‬ ‫)‪(20‬‬
‫اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬
‫‪262‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر اﳊﺼﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮهجﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪(21‬‬
‫)‪(2011-1990‬‬
‫‪266‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎرات اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬ ‫)‪(22‬‬
‫‪270‬‬ ‫أﺑﺮز اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﳛﺮص ﺳـﻴﺎح‬ ‫)‪(23‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﻻايت اﳌﺘﺤﺪة ﻋﲆ زايرﲥﺎ ﰲ ٔاﻣﺮﻳﲀ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪280‬‬ ‫أﻋﺪاد اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﻘﺎﺻﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬ ‫)‪(24‬‬
‫ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪283‬‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ اﳌﺒﺎﴍة ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻨﺎﰋ اﶈﲇ اﻻٕﺟﲈﱄ‬ ‫)‪(25‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮهجﺎت اﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪم اﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺮابﻋﻲ اﳌﺘﲀﻣﻞ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫)‪(26‬‬
‫‪338‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﲚﺔ ﺑﺎٔﺑﺮز اﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﺼةل ﲝﲈﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫)‪(27‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮس ا ٔﻻﺷﲀل‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﳌﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫رﰴ‬
‫اﻟﺸﲁ‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫ٔاﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﴏ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﻟﺴﻬةل واﻟﺸّ ﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎرق ﰲ الاﻫامتم اﻟﺒﻴﱩ واﳊﺎﺟﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬
‫اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻻت اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬
‫‪88‬‬ ‫ٔاﺛﺮ ٔاﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻴﲓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫دورة ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻮهجﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬ ‫)‪(7‬‬
‫‪93‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ا ٕﻻﻗﻠﳰﻲ ﻟﻠﻮهجﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬
‫‪183‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔ اﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬
‫‪195‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات إﻋﺪاد اﻟﱪانﻣﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬
‫‪259‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﰲ ٔاﻋﺪاد اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح واﻟﻌﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‬ ‫)‪(11‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
 ‫ﺗَﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮرات ُﻣﺘﺴﺎرﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻨّﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ّ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺪت ّ ِ‬
‫ﻗﺎرات اﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ابﻟﺘﻘﺪُّ م اﻟﻜﺒﲑ‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ؛ ﻓﻘﺪ ازدادت ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟ ّﺴـﻴﺎح ﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ّ‬
‫اﳉﻮي ﻋﲆ وﺟﻪ اﳋﺼﻮص‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻇﻬﺮت‬ ‫اذلي ﺷﻬﺪﻩ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﲻﻮﻣ ًﺎ واﻟﻨّﻘﻞ ّ‬
‫ٔاﺻﻨﺎف ﻣﺘﻌﺪّ د ٌة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات ذات ا ٔﻻﲩﺎم واﻟﴪﻋﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﲑة وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﱒ إﱃ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ رﺑﻂ اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﳌ ّﻴﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎدت اﻟﻮهجﺎت‬ ‫ٍّ‬
‫ﺘﻄﻮر ﻋﲆ ﳓﻮ ٔاﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻣ ًﻼ ٔاﻗ ّﻞ ٔاﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟ ّ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎل اﻣﺘﻼك اﻟﻮهجﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎت ﺟﺬاﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وٕاذا ﰷﻧﺖ اﻟﻔﱰات اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻗﺪ اﺗ ّﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺸـﻴﻮع ﻣﺎ ﻳ ُﺴ ّﻤﻰ ابﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﱵ ٔاﻓﺮزت ﶍﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎت ﻋﲆ ّ‬
‫ﻓﺎٕن ٔاﻧﻮاﻋ ًﺎ ٔاﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻗﺪ ٔاﺧﺬت ﰲ اﻟﻈﻬﻮر ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻻٓاثر‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﺒ ّﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺮز ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺴ ّﻤﻰ ابﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﲡﺬب‬
‫ٕاﻟﳱﺎ ﻋﺸّ ﺎق اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ واﻟﻨﺒﺎت واﳊﻴﻮان‪ ،‬وﱔ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ا ٔﻻﺻﻨﺎف‪ ،‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اجملﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﳌﻨﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺸﲁ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ٔاﻛﱶ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـ ّﻴﺔ وٕاﳝﺎ ًان ابﻟﻘﻀﺎاي اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ذلا ﳒﺪﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﺼﺔ ﰻ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮانﲥﺎ و ٔاﺷﲀﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎٔي‬‫اﳊﺮص ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪم ا ٕﻻﴐار ابﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ ٔاو اﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ّ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰷﻧﺖ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺪاﺧﻠﺖ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﲓ ٔاﺧﺮى ذات ﻣﻐﺰى‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﰷﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﺴﺆوةل واﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳋﴬاء واﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﺴـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ وﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﳌﺴ ّﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻞ ﰲ داﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﴏ ٕاﳚﺎﺑﻴّﺔ ﳓﻮ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮ ًا ٔﻻﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎٕﻧﻨﺎ ﺳـﻨﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ٔاﺑﺮز اﳉﻮاﻧﺐ اﳌﺘﻌﻠ ّﻘﺔ ابﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲠﺎ وﲟﻔﺮداﲥﺎ‬
‫وﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﳌﻘﺼﻮد ابﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﻣﻊ اﺑﺮاز اﻟﻔﺎرق ﺑﻴﻨﻪ وﺑﲔ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت ا ٔﻻﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟ ّﺴـﻴﺎح‪.‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬‫ﻛﲈ ﺳـﻨﺘﻨﺎول اﳋﻠﻔﻴَّﺎت اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳ ّﺔ واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﴭﻌﺖ ﻋﲆ ّ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮاء‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻣﻊ ا ٕﻻﺷﺎرة إﱃ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻟ ّﺴﺎﰁ واجملﳣﻊ ّ‬
‫اﶈﲇ ﻋﲆ ٍّ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀ ّﻤﻦ اﺳـﺘﻌﺮاﺿ ًﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻌ ًﺎ ﻟﻼٓاثر ا ٕﻻﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ٕاﺑﺮاز اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﺘﻐﲑات اﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ واﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ ﰲ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺪّ ّ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑات اﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴّﺔ ﻛﺠﺰر اﳌﺎدلﻳﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ُّ‬
‫وﺳﻴ ّﱲ اﺳـﺘﻌﺮاض ٔاﻧﻮاع اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ابﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬وﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫اﳋﺪﻣﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﳌ ُﻘﺪّ ﻣﺔ ﰲ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ واﻟﴩوط واﻟﻀﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﱵ ﲢﲂ ﲻﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﻮاﺟﺪة ﰲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ّ‬
‫ٔاﻣﺎ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌ ُﺴـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎٕﳖﺎ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻔﺎﻫﲓ اﻟﱵ ﺳـﺘﺤﻈﻰ ابﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺧﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ ﰲ ﻇﻞ اﳋﻮف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎٔﺛﲑات اﻟﺴﻠﺒ ّﻴﺔ )ﺳﻮاء ﺑﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ٔاو إﺟامتﻋ ّﻴﺔ ٔاو‬
‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴّﺔ( ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﲓ همﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬا اجملﺎل ﰷﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ٕﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﲀن ‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﺘﻨﺎول ﻫﺬا اﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﰲ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ وﲻﻠﻴﺔ ٕاﻋﺪاد‬
‫وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻣﻦ ٔاﺟﻞ ﺿﲈن ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻟ ُّﺴـ َّﻴﺎح ورﻏﺒﺎﲥﻢ‬
‫دون اﳌﺴﺎس ابﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ ٔاو ابﻟﱶوة اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗ ّﻴﺔ واﳊﻴﻮاﻧ ّﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﻮاﺟﺪة ﻓﳱﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺳﻴﱲ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ٕاﺑﺮاز ٔاﱒ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ واﳉﻬﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻄﺔ ﻓﳱﺎ‪ ،‬وﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء اﳌﺴﺎرات اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ا ٔﻻردن‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء ٔاﰷن ذكل ﰲ اﶈﻤ ّﻴﺎت ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ ٔام اﻟﻐﺎابت ٔاو اﻟﺼﺤﺎري ٔاو اﳉﺒﺎل‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﲆ ﲻﻠﻴﺔ ادلﻣﺞ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ وﺑﲔ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ُّاﻟﱰاﺛ َّﻴﺔ وا ٔﻻﺛﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﳯﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وآﺧﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎوهل اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‪ ،‬اﺳـﺘﻌﺮ ٌاض ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻮد اﳌﺒﺬوةل ﶵﺎﻳﺔ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ‬
‫و ٔاﱒ اﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت اﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﳱﺎ وﻣﻨﻊ اﻟﻌﺒﺚ واﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﳱﺎ ﻛﺘكل اﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻢ اﺳـﺘﻌﲈﻻت ا ٔﻻراﴈ وﲻﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﲈﻳﺔ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ٕاﻧﺸﺎء اﶈﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ووﺿﻊ الاﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﰟ ﻣﺴﺎرات ﳏﺪّ دة ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎح داﺧﻞ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ‬

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‫اﻟﺴﻠﱯ اﻟﻨﺎﰖ ﻋﻦ اﳊﺮﻛﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎٔﺛﲑ‬
‫ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‬
‫ﰲ اﻟﳯﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬آﻣﻞ ٔان ﻳﺴﻬﻢ اﳉﻬﺪ اﳌﺒﺬول ﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ّ‬
‫واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ ﻣﻊ ا ٔﻻﻣﺜةل اﳊﻴّﺔ اﳌ ُﻌﻄﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ الاردﻧﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﳒﺤﺖ‬
‫ﰲ اﳌﻮاءﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ وﺣﺎﺟﺎت ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟ ُّﺴـ َّﻴﺎح‪.‬‬

‫ادلﻛﺘﻮر زايد ﻋﻴﺪ اﻟﺮواﺿﻴﺔ‬

‫‪alrawadieh@yahoo.com‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ا ٔﻻول‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟ ِّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ و ٔاﳘﻴﳤﺎ‬
‫‪ -1-1‬اﳌﻔﻬﻮم‪:‬‬
‫ﺗُﻌﺪّ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻣﻦ ٔاﺷﲀل اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﰷﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﱰﻓﳱﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﳰﻴﺔ وادلﻳﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬـﻲ‪ -‬ﻛﲈ ٔاﴍان ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‪ -‬ﺟﺎءت ﻛﺮد‬
‫ﻋﲆ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ اﻧﺘﴩت ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮن اﳌﺎﴈ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﲻﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻋﲆ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﺎوﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫وﺻﻔﻬﺎ ابﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﻌﳣﺪة ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓامي وﺻﻒ آﺧﺮون اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ابﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ ﺟﺰءا ﻣﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﺴـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ واﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﺴﺆوةل‪ .‬ووﻓﻘ ًﺎ ﻻٕﻋﻼن ﻛﻮﻳﺒﻚ‬
‫ﻓ ٕﺎن اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﲨةل ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﺴـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﳣﻴﲒ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ا ٔﻻﻣﻮر اﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﲷﻦ داﺋﺮة اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ و ُّاﻟﱰاﺛﻴَّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ دﻣﺞ اجملﳣﻌﺎت اﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﳌﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﳤﻢ وﲻﻞ ذكل ابﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ وﻋﺮض اﳌﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ُّاﻟﱰاﰔ ﻟﻠﺰاﺋﺮ ﻋﲆ ﳓﻮ ﻣﻼﰂ)‪.(1‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ّﻋﺮف اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻋﲆ اﳖﺎ "اﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻟﺰايرة اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ الاﺳـﳣﺘﺎع ابﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ وﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺎﺣﳢﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺮوح ﻣﻦ اﳌﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ اﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ وﻋﺪم اﳌﺴﺎس ﲠﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎٔﺛﲑات اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰايرة‪ ،‬و ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﺮﺻ ًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻻٕﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳّﺔ واﻻٕﺟامتﻋﻴّﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﲀن‬
‫)‪.( 2‬‬
‫اﶈﻠﻴﲔ"‬
‫وﳝﻜﻦ اﻻٕﻟﺘﻔﺎت إﱃ ﻋﻨﺎﴏ أﺳﺎﺳـ ّﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﳯﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻦ أﺑﺮزﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻻٕﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ٔاﺟﻞ ا ٕﻻﺳـﳣﺘﺎع ابﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫?‪(1) United Nations Environment Programme, (n.d) what is ecotourism‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬دﺑﻮر‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﻴﻞ ‪ ،2004‬ﻣﺸﺎﰻ واﻓﺎق اﻟﺘﳮﻴﺔ ِ ّ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﳌﺴـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺒدلان الاﻋﻀﺎء ﲟﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﳌﺆﲤﺮ‬
‫الاﺳﻼﱊ ﻣﻊ اﺷﺎرة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﱃ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎةل اﻟﺘﻌﺎون الاﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﲔ ادلول الاﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ص ‪.16‬‬
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 ‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺪم اﳌﺴﺎس ابﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ ٔاو ا ٕﻻﻋﺘﺪاء ﻋﻠﳱﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻓﺮص اﻟﺘﳮﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﲀن اﶈﻠﻴﲔ ﰲ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ همﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ابﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﳊﻴﻮي‬
‫ابﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ا ٔﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ذاﲥﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‪:‬‬
‫ٔا‪ .‬ﺣﲈﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﳊﻴﻮي اﻟﺒﻴﱩ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ٕاﻧﺸﺎء اﶈﻤﻴﺎت ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ‬
‫وٕادارﲥﺎ ووﺿﻊ اﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﳌﻼﲚﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﳌﻮارد اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﴬورة الاﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺮﺷـﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬
‫واﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﳱﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻟﻔﺖ الاﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ إﱃ دور ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻮارد ﰲ ﺟﺬب‬
‫اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح إﱃ اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬وابﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻓﺮص اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وزايدة‬
‫ادلﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﲀن اﶈﻠﻴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ .‬دﻣﺞ اجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ ﰲ ا ٔﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﳌﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ وﺟﻌﻠﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺟﺰء ًا ﻣﻦ ﲻﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ وا ٕﻻدارة ﻟﻠﻮهجﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﺬا ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﺪايت اﻟﱵ ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﲻﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﰲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ وﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻮاﺋﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ذاﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ اﻧﺘﻔﺎع اجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻻٓاثر اﻻٕﺟامتﻋ ّﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﶈﻠﻴﺔ إﱃ‬
‫ٔاﻗﴡ ﺣ ٍﺪ ﳑﻜﻦ)‪.(1‬‬
‫• ﻇﻬﻮر ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜ ًﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﻴ ًﺎ ‪،‬إذ ﺑﺪ ٔا اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﰲ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺴـﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﺮن اﳌﺎﴈ ابﻟﺮﰬ ﻣﻦ اﻻٕﺷﺎرات اﻟﱵ‬

‫‪(1) Garcia, Beatriz, Gasques, Jose G., and Bastos Eliana T. (n.d) Ecotourism in‬‬
‫‪the Amazon.‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫ٔاوردﻫﺎ ”‪ “Hetzer‬ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎل هل ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﲓ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﳌﺴﺆوةل وذكل ﰲ ﻋﺎم ‪.(1)1965‬‬
‫وﻣﻊ ٔان اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ إﻻ ٔان ﻣﻜﻮانت و ٔاﺷﲀل اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﰷﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪاوةل ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ا ٔﻻﺣﻴﺎن ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ اﳊﺎل ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﺎري )‪ (safari‬اﻟﱵ ﺟﺬﺑﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح ٕاﱃ إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﻘﻮد ﻃﻮﻳةل‪ ،‬ابﻻٕﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﰷن‬
‫ﻳﻨﻈﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﰲ اﶈﻤﻴﺎت ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ)‪.(2‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ٔاﺧﺬت ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ اﺟﺘﺬاب ﴍاﰁ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺮاﻏﺒﲔ‬
‫ﰲ اﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ والاﺳـﳣﺘﺎع ابﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬و ٔاوﻟﺌﻚ ادلاﻋﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮارد اﳊﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ وﻋﺪم الاﻋﺘﺪاء ﻋﲆ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪:(Mass Touris‬‬‫• اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل ﰲ ﻣﻮاهجﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪rism‬‬
‫ﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﳋﺪﻣﺎت )اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق‪ ،‬اﳌﻄﺎﰪ‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ﺷﲁ اﻟ ّ‬
‫وﻏﲑﻫﺎ( زايدة ﻣﻀﻄﺮدة ﰲ ٔاﻋﺪاد اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح ﳓﻮ اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺸﺎﰻ ا ٕﻻﺟامتﻋ ّﻴﺔ واﻻٕﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳّﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴّﺔ ﰲ اجملﳣﻌﺎت اﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ابﻻٕﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﲢﻮل اﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ إﱃ رﺣﻼت ﻣﺴـﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮانت اﻟﺮﺣةل وﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ٔاﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺣﻼت ﱔ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺣﱴ‬
‫اﻟﺴـﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﳌﺎﴈ‪ ،‬و ٔاﺧﺬ ادلارﺳﻮن ﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮن ﻋﻠﳱﺎ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ًا ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﳤﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ٔاﻫﻮاء اﳌﺸﺎرﻛﲔ ﻓﳱﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻊ ﺗﻨﺎﱊ ٔاﻋﺪاد اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح ﺑﺸﲁ ﻣﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ٔاﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻲ اﻟﺮﺣﻼت ﰲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أﻓﲀر وﺧﻴﺎرات ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﲢﺎول أن ﺗﻠﱯ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت ﻓﺌﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح وﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ّﲰﻲ ابﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل اﻟﱵ ﲥﺪف إﱃ ﺗﻼﰲ اﻟﻌﻴﻮب واﳌﺸﺎﰻ‬
‫اﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﳢﺎ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ذات‬

‫)‪(1) Hetzer , N. D. (1965) , Environment, tourism , culture. LINKS (July‬‬

‫‪reprinted in Ecosphere 1970, 1(2), p.p 1-3.‬‬
‫‪(2) U Fennell, D. A. (2002) Ecotourism programme planning . CABI publishing,‬‬
‫‪Oxon, UK, p,p 12.‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫ﻗﳰﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ابﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ اﳌﺴـﳤﺪﻓﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل ٔاﺷﲀ ًﻻ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﻦ‬
‫ٔاﺑﺮزﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﻐﺎﻣﺮات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﺴـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﺴﺆوةل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻖ اﳉﺒﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻴﲓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﱱﰿ ﻋﲆ اﳌﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻐﻮص‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﻨﺎك ﰲ اﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ٔاﺷﲀل ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻣﺴـﺘﺠﺪّ ة ﻣﻦ ٔاﺷﲀل اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل‪،‬‬
‫و ٔاﺧﺬت اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗُﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﲁ ٔاﺷﲀل اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻏﲑ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل ﲻﻞ‬
‫اﻟﱪانﻣﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح ٕواﻋﺪاد اﳋﺪﻣﺎت ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ٕاﺧﺘﻼﻓ ًﺎ ﳇﻴ ًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗكل اﳌﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ‬
‫اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﱱوﻳﺪ واﻟﺘﻨﻈﲓ ٔاو اﳌﻮارد اﻟﺒﴩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وذﻫﺐ دﻳﺮﻧﻮي )‪ (Dernoi‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ًا ﰲ وﺻﻒ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﺴﺎﰁ واﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺣﻴﺚ ّﺑﲔ أن اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل ﺗﱪز ﻓﳱﺎ ٔاﻛﱶ ﻇﺎﻫﺮة‬
‫اﺳـﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ اجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎح وﺗﻘﺪﱘ اﳋﺪﻣﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﳍﻢ ﺳﻮاء أﰷن ذكل ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻓﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑة )ذات ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ( ٔام ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺑﻴﻮﲥﻢ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﳖﺎ ﻻﺳـﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح‪ ،‬وﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا الاﻣﺮ ﻳﱪز ﻛﺜﲑ ًا ﰲ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬
‫واﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ واﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ وﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ٔاﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل‪.‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
‫ذلا ﻓ ٕﺎﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑﺎٔن اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل )وﻣﻦ ﲷﳯﺎ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ(‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮم ﻋﲆ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ا ٕﻻﺟامتﻋﻴّﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﺴﺎﰁ واجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ وﲣﻠﻖ ﺷ ً‬
‫الك ﻣﻦ‬
‫ٔاﺷﲀل اﻟﺘﻔﺎﱒ اﳌﺸﱰك وا ٕﻻﺣﱰام اﳌﺘﺒﺎدل)‪.(1‬‬
‫ورﰬ ﺗﻘﺴـﲓ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل إﱃ اﺷﲀل ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ الا ان ذكل ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ‬
‫ابﻟﴬورة وﺟﻮد ﻓﻮارق ﻓﺎﺻةل ﺑﺸﲁ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﲔ ﰻ ﻧﻮع والاﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﳛﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ اﺷﲀل اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺗﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ وﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﻐﺎﻣﺮات واﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ وﻫﻜﺬا)‪.(2‬‬

‫‪(1) Dernoi, L. A. (1988) Alternative or community-based tourism. In Tourism: A‬‬

‫‪vital force for peace (L.D’. Amore and J. Jafari, eds) L.D’. Amore; Montreal,‬‬
‫‪Canada, p.p 253.‬‬
‫‪(2) Wearing, Stephen , and John Neil (2009) Ecotourism: Impacts, potentials and‬‬
‫‪possibilities? Butterworth- Heinemann , 2nd edition , Oxford (UK) pp.2.‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
 ‫ﺷﲁ رﰴ )‪(1‬‬
‫ٔاﻧﻮاع اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬

‫سياحة‬
‫ال ﱢ‬

‫سياحة‬‫ال ﱢ‬
‫سياحة البديلة‬
‫ال ﱢ‬ ‫الجماعية‬
‫) أعداد كبيرة‬
‫من السياح(‬

‫سياحة‬ ‫السﱢياحة‬ ‫السﱢياحة‬ ‫السﱢياحة‬

‫الغوص‬ ‫الطﱠبيعيّة‬ ‫البيئيّة‬ ‫الريفية‬

‫وٕاذا ﻣﺎ ﺣﺎوﻟﻨﺎ اﳌﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﺪﻳةل ﺳـﻨﻼﺣﻆ ا ٔﻻﻣﻮر اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ٔ .1‬ان ٔاﻋﺪاد اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﳌﻨﺨﺮﻃﲔ ﰲ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ ٔاﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ٔاوﻟﺌﻚ‬
‫اﳌﻨﻀﻮﻳﻦ ﲢﺖ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل‪.‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﲠﺔ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻠﺠﺎٔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل إﱃ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ّﻴﺎت ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮة ﰲ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ‬
‫اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﲢﺮص اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل ﻋﲆ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم الاﺳـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﻜﻮن‬
‫الاﻫامتم ﲠﺬا ا ٔﻻﻣﺮ ﻗﻠﻴ ًﻼ دلى اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺣﺎﴐة ﺑﺸﲁ ٔاﻛﱪ ﲷﻦ ٔاﺷﲀل اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ا ٕﻻﺟامتﻋﻲ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ ﺑﲔ اﻟﺴﺎﰁ واجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ ٔاﻛﱪ ﰲ‬
‫اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﶺﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2-1‬اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ واﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳋﴬاء‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳋﴬاء ﻣﻦ اﳌﻔﺎﻫﲓ اﻟﱵ ٔاﺧﺬت ﺗﻠﻘﻰ رواﺟ ًﺎ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ٔاﺻﺪﻗﺎء اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻘﺎﻣﻮا ﻋﲆ ٕاﺛﺮﻫﺎ ابٕﻃﻼق اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺒﺎدرات اﻻٕﺟامتﻋ ّﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻻٕﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳّﺔ واﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ واﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان "اﳋﴬاء"‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﰲ اورواب ﻣﺜ ًﻼ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ا ٔﻻﺣﺰاب اﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎٔﺣﺰاب اﳋُﴬ ٕاﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﺣﺮﰷت اﻟﺴﻼم‬
‫ا ٔﻻﺧﴬ اﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎدﲛﺎ ﻣﻦ ﴐورة رﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﺣﲈﻳﳤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث ووﻗﻒ‬
‫الاﻋﺘﺪاءات ﻋﻠﳱﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ اﻣﺘﺪت ﻫﺬﻩ اﳊﺮﰷت ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ٔاﻓﺮزت ﲷﻦ‬
‫ٕاﻃﺎر اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻳةل ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮف اﻟﻴﻮم ابﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳋﴬاء وﱔ ﻻ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬إذ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اب ٔﻻﻓﺮاد واﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﻮهجﺎت‬
‫اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﺗﺘﺒﲎ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺷﻌﺎرات ﻛﺜﲑة ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻠﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﻋﻨﺪ ا ٕﻻﻗﺪام ﻋﲆ الاﳔﺮاط ﰲ ا ٔﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﲚﲔ ﻋﲆ‬
‫اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ٔاو اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح‪.‬‬

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‫وﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﻨ ّﺖ اﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ )ﻓﻨﺎدق‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﰪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻌﺎت‪(...‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎدﲛﻢ ﰷﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق‪ٔ ،‬او اﺗﺒﺎع ﺳـﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺪوﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﺎايت ﰲ‬
‫اﳌﻨﺸﺎٓت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ وﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﱒ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ ﳞﺪﻓﻮن ﻻﺟﺘﺬاب ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ٕاﻋﻼن ﺗﻀﺎﻣﳯﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺪاءات اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﳖﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ٔاﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺸـﻴﻄﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎل ادلﻓﺎع ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺗُﺼﺪر ﺷﻬﺎدات ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﻄ ّﺒﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وذكل‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ ﻋﲆ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪاهمﺎ دون ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ هجﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ٔاﲱﺎب‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻋﲆ الاﺳـﳣﺮار ﰲ ﳖﺠﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﺬا ا ٔﻻﻣﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﴫ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻐﺮب ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ ٔﻻردن ٔاﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﺷﻬﺪ اﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎت ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﳌﻨﻈﲈت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ وأﺻﺪﻗﺎء اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺿﺪ ٕاﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﳫﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺎابت ﺑﺮﻗﺶ‬
‫ﰲ ﳏﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﲺﻠﻮن وذكل ﻧﻈﺮ ًا ٔﻻﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻐﺎابت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﳈﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﺴﲀن‬
‫اﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ واﻟﺰوار ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎرهجﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﻌﺪ ا ٕﻻﻫامتم ابﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ "اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳋﴬاء" ذا ﺟﺪوى اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳ ّﺔ إذا‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﰎ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻪ ﻋﲆ ﳓﻮ ﺟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ٔاﺑﺮز ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ وﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳋﴬاء‪:‬‬
‫
ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﻣﺼﺎدر ادلﺧﻞ ﰲ اﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﲡﺎرﻳﺔ ﲶﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ اﳊﺎل ﰲ اﳌﴩوع اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ اذلي‬
‫ٔاﻗﲓ ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ ﺿﺎان ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫
ﺿﲈن ﺗﳮﻴﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻳةل ا ٔﻻﻣﺪ ﰲ اﻟﻮهجﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ذات اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫
ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﳌﺪة ٔاﻃﻮل وزايدة ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ا ٕﻻﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‬
‫ﰲ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫
ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﶈﻠﻴﺔ واﳋﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺪهمﺎ ﺳﲀن اﻟﻘﺮى‬
‫وا ٔﻻرايف ﳑﺎ ﻳ ُﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ الاﻗﺘﺼﺎدات اﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻖ اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر ﰲ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬إذ ٔان اﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺳـ ُﺘﻘﺪم ﻋﲆ ّ‬ ‫
ﺣﺪوث ّ‬
‫وٕاﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﴬورﻳﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺳـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
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 ‫
زايدة ﻓﺮص اﳊﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ اﻟﻌﻤةل اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ)‪.(1‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻮق ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ابﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ ﺟﺰء ًا‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳋﴬاء ﳒﺪ ٔان ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ اﻟﳣﻴﲒ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻨﻔﲔ ﻫﲈ‪:‬‬
‫ا ٔﻻول‪ :‬اذلﻳﻦ ﻳﺴـﺘﻐﻠﻮن اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﲥﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪ ٔا ٔاﲱﺎب اﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ وﻣﻌﺪو اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ وﻣﺪﻳﺮو‬
‫اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق ﰲ ٕادراك ٔاﳘﻴﺔ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﳋﴬ اذلﻳﻦ ﳛﺮﺻﻮن ﻋﲆ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ وﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻤﺪ ٔاﲱﺎب ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت إﱃ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ٔاﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ابﻋﺘﺒﺎرﱒ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﳌﻠﱱﻣﲔ ابﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ٔ ،‬اكن ﻳﺪّ ﻋﻲ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻔﻨﺪق اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴـﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ٔاو ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ الاﺳـﳤﻼك وﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﺎﰁ ﻗﺎدر ًا ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﱱام ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ٔاو‬
‫اﻟﻮهجﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪق ادﻋﺎﲛﻢ ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺟﺰء ًا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‪،‬‬
‫ٔاو اب ٔﻻﺣﺮى ٔاﺻﺒﺤﺖ وﺳـﻴةل ﳉﺬب اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح وﲢﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺮﰆ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ا ٔﻻﻣﺮ اذلي ﻏ ّﻴﺐ‬
‫اﳉﺎﻧﺐ ا ٔﻻﺧﻼﰶ دلى ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت)‪.(2‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬أﲱﺎب اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اذلﻳﻦ ﳚﺪون ﰲ ازدايد اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﲆ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﳋﴬاء ﺳﺒﺒ ًﺎ ﰲ اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﳱﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮى ﻫﺆﻻء ٔان ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﰷﻧﺖ ﺳﺒﺒ ًﺎ رﺋﻴﺴـﻴ ًﺎ ﰲ ازدﻫﺎر‬
‫ٔاﻧﺸﻄﳤﻢ‪ ،‬ذلا ﳒﺪﱒ ﳛﺮﺻﻮن ﰻ اﳊﺮص ﻋﲆ اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﳱﺎ وﻣﻨﻊ اﳌﺴﺎس ﲠﺎ وذكل‬
‫ﺳﻌﻴ ًﺎ ﻣﳯﺎ ﻟﻀﲈن دﳝﻮﻣﳤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﺬا ا ٔﻻﻣﺮ ﻳﻜﻮن ٔاﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻮرة اجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ اﳌﺪاﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ اﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﳌﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎٔﺛﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺼﺎدر دﺧﻠﻬﻢ اﻟﻴﻮﱊ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ٔاﻣﺮ ٕاﳚﺎﰊ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ذاﺗﻪ ﺣﱴ‬
‫وٕان اﻗﱰن ابﳌﺼﺎﱀ واﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ اﳌﻌﻴﺸـﻴﺔ ﳍﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪(1) Wight P.(1995) Environmentally responsible marketing of tourism. In‬‬
‫‪Ecotourism: A sustainable option? (edited by Erlet Cater and Gwen Lowman.‬‬
‫‪Wiley, West Sussex (UK), pp.39.‬‬
‫‪(2) Lillywhite M. and lilywhite, L. (1991), Low impact tourism. In Hawkins, D.E.‬‬
‫‪and Ritchie, J. R. (eds) World Travel and Tourism Review: indicators, trends and‬‬
‫‪forecasts, Vol. 1, CABI, Wallingford‬‬
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‫وﻛﺜﲑ ًا ﻣﺎ ﺗُﻘﺪم اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻨﺎء ﴍاﰷت ﻣﻊ ﻫﻴﺌﺎت اجملﳣﻊ‬
‫اﳌﺪﱐ اﻟﻨﺸـﻴﻄﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻘﻀﺎاي اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﴩاﻛﺔ ﺣﲈﻳﺔ‬
‫اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ٔاو اﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎٔﳘﻴﳤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﺳـﺒﻖ ﳒﺪ ٔان اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﱔ ﺣﺼﻴةل الاﻟﺘﻘﺎء ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺛﻼث هجﺎت‬
‫رﺋﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﱔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﳌﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ودُﻋﺎة اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اذلﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪون اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫وﺣﲈﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ الاﻋﺘﺪاءات ٔاو اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴّﺎت ﻏﲑ اﳌﺴﺆوةل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ اذلي ﻳﺘﻄﻠﻊ إﱃ الاﻧﺘﻔﺎع ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬
‫وﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﺼﺎدر دﺧهل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ واﳌﺴﺘﳥﺮون اذلﻳﻦ ﻳﻄﻤﺤﻮن إﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻮاﺋﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ وراء ﺟﺬب اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح إﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ وابﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺑﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﲥﻢ اﻟﳱﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﲁ رﰴ )‪(2‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﴏ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬

‫الحفاظ على المقومات البيئيّة‬

‫السﱢياحة‬
‫البيئيّة‬

‫العوائد المادية للمؤسسات‬ ‫المجتمع‬

‫السﱢاحيّة‬ ‫المحلي‬

‫‪27‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ٔاﺷﺎر ”‪ “ZIFFER‬إﱃ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﲔ اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ذات اﻟﻬﺪف‬
‫اﻟﺮﲝﻲ وﺗكل اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎت اﳌﺪﻧ ّﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﰲ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺑﺎٔﻫﺪاف ﻏﲑ رﲝﻴﺔ ﻓﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺣﲔ ٔان اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺮﲝ ّﻴﺔ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪم اﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﰲ ﲪﻼﲥﺎ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﻣﻦ ا ٔﻻرابح‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ٔان اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻋﻴّﺔ ﻏﲑ اﻟﺮﲝﻴﺔ ﲥﺪف إﱃ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬
‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ وﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح واجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ ﺑﺎٔﳘﻴﺔ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ابﻻٕﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫إﱃ ﻗﻴﺎهمﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ادلراﺳﺎت واﻟﺒﺤﻮث ذات اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ابﻟﺸﺎٔن اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﱪز اﻟﻔﺎرق ﰲ اﻟﻬﺪف واﻟﻨﺘﺎﰀ‪ ،‬إذ ﺗﻜﻮن اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻏﲑ اﻟﺮﲝﻴﺔ ٔاﻛﱶ‬
‫ﺣﲈﺳ ًﺎ ٕﻻﴍاك ا ٔﻻﻃﺮاف اﶈﻠﻴﺔ اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻜﻮن ذكل‬
‫ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ٔاﻗﻞ دلى اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺮﲝﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ هجﺔ ٔاﺧﺮى ﺗﻜﻮن اﻻٓاثر اﻟﱵ ﺗﱰﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫اﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺮﲝﻴﺔ ٔاﻛﱶ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺳﻮاء ٔاﰷن ذكل ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ٔام ﻋﻦ‬
‫دون ﻗﺼﺪ)‪.(1‬‬

‫‪ -3-1‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮات ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ إﱃ ٔان اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﺳﺘﺸﻬﺪ‬
‫ﳕﻮ ًا ﺑﻮاﻗﻊ ‪ %4.3‬ﺳـﻨﻮ ًاي ﺣﱴ اﻟﻌﺎم ‪ ،(2)2017‬وﺗﻌﺪ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ‬
‫ٔاﻛﱶ ٔاﺷﲀل اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﳕﻮ ًا‪.‬‬
‫وﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺼﺪد ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮايت‬
‫ﱔ‪:‬‬
‫ٔا‪ .‬ا ٔﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﳣﺪ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺪون وﺟﻮد‬
‫اﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎت ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻖ اﳉﺒﺎل اﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻓﳱﺎ ﺗﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ‬
‫اﳉﺒﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﴍﻃ ًﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﺎهمﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪(1) Ziffer, k. (1989) Ecotourism: The uneasy alliance, conservation international,‬‬

‫‪Ernst and Young, Washington.‬‬
‫‪(2) WTO,2007‬‬
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‫ب‪ .‬ا ٔﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﺰداد ٔاﳘﻴﳤﺎ وﺟﺎذﺑﻴﳤﺎ ابﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﰷﻟﺘﺨﻴﲓ اذلي‬
‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح إﻗﺎﻣﺘﻪ ﰲ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺟﺬاﺑﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ .‬ا ٔﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ وﺳﻂ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎت ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ دون ٔان ﻳﻜﻮن‬
‫ذكل ﴍﻃ ًﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﺎهمﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﻘﻼع ا ٔﻻﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ)‪ (1‬ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ اﳊﺎل‬
‫ﰲ ﻗﻠﻌﱵ اﻟﺮﺑﺾ واﻟﺸﻮﺑﻚ اﻟﻠﺘﲔ ﰎ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪﻫﲈ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻐﺎابت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4-1‬اﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﱵ ﺷﻬﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﱂ اﻟﻐﺮﰊ ﰲ ﻋﴫ اﻟﳯﻀﺔ إﱃ ﺣﺪوث ّ‬
‫ﺗﻐﲑ‬ ‫ٔادت اﻟ ّ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮة ا ٕﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ابﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ ﺟﺰءا ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻜﻮن اﻟﱵ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﷲ‪،‬‬
‫وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ٔاﺿﻔﻰ ﻗﺪر ًا ﻛﺒﲑ ًا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮوﺣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ اﻻٕﻧﺴﺎﱐ اﳋﺎص ابﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ)‪.(2‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ٔاﺧﺬ ﺣﻀﻮر اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮ اﻻٕﺑﺪاﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ رواايت و ٔاﺷﻌﺎر ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﺴـﻴﺔ إﱃ اذلﻫﻨﻴﺔ اﻻٕﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻌﻨﴫ ﻻ ﻏﲎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻟﻀﲈن اﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫اﻟﲀﻣﻞ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن‪ ،‬وودلت ﰲ اﻟﻮﻻايت اﳌﺘﺤﺪة ﺣﺮﰷت ﺗﻨﺎدي ﲝﲈﻳﺔ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ‬
‫ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ الاﻋﺘﺪاءات اﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰوار واﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ اذلﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺎٔﲝﺎهثﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ وﺗﺎٔﻃﲑ اﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ ابﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻩ‬
‫الاﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ا ٔﻻﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻻٔﻛﱪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺧﻼل ﻣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮرت اﻟﻨﻈﺮة اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ واﳌﻌﺮﰲ‬ ‫و ّ‬
‫وازدﻫﺎر اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﴬ وازدايد اﻟﺴﲀن اﳌﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﲀﻣةل ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻫﻮر ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻻٕﻧﺴﺎن ابﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ا ٕﻻﻧﺴﺎن‪ -‬ﻏﲑ ا ٕﻻﻧﺴﺎن(‪ ،‬وﻛﱶت اﻻﲥﺎﻣﺎت ﰲ‬
‫ذكل إﱃ ﺣﺪ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪث ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻴﺎر ًا ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻩ اﻻٕﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺎٔانﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ رﻏﺒﺎﺗﻪ دون‬
‫الاﻫامتم ﺑﺘﺎٔﺛﲑ ذكل ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺎرﻧﺖ ادلراﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ وهجﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ادلﻳﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ وﺿﻌﺖ‬
‫اﻻٕﻧﺴﺎن ﳈﺮﻛﺰ ﳏﻮري ﻟﻠﻜﻮن ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﰻ ﳾء ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﻮن )ﲟﺎ ﰲ ذكل اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ(‬
‫‪(1) Wearing, Stephen and John Neil, 2009.‬‬
‫‪(2) Wellman, J. D. (1987) Wildland recreation policy: An introduction, John‬‬
‫‪Wiley and Sons, New York‬‬
‫‪29‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺨﺮ ًا ﳋﺪﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬وﺑﲔ اﳌﻌﺘﻘﺪات اﻟﻴﻮانﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮم ﻋﲆ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻧﺘﺴﺎب‬
‫ا ٕﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﻟﻠﻜﻮن ﻛﺠﺰء ﺗﻘﺎس أﳘﻴﺘﻪ ابﻟﺘﺴﺎوي ﻣﻊ اخملﻠﻮﻗﺎت ا ٔﻻﺧﺮى‪ .‬وﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﲇ ابﻣﺘﻴﺎز ﻳﻌﺮف اﻻٕﻧﺴﺎن ﻋﲆ ٔاﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﴫ ﻓﻌﺎل وﻣﺴﺎﱒ رﺋﻴﴘ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻗﳰﺔ ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑات اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﱵ ٔاﺗﺖ ﻛﺮدة ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﲆ اﻟ ّ‬
‫ﺘﻄﻮر‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮيج واﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ اﳊﴬي ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘ ًﺎ ﻣﻼﲚ ًﺎ ﻟﻈﻬﻮر اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫دلى ٔاوﻟﺌﻚ اذلﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮن ﰲ ردم اﻟﻬﻮة ﺑﲔ الاﻧﺴﺎن واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ)‪.(2‬‬

‫‪ -5-1‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ وأﺻﻨﺎﻓﻪ‪:‬‬

‫إذا ﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺮان إﱃ ا ٕﻻﻃﺎر اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اذلي انﻗﺸـﻨﺎﻩ واﳌﻀﺎﻣﲔ اﻟﱵ‬
‫ﰎ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﳱﺎ ﺳـﻨﺨﻠﺺ إﱃ وﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺴـﻴﻂ ﻳﻘﻮدان إﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ وﻣﺎ ﱔ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ و ٔاﺻﻨﺎﻓﻪ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳒﺪ أﻧﻪ ابﻻٕﻣﲀن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﻟﺴﺎﰁ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﺑﺎٔﻧﻪ اﻟﻔﺮد اذلي ﻳﺘﻄﻠﻊ إﱃ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﲓ ﻓﳱﺎ ﰲ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﳌﺪة ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺟﺪ ًا وﺿﻊ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ ﰲ ﻣﲒان‬
‫واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ذكل ٔﻻن ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ واﺳﻊ ﺟﺪ ًا وذو ٔاوﺟﻪ ﻋﺪة‪ ،‬وذلا‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ٔان ﻧﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﺣﱴ ﻧﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﳣﻴﲒ ﺑﲔ ا ٔﻻﺷﲀل اخملﺘﻠﻔﺔ هل‪.‬‬

‫• أﺻﻨﺎف اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ اﳌﺘﺸﺪد‪ :‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺸﻤﻞ الك ﻣﻦ ادلارﺳﲔ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ودﻋﺎة وﻧﺸﻄﺎء اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺣﻼت ﻟﻐﺎايت ﲝﺜﻴﺔ وﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ٔاو‬

‫‪(1) Di Domenico, Maria G. (2004) Danzando Sull’Orlo dell Mondo, Luciano‬‬

‫‪Editore, Napoli, pp 24‬‬
‫‪(2) Fennel :2002‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ٔاﺟﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﲝﻤﻼت ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﻟﺸﻮاﻃﺊ وا ٔﻻﳖﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎذورات‬
‫وﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ا ٔﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﳌﺸﺎﲠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻔﻮن ﻣﻊ ﻗﻀﺎاي اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ :‬وﱒ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﳌﻬﳣﻮن ابﻟﻘﻀﺎاي‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﲥﺪف رﺣﻼﲥﻢ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ إﱃ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ٔاو‬
‫الاﻃﻼع ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮهجﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﳌﻘﺼﻮدة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اذلي ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺮﺣةل ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ اﳋﺮوج ﻋﻦ اﳌﺎٔﻟﻮف‬
‫والاﻃﻼع ﻋﲆ ﲡﺎرب ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ .‬وﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺎﰁ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﺌﻴ ًﺎ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻀﻞ ٔان ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ّﲻﺎ اﻋﺘﺎد ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ رﺣﻼﺗﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اذلي ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ رﺣةل ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ٔاﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ)‪ ،(1‬اكٔن ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﳌﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﲈن إﱃ اﻟﺒﱰاء ﻋﱪ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫اﳌﻠﻮﰾ ابﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ ﺿﺎان ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻮﰣ الاﺻﻨﺎف اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺮوﻗ ًﺎ ﻛﺒﲑة ﺑﲔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫اﳌﺘﺸﺪد ﻳﳣﲒ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺑﺎٔﻣﻮر ﻛﺜﲑة ٔاﳘﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ٔا‪ٔ .‬اﻧﻪ ٔاﻛﱶ ﲣﺼﺼ ًﺎ ابﻟﻘﻀﺎاي اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬و ٔاﻛﱶ ﻗﺮ ًاب ﻣﳯﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ا ٔﻻﺻﻨﺎف‬
‫ا ٔﻻﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﻄﻠﻌﺎﺗﻪ ورﻏﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﰲ اﳊﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﳑﲒة ٔاﻋﲆ‪،‬‬
‫وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اذلي ﳝﻀﻴﻪ ﰲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ٔاﻛﱪ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻮن ٔاﻛﱶ اﻋامتد ًا ﻋﲆ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ وﻻ ﻳﻠﺠﺎٔ إﱃ ﲡﻬﲒات ﻛﺜﲑة ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫د‪ٔ .‬اﻋﺪادﱒ ٔاﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ا ٔﻻﺻﻨﺎف الاﺧﺮى)‪.(2‬‬

‫‪(1) Fennel:2002‬‬
‫‪(2) Fennel,2002‬‬
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 ‫اﻟﺸﲁ رﰴ )‪(3‬‬

‫اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‪:‬‬
‫ﳛﺘﺎهجﺎ ّ‬
‫* اﻟﺼﻔﺎت واﳌﻬﺎرات اﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﺎهجﺎ‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ٔاﺷﲀل اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺎﰁ اذلي‬
‫ﻳﻨﺨﺮط ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺸﲁ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ٔان ﻳﺘﺤﲆ ﺑﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت واﳌﻬﺎرات‪،‬‬
‫وذكل ﻟﻀﲈن ﳒﺎح ﲡﺮﺑﺘﻪ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت واﳌﻬﺎرات‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﳊﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎاي اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﳣﺜﻞ ابﻟﱱاﻣﻪ ابﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺪم الاﻋﺘﺪاء ﻋﻠﳱﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻬﺎرات اﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ والاﺗﺴﺎم ابﳉ َ َدل واﻟﺼﱪ‪.‬‬
‫واﳊﺎﺟﺔ إﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻬﺎرات ﻳﺘﻔﺎوت ﲝﺴﺐ ﺷﲁ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ٕان‬
‫زايرة ﶊﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑة ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ هجﻮد ًا ﺑﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ اﳉﻬﻮد‬
‫اﳌﺒﺬوةل ﰲ ٔاﻧﻮاع اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ا ٔﻻﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ٔان ﺧﻮض ﻣﻐﺎﻣﺮة ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫اﳉﺒﺎل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺎري ﳛﺘﺎج هجﺪ ًا ﺑﺪﻧﻴ ًﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔ ًﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ا ٔﻻﻣﺮ ﺑﲔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ اﳌﺘﺸﺪد وﻏﲑ اﳌﺘﺸﺪد‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﲁ رﰴ )‪(4‬‬

‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰷﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎٔﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺒﺎاتت واﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﰲ اﻟﻮهجﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪،‬‬

‫وﱔ ٔاﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ اﳌﺘﺨﺼﺺ وﻏﲑ اﳌﺘﺨﺼﺺ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬اﻣﺘﻼك روح اﳌﻐﺎﻣﺮة ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳊﺎﻻت اﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ذكل‪ .‬وﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ٔان اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﳌﻐﺎﻣﺮات‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﻴﺎن اﻟﻔﺎرق ﰲ درﺟﺔ اﳋﻄﻮرة‪ ،‬واﺣامتﻟﻴﺔ وﻗﻮع‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﰀ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺪى اﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪرﻳﺐ واﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ)‪.(1‬‬

‫‪(1) Fennell, D. A. & Eagles P.F. J (1990) Ecotourism in Costa Rica: A conceptual‬‬
‫‪framework, Journal of Park and Recreation administration , 8 (1) pp.23-34.‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
 ‫ﺷﲁ رﰴ )‪(5‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﳛﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﺎﰁ ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺮﺣةل‪،‬‬

‫وﺗﻮﻗﻊ اخملﺎﻃﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ وﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺤﲂ ﰲ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﲡﻨﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﳤﻮر‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻊ اجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ ﰲ اﻟﻮهجﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ إﱃ اﳊﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﳉﻮدة دوﻣ ًﺎ‪ ،‬إذ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﺎٔﻗﲅ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺣﱴ وٕان ﰷن ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ًا ﳌﺎ اﻋﺘﺎد ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -6-1‬أﺷﲀل ﺗﻨﻈﲓ اﻟﺮﺣﻼت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪:‬‬

‫اﻧﻄﻼﻗ ًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﲚﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ الاﺳـﳣﺘﺎع ابﳌﻮاﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ رﻏﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﳏﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﰁ ﰲ اﻛﺘﺴﺎب اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ واﳋﱪة ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮانﲥﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎٕﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ٔان ﳓﺪد ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ٔاﺷﲀل ﰲ ﺗﻨﻈﲓ اﻟﺮﺣﻼت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ اذلي ﳜﺮج دون ﶍﻮﻋﺎت ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺰايرة‬
‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﳉﺬب اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ واﻻٕﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق ٔاو اﻟﺒﻴﻮت اﳌﺘﻮاﺟﺪة ﰲ اﻟﻮهجﺔ‬

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‫اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‪ .‬وﻫﻮ ﻳﳣﲒ ﺑﺎٔن دلﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻣﺸ ًﺎ ﻛﺒﲑ ًا ﰲ اﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﲔ اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ وﻣﺮوﻧﺔ‬
‫ٔاﻛﱶ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺮانﳎﻪ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ اﳌﺮﲢﻞ ﲷﻦ ﶍﻮﻋﺔ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﳌﺴـﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﳰﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺣةل ٔاﻋﲆ‪ ،‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﱲ اﻟﻠﺠﻮء إﱃ اجملﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اذلﻫﺎب إﱃ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺎٔﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﰁ وذكل ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ درﺟﺔ اخملﺎﻃﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اجملﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﳰﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‪ :‬وﱒ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﻮن ﰲ‬
‫اﳉﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اذلﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮن ﰲ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺒﺤﻮث وادلراﺳﺎت ﻋﲆ‬
‫ا ٔﻻﺟﻨﺎس اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اخملﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﺒﻮل ابﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﻇﺮوف ٔاﺻﻌﺐ وﲟﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ٔاﻋﲆ ٔاﺣﻴﺎان)‪.(1‬‬

‫‪ -7-1‬اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺒﺔ ادلﳝﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ‪:‬‬

‫اﳌﻜﻮانت ا ٔﻻﺳﺎﺳـﻴّﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ )واﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ الاﻟﺘﺼﺎق ابﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﳊﻴﺎة‬
‫اﻟﱪﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﲆ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﶈﻠﻴﺔ( إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ابﻟﺴﺎﰁ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‬
‫)واﻟﱵ ذﻛﺮانﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘ ًﺎ( ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ إﻋﻄﺎء ﺗﺼﻮر ٔاوﺳﻊ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺨﺮط ﰲ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺑﺸﲁ ٔاﻛﱪ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ادلراﺳﺎت ٔان أﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ ﱒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 54-35‬ﻋﺎﻣ ًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬا ﻋﻼوة ﻋﲆ ٔان اﻟﻔﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﺎوت ﲝﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﳌﺸﻤﻮةل ﰲ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ وﺗﲀﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وابﻟﺮﰬ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺑﻌﺾ الاﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﲔ اﳉﻨﺴﲔ ٔاﺣﻴﺎ ًان ﲝﺴﺐ ﺷﲁ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺣةل اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ودرﺟﺔ اﳌﺸﻘﺔ ﻓﳱﺎ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻻٕﻗﺒﺎل ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰷن‬
‫ﻣﺸﱰﰷً ﺑﲔ اذلﻛﻮر وا ٕﻻانث ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮاء‪.‬‬

‫‪(1) Fennel , 1999‬‬

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‫و ٔاﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ انﺣﻴﺔ اﳌﺴـﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﻌﻠﳰﻲ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ ﻓﻘﺪ ٔاﻇﻬﺮت ادلراﺳﺎت‬
‫ٔان ‪ %82‬ﻣﳯﻢ ﱒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ اﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ واﻟﳫﻴﺎت اﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ واﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ اذلﻫﺎب ﺑﺼﺤﺒﺔ ٔاﻓﺮاد ﻋﺎﺋﻼﲥﻢ وﺑﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ ،%75‬ﻓامي ﳛﺒﺬ ‪ %13‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اذلﻫﺎب ﻣﻨﻔﺮدﻳﻦ ﰲ رﺣﻼت ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ٔاﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ انﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺪة اﻟﺮﺣةل ﻓﻨﺠﺪﻫﺎ ﻃﻮﻳةل ﻧﺴﺒﻴ ًﺎ‪ ،‬إذ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ‪ %50‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺮﺣةل ﺗﱰاوح ﻣﺪﲥﺎ ‪ 14-8‬ﻳﻮﻣ ًﺎ)‪.(1‬‬

‫‪(1) Wood, Megan Epler (2002) Ecotourism: Principles, practices and policies for‬‬
‫‪sustainability, United Nation Environment Programme, pp. 22.‬‬
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37
 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬
‫ﳛﺘﺎج ﻗﻴﺎم اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وازدﻫﺎرﻫﺎ ﰲ أي وهجﺔ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ إﱃ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎت ﳑﲒة‬
‫ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﲆ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻄﻠﻌﺎت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح وﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻀﻮﳍﻢ ﰲ اﳊﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ذات‬
‫ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪة‪ .‬وﺗﻘﱰن ٔاﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﲜﻤةل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﻋﻨﺪ اﳌﻔﺎﺿةل‬
‫ﺑﲔ اﻟﻮهجﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻨﺪرة‪ :‬إذ ﳇﲈ ﰷﻧﺖ اﳌﻮارد اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ اﳌﺘﻮاﺟﺪة ﰲ اﻟﻮهجﺔ اندرة ﳇﲈ زاد ذكل‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴـﻴﺔ اﳌﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﺳـﺘﺤﺎةل اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ أو ﻋﲆ ا ٔﻻﻗﻞ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ٔاﺧﺬت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ )ﺳﻮاء ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ٔاو ﻏﲑ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ( ﻗﺎﲚﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫واﶈﺎﰷة ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ا ٔﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ اﳊﺎل ﰲ إﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ اﻟﱱﰿ‬
‫ﻋﲆ اﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﰲ اﻻٕﻣﺎرات ذات اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﳊﺎرة‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﳞﺪد اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ا ٔﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﲡﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ أﻣﺎم ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎدةل ‪ .‬ذلا ﻓﺎٕن‬
‫ﻗﻮة اﳌﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﺗﻘﻮم إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﲆ ٔاﺻﺎﻟﳤﺎ وﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫اﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﰲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ اﺳـﳣﺮار ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح ﳓﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫دون ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﱃ اﻟﻮهجﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﻣﻦ انﺣﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ اﳌﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ابﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﲩﻢ اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﳌﻄﻠﻮب ﻗﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ٔ ،‬اوﺗﳫﻔﺔ الاﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﳱﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻣﺪى ﻗﺮب ﻋﻨﺎﴏ اﳉﺬب اﻟﺒﻴﱩ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ا ٔﻻﺧﺮى )ا ٔﻻﺛﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫وادلﻳﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺎرﳜﻴﺔ وﻏﲑﻫﺎ(‪ٔ ،‬ﻻن ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا ا ٔﻻﻣﺮ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲩﻢ اﻟﴩاﰁ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﲡﺪ اﻟﻮهجﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﻣﲀ ًان ﻣﻼﲚ ًﺎ ﻟﻘﻀﺎء إﺟﺎزﲥﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ اﳌﻼﲚﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ دون ٔان ﺗﺸﲁ إﻗﺎﻣﳤﺎ‬
‫ﴐر ًا ﻋﲆ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﻟﻠﻮهجﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﰷﻣﻞ اﶈﺘﻮى ﳝﻜﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ زﻣﺰم ﻋﲆ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫دار زﻣﺰم انﴍون‬
‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‪/‬اﳌﺒﲎ اﻻٕﺳﺘامثري )ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﰪ اﻟﻀﻴﻌﺔ(‬
‫ﻫﺎﺗﻒ‪0096265346482 :‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻛﺲ‪0096265346483:‬‬
‫ﻋﲈن – ا ٔﻻردن‬
‫‪email: zamzamjo@gmail.com‬‬

‫ٔاول ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﲨﻠﻮن ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ اﻻٕﻟﻜﱰوﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪www.jamalon.com‬‬
‫ٔاول اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻋﲆ اﻻٕﳝﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫‪alrawadieh@yahoo.com‬‬

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 ‫ﻗﺎﲚﺔ اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ‪:‬‬

‫اﺑﺮاﻫﲓ‪ ،‬ﶊﺪ اﺑﺮاﻫﲓ )‪ ،(2006‬ﻣﺎدة ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺪة ﲟﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ ﻳﻮم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬ ‫
‬
‫)اﶈﻤﻴﺎت ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ ﰲ ﻣﴫ(‪ ،‬وزارة ادلوةل ﻟﺸﺆون اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﴫ‪.‬‬
‫ٔاﺑﻮ رﻣﺎن ‪ٔ ،‬اﺳﻌﺪ واﻟﺮاوي‪ ،‬ﻋﺎدل ﺳﻌﻴﺪ )‪ (2009‬اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن‪:‬‬ ‫
‬
‫ا ٔﻻﺳﺲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬ا ٔﻻﺳﻮاق‪ ،‬اﳉﺪوى‪ .‬دار إﺛﺮاء ﻟﻠﻨﴩ واﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫ٔاﺑﻮ ﻏﻨﳰﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﲇ )‪ (2002‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﲈن‪ :‬ﺟﻴﻞ اﻟﺮواد ﰲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﳌﻌﲈرﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫
‬
‫ٔاﲝﺎث اﻟﲑﻣﻮك " ﺳﻠﺴةل اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ا ٔﻻﺳﺎﺳـ ّﻴﺔ واﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اجملدل ‪ ،11‬اﻟﻌﺪد‬
‫)‪.(1‬‬
‫ٔاﲪﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎل ﺷﻮﰶ )‪ٔ (2011‬اﺳﺲ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‪ ،‬دار اﻟﻮﻓﺎء دلﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫
‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﴩ‪ ،‬اﻻٕﺳﻜﻨﺪرﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ا ٔﻻﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬رﺷﺎ ﺣﺴﻦ )‪ (1997‬اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن‪ :‬ﺣﺎةل دراﺳـﻴﺔ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﱵ ﺿﺎان واﻟﺒﱰاء‪ ،‬رﺳﺎةل ﻣﺎﺟﺴـﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮرة‪ ،‬اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ٔاﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ راﻣﺴﺎر‪) ،‬غ‪.‬م( ا ٔﻻراﴈ اﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ‪ :‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﱩ‪،‬‬ ‫
‬
‫ورﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت رﰴ )‪ (9‬ﺳﻠﺴةل رﰴ )‪ (10‬ﺳﻮﻳﴪا‪.‬‬
‫ا ٔﻻﱈ اﳌﺘﺤﺪة )‪ (2005‬ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ اﳌﻠﺤﻖ ابٕﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ا ٔﻻﱈ اﳌﺘﺤﺪة اﻻٕﻃﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﺑﺸﺎٔن ﺗﻐﲑ اﳌﻨﺎخ )‪.(www.unfccc.int‬‬
‫ا ٔﻻﱈ اﳌﺘﺤﺪة –اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻻٕﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳّﺔ واﻻٕﺟامتﻋﻴّﺔ ﻟﻐﺮﰊ آﺳـﻴﺎ " الاﺳﻜﻮا"‬ ‫
‬
‫)غ‪.‬م( ﺗﻮﺟﳱﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‪ٔ :‬اﻻٕﺳﱰاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﲓ‪ ،‬وﻣﳯﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ا ٔﻻﺑﻴﺾ اﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ )غ‪.‬م( ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ إﻋﺪاد ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﻮض اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ا ٔﻻﺑﻴﺾ اﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺑﺮانﻣﺞ ا ٔﻻﱈ اﳌﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ (1985) UNEP-‬إﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﶵﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫
‬
‫ا ٔﻻوزون‪ :‬اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ اﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮانﻣﺞ ا ٔﻻﱈ اﳌﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ (2010) UNEP-‬ﻧﴩة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺎط‬ ‫
‬
‫ا ٔﻻوزون ﺑﻌﻨﻮان "اﳋﺮوج ﻣﻦ اﳌﺘﺎﻫﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﻣﻮﻧﱰايل‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻻٕﻗﺘﺼﺎد ا ٔﻻﺧﴬ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ
ﺗﻮﻛﻮ ﺑﺮﺷﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺸﺄ اﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﳌﳣﺘﻌﺔ ﲝﲈﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮيج‬ ‫
‬
‫ﰲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ )‪.(1995‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﻮﻃﲏ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ إﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ا ٔﻻﱈ‬ ‫
‬
‫اﳌﺘﺤﺪة ﳌﲀﲿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﺮايض‪.2006 ،‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﲱﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان " ﶊﻴﺔ اﳊﺴﻮة ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ‪ٔ :‬اول ﶊﻴﺔ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫
‬
‫اﻟﳰﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ إﻋﺪاد ٔاﻣﻞ ﻣﺪﲩﻲ‪ ،‬ﲱﻴﻔﺔ ‪ٔ 14‬اﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﺪد رﰴ ‪ 14116‬اترﱗ‬
‫‪.2008/5/17‬‬
‫اﶺﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ –ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﲝﻮث اﻟﺒﻨﺎء )غ‪.‬م( اﻟﱰاث اﳌﻌﲈري ﰲ‬ ‫
‬
‫اﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﴰﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اجملدل ا ٔﻻول‪ :‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻂ‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫اﶺﻌﻴﺔ اﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﶵﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ )‪ (1988‬اﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬ ‫
‬
‫اﶺﻌﻴﺔ اﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﶵﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ )‪ (2007‬اﳋﻄﺔ اﻻٕدارﻳﺔ ﶈﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﺎابت ﲺﻠﻮن‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﱰة ﺑﲔ ‪2011-2007‬م‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫اﶺﻌﻴﺔ اﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﶵﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ )‪ ،(2008‬اﳋﻄﺔ اﻻٕدارﻳﺔ ﶈﻤﻴﺔ اﳌﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫
‬
‫ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﱰة ﻣﻦ ‪2012-2008‬م‪.‬‬
‫اﶺﻌﻴﺔ اﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﶵﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ )‪ ،(2008‬اﳋﻄﺔ اﻻٕدارﻳﺔ ﶈﻤﻴﺔ ﺿﺎان ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫
‬
‫اﳊﻴﻮي‪2012-2008 ،‬م‪.‬‬
‫اﳊﺴﺎابت اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن واﻟﺼﺎدرة ﻋﻦ وزارة اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫
‬
‫واﻻٓاثر وداﺋﺮة اﻻٕﺣﺼﺎءات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺪﰪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﴩوع ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ )‪.(2012‬‬

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‫ﺣﻔﲎ‪ ،‬ﳌﻴﺎء )‪ٔ (2008‬اﻋﲈل ﴍﰷت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ووﰷﻻت اﻟﺴﻔﺮ‪ ،‬دار اﻟﻮﻓﺎء‬ ‫
‬
‫دلﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﻨﴩ‪ ،‬اﻻٕﺳﻜﻨﺪرﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺒﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪﷲ )‪ (2008‬اﻟﺘﳮﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣةل اﳌﺴـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ :‬اﳌﺒﺎدئ واﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻣﺆﲤﺮ رﻳﻮ دي ﺟﺎﻧﻴﲑو ‪ 1992‬إﱃ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ابﱄ ‪ ،2007‬ورﻗﺔ ﲻﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﳮﻴﺔ اﳌﺴـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ا ٕﻻﺳـﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎت‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎس‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﻴﻒ )اﳉﺰاﺋﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫دﺑﻮر ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﻴﻞ ‪ ،2004‬ﻣﺸﺎﰻ واﻓﺎق اﻟﺘﳮﻴﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ اﳌﺴـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺒدلان‬ ‫
‬
‫الاﻋﻀﺎء ﲟﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﳌﺆﲤﺮ الاﺳﻼﱊ ﻣﻊ اﺷﺎرة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﱃ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﳎةل اﻟﺘﻌﺎون الاﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﲔ ادلول الاﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ادلﻟﻴﻞ ا ٕﻻﻗﻠﳰﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﱃ ﺣﻴﺪ ﻣﺴـﺘﺪام ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻮر اﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮة ﰲ دول ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﺣﻮض اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ا ٔﻻﺑﻴﺾ اﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﰲ ﺷﲈل إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ واﻟﴩق ا ٔﻻوﺳﻂ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﴩوع ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﺪرات ﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﻣﺴـﺘﺪام ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻮر اﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮة‪.2006،‬‬
‫دﻟﻴﻞ ﻻٕﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ راﻣﺴﺎر ﶵﺎﻳﺔ ا ٔﻻراﴈ اﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎم ‪ٔ (2007) 1971‬اﻣﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫
‬
‫إﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ راﻣﺴﺎر‪ ،‬ﻏﻼﻧﺪ )ﺳﻮﻳﴪا(‪.‬‬
‫ادلﳝﺎﳼ‪ ،‬ﶊﻮد‪ ،‬وﺳﺎرب إﻟﻴﺎس‪ ،‬وﺣﺴﲔ ﻋﻄﲑ‪ ،‬وﺣﺴﻦ اﻟﺮﻓﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫
‬
‫)‪ (2002‬ﲣﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﺴةل اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﺔ ‪ ،4‬دار‬
‫اﳌﺴﲑة ﻟﻠﻨﴩ واﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ واﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ط‪ ،1‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﴤ‪ ،‬راﻣﺎ )‪ٔ ،(2001‬اﺛﺮ اﳊﺎﻓﻆ اﳌﻌﲈري ﻋﲆ اﻟﻨﺴـﻴﺞ اﳊﴬي ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫
‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎرﳜﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺎةل دراﺳـﻴﺔ "وﺳﻂ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎداب"‪ ،‬رﺳﺎةل ﻣﺎﺟﺴـﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮرة‪ ،‬اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﻓﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻟﺐ وراب ﻛﻨﻌﺎن )‪ (1987‬ﺑﻴﻮت ﻋﲈن ا ٔﻻوﱃ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮرات‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻋﲈدة اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻤﲇ‪ ،‬اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺮواﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬زايد )‪ ،(2007‬اﳌﺜﻠﺚ اذلﻫﱯ‪ :‬اﻟﺒﱰاء‪ ،‬وادي رم‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
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‫روﺑﻴﻮ‪ ،‬روﺑﲑﺗﻮ ‪ 2010‬اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﰲ ﻋﲈن‪ :‬اﺣﺘﻔﺎء ابﻟﱶاء اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫
‬
‫اﳌﺘﻨﻮع ابﻟﺴﻠﻄﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎةل ﲷﻦ "اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺘﻔﻞ ابﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ " اﻟﺼﺎدر‬
‫ﻋﻦ وزارة اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺔ ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺰﻋﱯ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮاح )غ‪ .‬م( ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﲔ واﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ :‬إدارة اﻟﴩﻃﺔ‬ ‫
‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻮة ﻋﲆ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ا ٔﻻردن‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺰﻋﱯ‪ ،‬ﳛﲕ‪ ،‬وﺳﻌﺎد اﻟﺸﻬﺎب )‪ (1995‬ﺑﻴﻮت ﻣﺎٔداب اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﴩ ﺑﺪﰪ‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ط‪ ،1‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺴـﺒﺤﻲ‪ ،‬اﴍف ‪ ،2005‬اﶈﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺪوةل اﻻٕﻣﺎرات‬ ‫
‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﺤﺪة‪ :‬اﻟﻔﺮص واﻟﺘﺤﺪايت‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ٔاﲝﺎث اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﳊﻴﺎة اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫وﺗﳮﻴﳤﺎ‪ ،‬اﺑﻮ ﻇﱯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﻴﺴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬رﰉ )‪ ،(2010‬اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﻮت اﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ ﰲ وﺳﻂ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫
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‫اﻟﺴﻠﻂ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮت اﻟﺴﺎﻛﺖ واﳋﻄﻴﺐ واﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪ .‬رﺳﺎةل ﻣﺎﺟﺴـﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮرة‪ ،‬اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻴﺎس‪ ،‬اﻟﺮﳝﺎوي ﲻﺮ‪ ،‬وﺣﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴﻞ )‪ ،(1991‬دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫
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‫الاﺳﺘﺸﻔﺎء اﳊﺎرة اﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث وادلراﺳﺎت اﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ٕاﻗﻠﲓ اﻟﺒﱰاء اﻟﺘﳮﻮي اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح )‪ (2011‬ﳐﻄﻂ اﻟﺒﱰاء اﻟﺸﻤﻮﱄ‬ ‫
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‫اﻻٕﺳﱰاﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ :‬اخملﻄﻂ اﻻٕﺳﱰاﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎ واﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﲠﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫ٔاي ﰐ ﳼ اﻻٕﺳﺘﺸﺎرﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﴩاري‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﱀ ورابب اﻟﺘﻞ )‪ (1999‬ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬ ‫
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‫ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﴩوع ﺟﻼةل اﳌكل اﳊﺴﲔ ﻟ ٕﻼدارة اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬اﳉﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻘﲑات‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺼﻮر واﻟﺒﺪور ﻋﺎﻣﺮ)غ‪.‬م( اﳌﲒة اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﰲ ﻟﻮاء اﻟﺸﻮﺑﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫
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‫ﻣﻘﺎل ﲱﻔﻲ ﻣﻨﺸﻮر ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑدلﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﻮﺑﻚ ‪.www.shoubak.gov.jo‬‬

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‫اﻟﺸﻮاﺑﻜﺔ‪ ،‬راﱊ ﺧﺎدل )‪ (2010‬إدارة اﳌﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ وواﻗﻊ اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﲆ‬ ‫
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‫اﳌﻮروث اﳌﻌﲈري ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن‪ :‬ﺣﺎةل دراﺳـﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن )ﻣﺎداب(‪ ،‬رﺳﺎةل‬
‫ﻣﺎﺟﺴـﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮرة‪ ،‬اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺤﻼوي‪ ،‬ﶊﺪ رﺟﺎﰄ )‪ (2011‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺘﳮﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎةل ٔاﺳـﻴﻮط‬ ‫
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‫ﻟدلراﺳﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﳋﺎﻣﺲ واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﱐ‪ ،‬رﻋﺪ ﳎﻴﺪ )‪ (2009‬ﻓﻦ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اخملاميت‪ ،‬دار ﻛﻨﻮز اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫
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‫ﻟﻠﻨﴩ واﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪ اﶵﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﻋﲇ واﳊﺴﻴﲏ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪى ﶊﺪ )غ‪.‬م( اﳌﺘﻐﲑات‬ ‫
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‫اﻻٕﺟامتﻋ ّﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﳌﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﲆ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ابﻟﻔﻴﻮم‪ ،‬ﳇﻴﺔ‬
‫اﳋﺪﻣﺔ ا ٕﻻﺟامتﻋ ّﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﻮم )ﻣﴫ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﺮاﻳﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ )‪ (2008‬اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬دار ايﻓﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫
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‫ﻟﻠﻨﴩ واﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ‪ ،‬اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ا ٔﻻوﱃ‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﺮاﻳﺒﺔ‪ ،2008 ،‬ص ‪ ،140‬اﳉﻼد‪ ،‬أﲪﺪ )‪ (2002‬ﺗﻄﻮر الاﲡﺎﻫﺎت‬ ‫
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‫اﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﱂ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ط‪ ،1‬اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺣﲈﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ رﰴ ‪ 12‬ﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ‪ 1995‬اﳌﻨﺸﻮر ﰲ اﳉﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫
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‫اﻟﻌﺪد رﰴ ‪ 4072‬اترﱗ ‪.1995/10/01‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺣﲈﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ رﰴ ‪ 52‬ﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ‪ 2006‬اﳌﻨﺸﻮر ﰲ اﳉﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫
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‫اﻟﻌﺪد رﰴ ‪ 4787‬اترﱗ ‪.2006/10/16‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺣﲈﻳﺔ اﻟﱰاث اﻟﻌﻤﺮاﱐ واﳊﴬي رﰴ ‪ 5‬ﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ‪ 2005‬اﳌﻨﺸﻮر ﰲ‬ ‫
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‫اﳉﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺪد رﰴ ‪ 4702‬اترﱗ ‪.2005/03/31‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﺤﻄﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﺪ ﺑﻦ ﶊﺪ )‪ (2004‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ داةل اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‬ ‫
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‫ﰲ ﶊﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻋﻮل ﲟﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺮايض ابﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﳌكل‬
‫ﺳﻌﻮد‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ الاﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﻘﻴﺴﻮﱐ‪ ،‬ﶊﻮد ﻋﺒﺪ اﳌﻨﻌﻢ )غ‪.‬م( ﻣﴫ واﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﳉﻨﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫
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‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ )اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح ابجملﻠﺲ اﻟﻮﻃﲏ اﳌﺘﺨﺼﺺ(‪ ،‬ﻣﴫ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﺎﻛﺶ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﱘ )‪ (1998‬اﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ ﰲ اﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ا ٔﻻردﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﴰﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫
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‫ﺿﻮء اﻻٕﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت ادلوﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺮوة ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ارﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‪ ،‬ﻧﴪﻳﻦ )‪ ،(2007‬اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﱰاﺛﻴـﺔ ابﺳـﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫
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‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﲓ اﻻٓاثر اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬دار اﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﴩ واﻟﻄﺒﻊ واﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ط‪ ،1‬اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة‪.‬‬
‫اجملﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻫﺸﺎم ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﲓ )‪ (2005‬اﳌﺒﺎﱐ اﻟﱰاﺛﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻓﻈﺔ اﻟﻜﺮك‪:‬‬ ‫
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‫دراﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬رﺳﺎةل ﻣﺎﺟﺴـﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮرة‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺆﺗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﳎةل اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ )‪ (2008‬ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎر اندان‪.‬‬ ‫
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‫ﻣﺰﻳﺪ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫
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‫ﻣﺰﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺲ )‪ (2007‬اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬دار اﳊﺎﻣﺪ ﻟﻠﻨﴩ‬ ‫
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‫واﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ )‪ (1999‬اﳌﺪوﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻻٓداب اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ٔاﺟﻞ‬ ‫
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‫ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺴﺆوةل‪ ،‬ﺳـﻨﺎﺗﻴﺎﻏﻮ )ﺗﺸـﻴﲇ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ا ٔﻻﱈ اﳌﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﳮﻴﺔ اﳌﺴـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ :‬رﻳﻮ ‪ (2012) 20 +‬اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ اﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫
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‫ﻟﻠﻤﺆﲤﺮ‪ ،‬رﻳﻮ دي ﺟﺎﻧﻴﲑو‪ ،‬اﻟﱪازﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﶈﻤﻴﺎت ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ واﳌﺘﲋﻫﺎت اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ رﰴ ‪ 29‬ﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ‪ 2005‬اﳌﻨﺸﻮر‬ ‫
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‫ﰲ اﳉﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺪد رﰴ ‪ 4702‬اترﱗ ‪.2005/03/31‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﻘﻴﲓ ا ٔﻻﺛﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﱩ رﰴ ‪ 37‬ﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ‪ 2005‬اﳌﻨﺸﻮر ﰲ اﳉﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫
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‫اﻟﻌﺪد رﰴ ‪ 4707‬اترﱗ ‪.2005/05/16‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﳮﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ وادي رم رﰴ ‪ 24‬ﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ‪ 2001‬اﳌﻨﺸﻮر ﰲ اﳉﺮﻳﺪة‬ ‫
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‫اﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺪد رﰴ ‪ 4477‬اترﱗ ‪.2001/02/15‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﲈﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺴﻮاﺣﻞ رﰴ ‪ 51‬ﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ‪ 1999‬اﳌﻨﺸﻮر ﰲ‬ ‫
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‫اﳉﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺪد رﰴ ‪ 4383‬اترﱗ ‪.1999/10/02‬‬
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‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﲈﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ اﻻٕﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳّﺔ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ رﰴ ‪ 21‬ﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ‪2001‬‬ ‫
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‫اﳌﻨﺸﻮر ﰲ اﳉﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺪد رﰴ ‪ 4477‬اترﱗ ‪.2001/02/15‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﺸﺒﻨﺪي‪ٔ ،‬ازاد ﶊﺪ ٔاﻣﲔ )غ‪ .‬م( اﻟﺘﳮﻴﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ و ٔاﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫
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‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وزارة اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﶺﻌﻴﺔ اﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﶵﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.2008 ،‬‬ ‫
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‫وزارة اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ابﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﶺﻌﻴﺔ اﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﶵﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ)‪ (2008‬اﻟﺸـﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫
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‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻤﻴﺎت ا َّﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ّﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫وزارة اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ اﶺﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﳰﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﲘﺔ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح‪،‬‬ ‫
‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ وﺗﻘﻴﲓ اخملاميت اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟﺎﲥﺎ اخملﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وزارة اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ واﻻٓاثر واﻟﻮﰷةل ا ٔﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﳮﻴﺔ ادلوﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ،(2009‬ﺗﻘﻴﲓ‬ ‫
‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح واﻟﻔﺮص اﻻٕﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳّﺔ اﻟ ِ ّﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﻣﻊ اجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻂ )ﺗﻘﺮي اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﳌﻴﺪاﱐ ابﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﳯﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﲓ الاﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت‬
‫ابﳌﺸﺎرﻛﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻋﲈن‪.‬‬
‫وزارة اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ واﻻٓاثر وﻣﴩوع ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ا ٔﻻردن )‪ (2009‬ﺗﻘﻴﲓ‬ ‫
‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪايت واﻟﻔﺮص اﻻٕﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳّﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﻴّﺔ ﻣﻊ اجملﳣﻊ اﶈﲇ ﰲ اﻟﻘﺮى اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺎر ﲺﻠﻮن اﻟﺴـﻴﺎيح )ﻋﺮﺟﺎن‪ ،‬ابﻋﻮن‪ٔ ،‬اوﴏة( ﺑﺪﰪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﰷةل‬
‫ا ٔﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﳮﻴﺔ ادلوﻟﻴﺔ )‪.(USAID‬‬

‫‪46‬‬
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57