— 604 Electronic Devices and Circuits the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base will be exactly 360° oF ?, ther satisfying Barkhausen condition for oscillation, bane The loop gain af can be computed using the ac equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 15.15(b). Here, jp assume that the input impedance of the FET amplifier stage is infinite. i Figure 15.15(b) is further simplified. Here, the current source is replaced by the equivalent volta source g,,Ri)V;, where R'p = ry || Rp. Also, it is assumed that the feedback network does not load te amplifier as R >> Rj, and hence Ri is neglected in Fig. 15.15(c). ™ ; Fig. 25.25 (c) Simplified small-signal ac Fig. 25.25 (b) Small-signal ac equivalent equivalent mode! Applying KVL, we have AR +5 (2r+—e LR+ I, jot LR+h,(2R +. zZ Jo Substituting a= and writing J, in terms of /,, we get oR 1;(2—ja) Substituting the above expression in the second KVL equation and writing /; in terms of f, we get I, =1,G~4ja- 0) Substituting the above /, and J, equations in the first KVL equation, we get 2 Su o¥, WIG ~ 4a 0) (1 ja) ~ 1, (2 - ja) =§ Re Bao, 1 Tac Sat) +) (a 6a) ei Tnwy that ¥, = hR=——~SnoY (Ser) + j(@ = 6ay gore, the looP gain AB can be written as pee V, AB = ap = Bly f (1 ~ Se?) + j(e8 6a) ORC a real quantity, we have where . sie th Joop gain! o@-6a=0 @=6 Berd ORC = -e the frequency of oscillation becomes ee 2aRC V6 resco i agsieloop Bain AAI becomes mp ABI = 55> 1 sustained oscillation, |4B| > 1 and hence &mRp > 29 Weknow that fo Thevoltage gain of the FET amplifier is given by IA] > &mR’o Therefore, |A| > 29 and B-% ate must be at least 29 to sustain oscillations. main drawbacks are that the the frequency of oscillation ney of oscillation: Hence, the gain of the FET amplifier g: The RC phase shift oscillator is suitabl the capacitors or resistors should be changed si ‘Mditis difficult to control the amplitude of oscill le for audio frequencies only. Its multaneously to change ation without affecting the freque WIEN-BRIDGE OSCILLATOR Wien-bridge oscillator. The cite consists of a two-stage RC or 0°. A balanced bridge is used as the feedback rs ehin. The feedback network consists of 8 ‘The lead-lag network provides feedback ee) shows the circuit of a mt amplier which provide phase shift of 360° ae ah has no need to provide any additional pha Network (R,~ C, and R; ~ C; da volta; e divider (R3 ~ Ra). 2 4 1— C, ani 5) and a rm Ry i nett feedback to the input of the first stage and the voltage divider provides a negative emitter of Q,,A Wc Zo) Feedback signal = @ © Fig. 15.26 (a) Wien-bridge oscillator and (b) feedback circuit If the bridge is balanced, eee sterec 5 = R earn (S23 Ria | where Yc, and Xq are the reactances of the capacitors. 1 Simplifying Eq. (15.23) and equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get the frequency of oscillation as, 2 1 fIR EGG =k =R=Rs Sas > = oppo’ fR =R,= Rand C,=C,=C The ratio of R, to R, being greater than 2 will provide a sufficient gain for the circuit to oscillate at the Q desired frequency. This oscillator is used in commercial audio signal generators. . To determine the gain of Wien bridge oscillator using BJT amplifier fk Assume that Ry =R,=R and Cy=C,=C qt a Then the feedback circuit is as shown in Fig. 15,16(b). 1 1 ah Ril 7 os Therefore, V/s) = VAS) 7 | Ret Rilse Th R ‘ 1 +sR V/(s) = V9)