2022 Sep Ecoedu FH

Alternatif Pengumpulan Data
Spasial Dasar untuk

Analisis Lingkungan
Alternatif Pengumpulan Data Spasial Dasar
untuk Analisis Lingkungan
Dr. Firman Hadi, S.Si., MT.
Dept. Teknik Geodesi, UNDIP

firmanhadi21@lecturer.undip.ac.id
https://firmanhadi.github.io
https://sigro.id
@jalmiburung
0812-2000-1994
Dr. Firman Hadi (UNDIP) Data Spasial untuk Analisis Lingkungan 1 / 150
Daftar isi
1 Introduction
2 Disaster management
3 Food security
4 Endangered ecosystem
5 Land Cover
6 Ask Me Anything
About me
Dosen Teknik Geodesi, UNDIP

Quality Panel, High Conservation Value Resource Network
(HCVRN)
Anggota tim Sepak Bola Yayasan KakiMata Bhumi Langitan,
Bandung (IG: @kakimatasoccerfoundation)
Introduction
Sustainable earth
Threats and challenges
Nagoya Protocol
The Game Changer

Only Germany reached their target to reduce emission.
The efforts from developing countries to protect forests are
recognized as effective as reducing emission in develop countries.
The Green Climate Fund was established.
What will happen?
Rules and regulation
RPPLH *
* Sofyan, A. 2021
RPPLH *
* Sofyan, A. 2021
RPPLH *
* Sofyan, A. 2021
KLHS *
* Sofyan, A. 2021
Big Problems
Food security
Border security Earthquake
Endangered
Forest fire Tsunami
ecosystems
Decision-making process
In the domain of decision-making, a decision-problem (choice

problem) is said to exist where an individual or group perceives a
difference between a present state and a desired state, and where:
1 The individual or group has alternative courses of action available
2 Choice of action can have a significant effect on this perceived
difference
3 The individual or group is uncertain a-priori as to which
alternative should be selected
Pick one door to open
There were 10 contestants before you. All of them fail.
Pick again
Will you choose the obvious one?
What if?
The decision-making process involves identifying a goal, getting the
relevant and necessary information, and weighing the alternatives in
order to make a decision.
There are at least four strong benefits to making good decisions:

1 Good decisions last longer.
2 Good decisions weigh internal and external factors.
3 Good decisions eliminate conflicts of interest.
4 Good decisions actually work better overall.
Factors affecting our decision
Spatial Decision Support System
Earth Observation
What we (usually) do
0 Decide the topic (e.g., agriculture)

Data identification (Landsat, Sentinel-2, Sentinel-1, ASTER, SRTM,
etc.)
Choose the methods (band ratioing, classification)
1 Define the Area of Interest
2 Data acquisition
3 Define the time period
4 Processing
5 Reporting
Display the data and/or result
Export the data and/or result
The Zero Download Model *
* Camara, et al. 2021
What we (usually) do » Algorithm
Tasks GEE Script

1 Define the Area of Interest 1 //Define the Area of Interest
2 Data acquisition 2 //Data acquisition
3 Define the time period 3 //Define the time period
4 Processing 4 //Processing
5 Reporting 5 //Reporting
Display the data and/or result //Display the data and/or result
Export the data and/or result //Export the data and/or result
Disaster management
Intro
¶ ||
¶
Kaku, 2019
||
Joyce et al. 2009
Remote Sensing in Disaster Management
Dr. Firman Hadi (UNDIP) Data Spasial untuk Analisis Lingkungan * 31 / 150
The International Charter Space and Major Disasters
Copernicus EMS
Sentinel Asia
Sentinel Asia Activities in 2017
Sentinel Asia Success Story
Dr. Firman Hadi (UNDIP) Data Spasial untuk Analisis Lingkungan * 36 / 150
* Kaku, 2019
* Kaku, 2019
Nepal activation 2015
Nepal activation 2015
Philippines activation 2017
• Date : 6 July 2017 Requester : PHILVOCS

Dr. Firman Hadi (UNDIP) • Disaster : Data
Earthquake Data
Spasial untuk provided
Analisis : ALOS-2 InSAR pair
Lingkungan 41 / 150
Vietnam activation 2017
• Date : 17 July 2017 Requester : MONRE

• Disaster : Typhoon Data provided : ALOS-2
• Area : Ha Tinh
Indonesia activation 2017
• Date : 21 November 2017 Requester : LAPAN/BNPB

• Disaster : Volcano eruption Data provided : ALOS-2
Dr. Firman Hadi (UNDIP) • Area : Bali
Data Spasial untuk Analisis Lingkungan 43 / 150
Indonesia activation 2017
• Date : 21 November 2017 Requester : LAPAN/BNPB

• Disaster : Volcano eruption Data provided : ALOS-2
Dr. Firman Hadi (UNDIP) • Area : Bali
Data Spasial untuk Analisis Lingkungan 44 / 150
Visual interpretation
Change detection
InSAR
ESA Thematic Platform
ESA Thematic Platform
COMET-LiCS Sentinel-1 InSAR portal
†
†
https://comet.nerc.ac.uk/COMET-LiCS-portal/
LiCSBAS Analyses
LiCSBAS Analyses : Semarang
Food security
Food security
Over the past few decades, the global population has exceeded
7.5 billion (Goldewijk et al. 2010).
However, 700 million people across 76 countries are still food
insecure (USDA).
Global food production must increase by 50% to meet the
demands of the projected world population by 2050 (Chakraborty
and Newton 2011; Godfray et al. 2010; Tilman et al. 2011).
To ensure food security for the growing population, a dramatic
expansion in the cropland areas and the irrigation water
requirement has been happening (Tilman et al. 2011).
Food security may continue to be a problem in developing
nations due to improper management of resources and policy, and
anthropogenic climate changes such floods and droughts
(Brown et al. 2015).
Food security
Exists when all people at all times have physical and economic access
to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO 2000).
This definition has widely established the four pillars of food security:
availability, accessibility, utilization and stability.
Factors affecting food security
Climate - global warming is increasing temperatures by around
0.2o C every 10 years. Rainfall is increasing in some places, but
decreasing in others.
Technology - improvements in technology have increased the
amount of food available.
Loss of farmland - the growth of the biofuel market is taking up
valuable farmland which is then not used for food.
Pests and diseases - pesticides have increased crop yields.
Farmers in ACs can afford pesticides, whereas most farmers in
low income developing countries (LIDCs) cannot afford them.
Water stress - irrigation systems provide water for countries with
unreliable or low rainfall. Irrigation can double crop yields, but it is
expensive to put these systems in place.
Poverty - when people have less money, they cannot afford food
and they become unable to work. Families in developing countries
spend much of their income on food.
Introduction
Agricultural decision-makers in developing countries need better

information to make policy and investment decisions that could have
major implications for their country’s food security.
Which crops are growing where?
What yields can be expected?
What is the status of the irrigation and water cycle in general?
What are the average plot sizes?
What is the probability of harvest-failure from pests, drought,
flood, or fire?
This data can be extremely expensive to collect and existing data is
often outdated, error-prone, or without the right metadata to make
sense of it.
Introduction
To answer those problems mentioned, direct or indirect measurement

of several variables in space–time is required. Advancements in
remote sensing technologies, improved data processing and machine
learning all hold promise to revolutionize the cost, resolution, and
accuracy of collecting agricultural information.
Introduction
Drought monitoring includes the wide application of drought

indices that measure the deficit of hydrologic cycle components.
Meteorological drought is defined based on the degree of dryness
or deviation from normal condition for a prolonged period.
Meteorological drought can be a precursor for the deficit of other
hydrological water cycle components known as hydrological
drought.
The deficit of readily available water for plants to use to satisfy
water demand is often defined as agricultural drought
satellite-based rainfall estimates/products are becoming
increasingly available for use at global and regional scale
Meteorological drought assessment
Modeling
Case study : Rice-yield prediction
Case study : Rice-yield prediction
Case study : SISCrop
Case study : Studi Kebutuhan Irigasi
Automation, please!
More than 9 Petabytes of Sentinel-2 archive (2015 - current) +

Landsat 8
Iterating huge datasets is a boring process for us
Give the tasks to the machine by automatization
Sen2-Agri : use the existing battery
Sen2-Agri in brief
Sentinel-2 for Agriculture (Sen2-Agri) is an open source system

created by the European Space Agency which utilizes Earth
observation data for agricultural applications.
The system enables users to efficiently handle large volumes of
Sentinel 2 and Landsat imagery, allowing for scaling up to
extensive regions of interest.
Sen2-Agri automates typical remote sensing tasks like data
download and atmospheric correction of imagery.
Sen2-Agri Schema
Sen2-Agri products
The system provides a number of data products relevant to the

agriculture sector including :
Monthly cloud free composites of surface reflectance (10-20m
spatial resolution).
Biophysical vegetation index (Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index and Leaf Area Index maps)
Monthly dynamic cropland masks
Cultivated crop type maps
Case study: Ukraine
The whole country is considered in the development of the

Sen2-Agri products, corresponding to an acreage of 576,604
km.sq.
The type of the climate is humid continental, including a snow
period in February and March.
The main crops produced in the country are wheat, sunflower,
maize, barley and soybean.
The growing season extends from September to July or from April
to October.
The field size ranges from 30 up to 250 ha.
Case study: Ukraine
S2 acquisitions along the season – up to 1800 scenes (March –

October, 2016)
Case study: Ukraine
Crop mask product
Case study: Ukraine
Cropland areas
Case study: @GIC-AIT
Started in November 2018 on 16 GB RAM CentOS 7 "Server"

Sen2-Agri 1.83 version was implemented, no problem for
Sentinel-2 data until late of November, 2018.
In mid of June 2019, the system was upgraded to 2.0, including
the migration from MACCSS to MAJA (MACCS-ATCOR Joint
Algorithm), new visualization tool, email alert, etc.
It has a customized GeoServer for sharing the result
Endangered ecosystem
Status Keragaman Hayati Global
Tantangan terbesar konservasi kehati di Abad 21 adalah

hilangnya habitat (habitat loss) dan kepunahan spesies (IUCN
(2000) dan BirdLife International (2000)).
Terpeliharanya dan pengelolaan habitat yang baik untuk fauna
dan flora, adalah penting untuk konservasi dan perlindungan
kehati.
Data tentang distribusi, status dan ekologi satwa liar umumnya
tidak tersedia , terutama di banyak negara berkembang di mana
mayoritas habitat alami berada. *
* (Gottschalk et. al. 2005)
Manfaat Kehati
Kehati berperan penting dalam mem-fungsi-kan ekosistem dan

menyediakan layanannya. Contohnya seperti berikut :
Menyediakan layanan seperti pangan, air bersih, kayu, fiber dan
sumber daya genetik.
Mengatur layanan seperti iklim, banjir, penyakit, kualitas air dan
polinasi.
Layanan kultural seperti rekreasi, estetika dan spiritual.
Mendukung layanan ekosistem seperti pembentukan humus dan
siklus nutrien.
Kurangnya Informasi Kehati
Pengetahuan tentang ekologi dan distribusi spesies adalah

kritis untuk melakukan prioritisasi dan menyampaikan aksi
konservasi (Hirzel et al. 2006), untuk perencanaan konservasi
(Wintle, Elith & Potts 2005) dan untuk memperkirakan ancaman
dari faktor antropogenik (Akcakaya & Atwood1997).
Bayangkan apabila satu spesies dapat dibuat berpendar,
sehingga dapat dilihat dari ruang angkasa. Andai saja kita dapat
memotret setiap individu hewan dari luar angkasa, maka
pemetaan distribusi dan keanekaan spesies
akan menjadi amat mudah (Brown, 1995 in Gillespie 2001). *
* (Lahoz-Monfort et al. 2010)
Kurangnya Informasi Kehati
Masalahnya, teknologi seperti itu tidak ada. Informasi detil

tentang distribusi spesies juga amat kurang, karena penelitian
lapangan membutuhkan biaya besar dan waktu yang lama.
Kekurangan data ini sudah biasa terjadi di negara berkembang
dengan keragaman hayati tinggi (Gaston & Rodrigues 2003).
Kemampuan kita dalam mengukur atau memetakan elemen
kehati secara komprehensif dibatasi oleh sumber daya manusia
dan keuangan, juga tantangan logistik akibat dari lingkungan
alam yang sulit dicapai atau waktu survey yang singkat. *
Manfaat Indraja
Oleh karena itu, kebutuhan untuk melakukan deteksi dan
memprediksi perubahan di lingkungan alami semakin
meningkat.
Banyak dan luasnya ekosistem di dunia yang masih belum
terjamah, membuat survey dan metoda pemetaan konvensional
tidak akan mampu memprediksi konsekuensi aktivitas manusia
secara global. Juga tidak akan mampu menyampaikan informasi
secara efektif, efisien dan cepat.
Kombinasi data dan informasi yang dihasilkan dari indraja, GPS
dan SIG dapat menjadi jawaban untuk permasalahan di atas.
Dengan teknologi ini, kita dapat membuat kemajuan yang nyata
dalam memahami satu spesies lebih banyak ditemukan di tempat
tertentu dan dalam mengidentifikasi habitat kritisnya (Bibby et al.
1992), memudahkan dalam konservasi dan pengelolaan habitat
yang lebih efektif. *
Pemodelan
Habitat yang sesuai

untuk spesies kunci
dapat diduga dengan
pemodelan.
Pengembangan model
dapat menjelaskan dan
memprediksi pola
sebaran kehati yang
dapat membantu
kelestariannya.
* Horning et al. 2010)
Pemodelan
Ruang Lingkup Kehati
Pendekatan spesies kunci
Hylobatidae, lesser apes

Endemik
Endangered
Monogami
Arboreal, true brachiator
Spesies territorial
Penyebar biji
* Firman Hadi, 2010)
Pemantauan tutupan lahan
1976 1990 2000
Transformasi citra digital
Fragmen hutan tahun 1976
Metrik lanskap
Metrik lanskap
Konektivitas hutan tahun 1976
Struktur vegetasi
18 plot (20 x 30 meter)

Ciasem dan Legok : habitat Owa Jawa
Julang : bukan habitat Owa Jawa
Struktur vegetasi : tinggi pohon (TH),
diameter (DBH), Tutupan tajuk (CC),
DBH > Koefisien Gini (GC)
Struktur vegetasi
Tinggi pohon
Tinggi pohon
Tinggi pohon
Forest Canopy Density (FCD)
Forest canopy density (FCD), dihitung dalam persentase,

menggambarkan karakteristik fisiognomis hutan. Nilai FCD yang
diperkirakan dengan data indraja telah banyak digunakan untuk
mengindikasi status degradasi hutan (Tiwari et al., 1986, Prince,
1987, Ringrose and Matheson, 1986 and Ford and Casey, 1988).
Metoda untuk memetakan FCD: (1) object based classification
(Dorren et al., 2003), (2) artificial neural network (Boyd et al.,
2002), (3) linear regression (Iverson et al., 1989, Zhu and Evans,
1994, Defries et al., 1997 and Levesque and King, 2003), (4)
decision tree classification (Souza et al., 2003), (5) spectral
unmixing at pixel or subpixel scale (Gao et al., 2000, Gong et al.,
1994 and Cross et al., 1991) and (6) forest canopy density
mapper (Rikimaru, 1996).
Konsep FCD
Diagram alir FCD
Tutupan tajuk
Peta sebaran spesies
Pengumpulan data dengan Input
Sinkronisasi data (1)
Sinkronisasi data (2)
Pengelolaan data
Peatland Distribution Mapping in Indonesia
Study area
Survey tools
Methods
Variables selection
Result : Sumatera
Result : Kalimantan
Result : Sulawesi
Result : Papua
Validation
Validation
Land Cover
Tutupan Lahan Tahun 2014
Tutupan Lahan Tahun 2014
Ekstraksi Tutupan Lahan dengan GEE
sits framework *
sits framework *
sits framework *
sits framework *
sits framework *
sits framework *
sits framework *
Ask Me Anything

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Alternatif Pengumpulan Data

Spasial Dasar untuk

Dr. Firman Hadi, S.Si., MT.

Dept. Teknik Geodesi, UNDIP

Dosen Teknik Geodesi, UNDIP

The Game Changer

In the domain of decision-making, a decision-problem (choice

There were 10 contestants before you. All of them fail.

Will you choose the obvious one?

There are at least four strong benefits to making good decisions:

0 Decide the topic (e.g., agriculture)

* Camara, et al. 2021

Tasks GEE Script

• Date : 6 July 2017 Requester : PHILVOCS

• Date : 17 July 2017 Requester : MONRE

• Date : 21 November 2017 Requester : LAPAN/BNPB

• Date : 21 November 2017 Requester : LAPAN/BNPB

Agricultural decision-makers in developing countries need better

To answer those problems mentioned, direct or indirect measurement

Drought monitoring includes the wide application of drought

More than 9 Petabytes of Sentinel-2 archive (2015 - current) +

Sentinel-2 for Agriculture (Sen2-Agri) is an open source system

The system provides a number of data products relevant to the

The whole country is considered in the development of the

S2 acquisitions along the season – up to 1800 scenes (March –

Crop mask product

Started in November 2018 on 16 GB RAM CentOS 7 "Server"

Tantangan terbesar konservasi kehati di Abad 21 adalah

* (Gottschalk et. al. 2005)

Kehati berperan penting dalam mem-fungsi-kan ekosistem dan

Pengetahuan tentang ekologi dan distribusi spesies adalah

* (Lahoz-Monfort et al. 2010)

Masalahnya, teknologi seperti itu tidak ada. Informasi detil

* (Lahoz-Monfort et al. 2010)

Habitat yang sesuai

* Horning et al. 2010)

Hylobatidae, lesser apes

* Firman Hadi, 2010)

1976 1990 2000

18 plot (20 x 30 meter)

Forest canopy density (FCD), dihitung dalam persentase,

* Camara, et al. 2021

* Camara, et al. 2021

* Camara, et al. 2021

* Camara, et al. 2021

* Camara, et al. 2021

* Camara, et al. 2021

* Camara, et al. 2021

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