SorL MecHaANnzcs Ar AND Fe FounNpAtzon SM ENGa. * —> The proce of fonrmntion of SOM [5 tented 2d Pe 36 gexesto” foaned duels Me Weateartng of aocks poston wees tena wysteatly 04 chennliyy, —> soft fe cok can occu efter pl nechantent ahibegactioe — Weathering of Me — Weatertng of noche can be dove by a Puusleal = togea © avivdiha of walia, an, Pee — spldtitg adie of tee vind — Grattalidwl fore — Plauh and auivale be Chensfeat —Foxtdatiine reaction canbe > Hyddtine > leacting by ongauteceidand H20. NOTE? Leaching fs Me prccew of ewhadiita a cubstorce. froma solid erlinisL fe desowed faa Ligutc. 9 aE soll fe foanne! bu puysieal wetiuerting Mere fe m7 change-fw nuecral 4 pUTet of The colhbul ff 1 foamed bg clerical wealering nuicaal coulett of cath diffe from wal of acek, MK aE me weatuered mclialal adiaine over Me paredl noch, Pt tetewsed as putdeal 2ofh £ IE Pe fe Wanap ofl) 1 Ns reared as Handported cot. Bh We aracientics of me sofls see oF paxticles, stape > pee sua face texte, degree of sortuew depends upo mode/agency oF °: Lb onsparttat.b. t Soled pattte (),augutan O79 — a _- : e | Propesctes | walles | ata | a Be) la | | ~ KR Size ates | Considerable considerable. : | ; cae eee | | j a [Kshepe wording OF nigh deqvee | | ag | sourdues — Sond Rarauet Wp dente eran ae (Od piss \ di coked past preewete | | [oe Seatoce i | = EF Eriodtyy aotuy) entdlid = | a | terre poltened Susdeee exigee, | i Dl sontig | i rst Godel. Very Little \ seating] sexing[> Geueral cycle lwolwed! Sk the foanettiBvo¥ soft @ J — Weather Uphenual— alse [tucrteve fia Me Leer oF ear { POC Bee UD Tranapostatibe Ly peposttibe Pen 2% Tapes oF sok? > Outre baits of mode oF poamportaliae a pulutalsotht ze fete soft which fs depostbed fiom susperstor oo yunniug water wunng pan “Sy ronepoateg 20th (wate = weanering ts puysteat = Fourd aiougs Me bauk OF Awe be Lacustiine SOmké Tt hs me Goth which fs depostted flor suspensfow te feos ett pales of Jethe which fs depostted fiom sea water, eee oo Maauie sath’ Zr fe Me sofk whichis Hansporled ba blowha dt Reale. soiL[sard dune? rt tene sofh ohne. peas e+ Guacilab sh sr fe THe oth whic I pensportic by fe. F comustal |Tawssoth: Ft ts formed duce transportation by gravity. ! a Loew soll? ze fe Lntfoanely graded wird plows 200, MTs cemsencted { oy caldurs compound 7 moutrwontlontle , 5% Is aloo tern ae EE eae coblapeeckie 208k “tmpant binding prope l he Man Somhs ge fe Ffucly grcined catclur carboucled soflof maa a | gi. White fe foamed ducb he deconponition of pla + bows of aL. koe ee oat castro eee eae Coa ) { p Tusrsotl: A Fine qoaired sligitly concerted Valente ve ake vane bo wid on water otra 4 oa Le pr fe clarke ee Je Cgttomslosell> 7 ly wecitiered Voleaute ele EY conatttoor A nigh % oF wotmoxiorile. FU 58 e nefeluel Cunuatone sot. (fourd war Terver) O Loam sofh Tr fs amine of clay, card $efhe ae CR P quuibo soflt rt fs black coloweds sticky, Wighly paths som. >t cant be foamed efties ba pluysteat pwectieutng orb chenual weathering. 3k Propexties of fe sofh: > sotlis a B-pharoe system hich comlst of soll, Laid ard gooens pedties HAD clo rot ccm py seperctte, spaces but are bended wir ectche omer qa deftiitte propoation, whic Taher gover the property of soll. gresgautemineale Uquid veces atte Gaseous matlen —> cil ongauie malta T : Ve Wt i; AZR a Ve (Vat Vet Ve we wet Ws we (watwe) + Ws fatyy aekglm? Fula y 2000 Kgin® feoltes 2 2EOOKIM® —pheawe aie Br plese Magnan, voaty <<< WOT WE Hence, ft ce Vai Meo > Init wotunie of 28 casmot be md.Weoth=Ww+Ws but Vaoth + Yu t+V, /e > Th come Uniting cose, My canbe nepaceetttd a0 2-phase cucte 6 €42te also, at pay SOILS Saitas er wate “s solfd s 3 Properties of Sotk? ge waitin coven Lu)? xe 1s deflued cathe velgit of water te Te welg of solide pret puthe giver sobl mane aK > wate contest can be equal zero but fe he ro upper denece yor we wren Ww +2 ws ws wr = Wwtws aie ws Ws . ek i> weigh of sofh text canaleo be pepoaled paterne of qe total welgul of > wdler co sre oft. w= prof wala = Ww x 400 por sort o nab zene uk eanndt be equal ie 20 > wiean be e4 Of < w" < 200% Wes Ws = Wal wre Wet Ws — wrofwustivs[wm jai = Ww ata are we wee wie we areNex Wetgut of aolid Is conmmparcttivrely shable, tw compan s ee Pao ts wt og ofl 20 Tt coca not changes wiht change te wetlen,wence ence alant fi stant fteence «| oF W’ fe moaeTan “0". e z Votd palo (e+ Tt fe deFlued as he aco off Volume of voldats Volume of solids fm given coll nav. Ce) ce | —> \ouume of vold eanndt be zexo fan cofl co tt is atheat 2-phere | system, however Prcan be zero For 1Ocks. en Ve eta™ Wa @ eta~ Wie = Vs Vs Vs Volume OF sofh \ > Void acid can aloo be used pepaccedt degace of clensencs of coll. sk v. ca Kee 7E2 ge (perenees)2 < (Demers) sk Wn > Va HK ok Ven < Vea en 4+ Derseseeo > Miough volume of ove vold fs more fon coamegrathed bul totat Vol of votds fe mone for fue grained sot) , rence votd icky sorry colel fue graind soll fs mone Man coame gratued sok. C8884) fa o00ed steeotveld | , Qo000 DOC0O wvorofoue * 00006 vord OBSe4 wrioofverds T v v Totty: of T v e v vords i Flue gaaned Coame grein | .OF solids will rat change a+6e——e 1 Von Vee Vie Wen Wee Wee Hy Whew 202 mone soll samples areaddled or mafeed, 4 2 frente Ly (vob tw) | | goltde renee came PF sofl fe Steplaced — Buaitity (we # volume) oF from ove “ erotics ecco: On so A soft B — wo od Ftd wiles coutet of sold 'e! w ang ang AtB—e Ww 1007+ sof Wene 2+ oskg Wes 2° * 2vg ara par * a4K9 Wses Went ws6 = OS FOCt= T wate 2 ate ate 2404 we OF0d ~ FOF De eotLp +s0tl 6 = SOME Vo am? amF den? Pind te? er 2 Ome ve We Vet Ve. = Gitte aten 24e6 os + are a+ Ponostly (YD i Tt fs deftued co Me aco of volune of volde bm | iE habe giver ofl mens, volume of BOL Paceean’ Preece a 4 ow ew a Yo Mee Vi. My tvs Volver t Ve lveHH ee« “ an 2 etguifies Me wale stesnge capactty of soth astuey Vor As Tu te feu stable Ma comeparitone to Toe valine of —> Bom tert aepacoest Volume 2 > Votume of coltele fe compat co vot change with Me arge fu VoLumccet voids, kence erga: sofh as tte ergnificance of © 7 que adhe of volumect 62 ob fs chef lvedae given cork mans, Le Degree off ectunaliow of volde preset fa Me weles te tre volume ue degree oF eaten te given coil mad, wundd, damp rotet, webb saTisretled = peperdira ttaanbe dau fred ae dau; it fe chef tued asthe, aald off Vobune of ath te me Me given sample oF goth mene. | Vee Vets ay Vo My em We ae volume of voids present he ac= Va_¥ 100 Ww a ‘|6B A ercertlage ala Se vofds (Ya)! ae te cleftued a9 the vo, e Volume oF soll meus passe Ia te given sofh was : Yas Va = VA W = Bey v vow i. Fe UT welt | denait + . eu wet a | evi cenit at fs nah of we/marw of coh tm extathieg cordliie te THe telat volume of soll Mans, ato Y= whefsoilLim 2 Ww eee Vol of sofh fe recus of 20 he exfettng cord” Vol"of sofk s\z b: Day wt at [day dered: at fee add of wT/mav of soll Ne day eos CEP volume of 6 Ce ¢ denseriew of he sort. feow =f (7%) oll wes > Ttecanavobe wed pencencrs © SEK pensencssof sot & wt a @ ce selundled wil wt /satuncted clenailid + Tr fe deftued aote patio of ED of coth tt selina corditibe ts Me volume ofsorl es THe SOME ewig $-° , Ur%e ext? ote! lured werd, 1etsal oF Se feat cy TE sath le &brrerqed! Uatt wt |] submerged tenatly re tue doth weve f whe WIG | Sule ene Tie at enged is fF baueresarey fe verttently Nie Wt Of “tue, waite, [MB Wefglhit Thts reduces hele thee Loe best Uneilane, neenguiligls © Ly cothy whet fe uaa stacliceco te Upwey, f whicle feeque cluplaced by \ {| ot ogtsoft fe dernwe cto rwcluced Jeggertide Japperedt [overuse Phere eet wt. ae capita filuge Yooh] Y' = Weve Vv we West Vt Yevb/ Ye Wat 2 v ‘ tt ee Yevb/Y'* weal — Ye $a _y 1909) Lleeal wat Yeu] Y! Yes => A subneraged sofl Wl alwaus be satiinaled but the vice-yerwr $5 not trvefuccenary: wp Soth belaw wT fe submerged +sctundled but above wT fu capt fiiuge te saDundted bil not aubrierged. 0 VE We oF solids Aenity of colds: Tt Is defiued as he 5 ox We |mau B the volun of solicle heme givew oth mes. of sollte : Yen whofsolfds x We Vol. of Solfcls Vs Notes [Ye > Yast Pe 7 Vd F Cob Mn pera 20-22 25-0 62a 40 & Sect pie quabttyt | | o- True [absolute specific gravy: (4)? | | { Gs|q = wor solid ofalveu vor [exw] wt of std ful) of samevel™ poses wetter GslqQz we vve = % aK a Tw* Jeuik| Apparent spre growtty Lend? Gr = wt ak cota aves wen” [verve] prof ster fale) Oy sarmnevyol™ wien = oer BERN I Done «Ya £ OR Wwe £3 aa) Som Tae. Spedifte gravis C4) Sard Pagvavel 265-268 x se fs thty card 2:66-2:50 ye Broagaue clay 2-tt0- 2:80 aK soth lifgh 19 nate, Bene nrG face sath a-Z 5K ongante OF JS spe: guautty of Fueqaashed soll ts mone Mout connse g. fred colt. 7. a eh srt|aeay Paes HOR <> spre: graurls oF frongewute soll [4 mone Meus ongeuce sofl. wor ca > Spee: grow cad arotan srardercls te) fs aeporlid at 24'c. ty fucrccrics wit Perce Ie nifucral covtterT ox ott. —> Pepa Ar aay otter berepeacttisne , (a= constrect ae VU (eve) 2 Ver tw TF std fluid charged, T= cont a re)a Denatty tedes [pscitie AundTia| Degree of dan riTa 5 4 > pericttiy tudaar te Net Be rrp resale aagiie Aagnee OF copup aes. vent adsins BOD. ta pion astte 204 yudiVie yoId aglio oF val, Bay wk wp rete afte antes deg. soTan of HEE OF 100 stub oF 500k te Looeect cit, 4 dirk Ole te Te HEE OF 10K 230-0 Of 20h fn booze she} dened Ale Crear told piles of sO. tv soores© eo 9 99 pple 77 ” 19999909 harrgect 9? te rolnsaly tr loosed size, > re erent, Ter0 Mp TE 20h fe reTieaallsy te dara Stee erentn, Zpx 200% 2 tae fle) > Zo" te ret used for uncastigtutisfes tearohees Me analysts of colestve colle ao hens ane tee fe ffudtiug re vold sat of colette sotle tS Jdeosest atale tu bobopttory,D> Two sad depostts hwwlig sane stapes strc. cau exlibft divs prep: PF tuey posse MfKarek Io, A 1 > Sard hauleg mone. Ip te mone rompad, dense, stable. ,lew conpartai ble, fey liigker shear strenght: 20: ReleaTive conprclicw (Ae t Tt to Used & fuclucerts te chegree oF { Ce ee el eee ae tenwce dently frelex (Ip), bo TE con be ap piel For boDeecuestouless f coluafve sth, Ye > lay wi ust of soll Te exttihg [rediach stette Vom eer 8? plensedl stale Ree AYb (at cnn) i Care) 14Gb ae Re = GO+ O02 Tp Rea a terse are x 100 Stu wooseD stole, spo. > Rea Bose Pin dened stele 5 tp 200% , Re= 100/- Note? Pacing of uniform spleres > packing of Tee wi foam spas le tue oly systems void 2abe $- posonity Of hick con be fou) mctleavetically: > splicres of untfoam Sze Maine stable toose packing ia "bubleal array” 7 Spiess of uniform size attesine stable dense backing fe" Rhonsbolednal Fut —> Loosest states Prune cade polls ist cotta wie & mone ehrtlas pote Vol of SON 2YIxT = ans? of solide fu cote avan a le a om ae 2 S vor of oe cold > Ti ok not sadelved* eS yo wo —roret vou 0% eos cmVolume of Voids WW) = V~Ve = 4-2 = Or Cuan Vy = OrntbxE = OAL Vs n ees ee Atemax CED ae Densest stdle: > Here cack paileele fs jue cota whe 42 wore sirnidar particles. Voki oF wk phomboedoad Ww . €€ Rhomboledral array” + [arated (4-coad) ve [acoso (2-Con6e') = 0-407 ed cee Vole of volda (Vv) = OFF0F -ZL = 0-183 6 entinm Ww 2 183 x6 = 0-35 es eee Unies ent = Wie 0-26 eens & oF vold acho of soft ts oe Eee ee ero-5 sec orsicos 7? Ot ~ 400 * 43-24 — gana 8S O86 ewes 2H Daterelotiinelitp lw The properties of soli ar 6, .G,Mesa 2 os, O25, Tw Yer w = Ws a v Vor questo we ve wpe 7 [ ] KE F Vd, 42 Este —? Fon dy Soh $70 5 We-%e "CR Saal meceteeee B34, Vor Tact ae 2 Cset =(G%e) Ys ae tae Usot tae evo [e'= Ce Gre) Ye ate ae Laub, Gy es Ce = yeUe Catedten Volar a ate a ' om ie ate= Yor ' aH ate- 2 te qty - Ye te eae ! nas 6+ Wd, Gy Co 7 Wee Gt = ate ate a+ a If s=d pen wag See dan cotedt att whicl solr fs want 1B urderctord the compadinet > The obvove nelalonstitp fe signi fit of te Som. Fe Le, Yas A977 To Ve Ws = Vat ts Me Va to tM Vn we as Yat We + we Ye Yara ¥ Soe ws Ww wWiws + we a wwe + we i YoY GeterV ee at } aaa Was Wid + Xe 2 Ye pert a] we qt Ww - aete ese ata _ oe oat fteauit te unclastadl te compadtuews oF te soft, O- A sotlhas Zagms of solh solfas , 1am? of yotde, igus of water, Spee grautly of sot gras of 24 consider follouig stilenedos 9 ure av 3007 ce 4 06-5 ze AOxK2-> en 10x 8 ys tone 28+ 10x24 —_— oo oo hk lh Wws=28gme Lows agen “wor Ww Wwe soem Geae — { wre ay 100 Ge we | 28 > e= s0~24- — ae ve ze | Bo oe «200 ae wx 10 10x . va a =~ 4-u a+30x2-% YU 2oKe oS 28 TOKE QD. fr scTuadled soll bow atotalapwity 22kn|m3e g weit rote, OF 407 . The bulls dinntty tay devily of soflare Floral denitty = Buus dencly - 22 Kn [o> Vd+ Ue = ce Er 2 BE Feo zonnlent At01O Gag) 3K cordex properties of me solhi ilo ane mose which betps fa clarstfferticn f se aroex prop of~> Soll wolzat & Ground | Rree| cia FFy walta? rr fs subsurface Wales Ml Fate. Vole covktuonely Upe grourd weiter teuble Jevek This wails ts subjetizg ts heen tues Ft uses, weg. Et Gives eh Ae heal OE bay arercsditeg vo fonce ard b capable of moving under lydooduy nant forces. b. Captliany walea, rr ts tee Walken whic fe oe I Fted above grourd walin toble devel by captlaay forces at nerains fu suspension a oa = — fue yoldeod The sot. Ib aloo obeys capliary Jews of Lydrarulios P proves Uren Fuge Layne Ay narthe §orce&, NOTEt Ground wallén + captlay alin fe aloo termed a pone weilin SEF qw fe pared men no capiMaay wales proves fe Me watts whieh fs chemically combiieed wipes Joading condition obseawed fengg: by betling oi 205°-220%C. ce Stuctanal wala t ae cayetal structuncot weiter 0th .Uncter etude waléa can be aemoved even oO Pdsoabed waits s Peliculas wotler f Husgroscopte walla: St fs te wolléa whlcl fs adeoabed ba soi collides fon sme. dimes phere bo pluystacl Soaces of Miadibe $ ts held over the wudmce duets adtediow, > gytectt of vsdles atompedby K 4 x ssh sofh solide J > Hugooceple adsoaphoe capaci of AF fered sols Sard 1 Sth: dey —e 42% r6-th 2 a6-14-/ = Hugacscople walla 1s not affeTtd by gravity on captiary forces > 3 Lew highen den cdy, vieconity ba Ling polit + dener freer port shen ground wales. Th ether walint te te the weilin Treat fs passe a0 a fl cere Mager oe \warescople water. > 3H fs franed cue He condemaliow of aqueous VApOn7. > st fs abo Weld by soll sorbet bas Joven adlewne Ta yar eseor™ water, gsa Walt cote x0 can be Atemied bs au offollonuing memeads. a+ Overt day metiods Feb is modt acerca pabosratoay need > suns mectod, rolst sanple of sath 1s placed Pe Cera) Ma tote maw fe noted (mz). > wet canpleatag with Me coMotue fo There placed fu PereP- tertyoled 6 le oveut For cay sonep “> Fos fuongaute goth, teup. fs mailained ab 105*- 420% os coe eae Bees : a eee oxiddlibe of oagaute mctles: >For seth vauing high. gypsum cailech, tencp: 1s Kept < 0% (avid sos aa gay corkoslues of rane aoa @ of wales of caystallizalibw) —> for card Forewel, dayiig & required for 4-6 we, 4 Ea —> Fon clay fst , ” ” ” » 16-BOlAs, Loweer dauiing bb for 4 pete 2A Ure encune compile Lon of waler, pth ro ae tenia slold ex ceed a10'c ao Mt wold toad B the Jowot 4q svcd water: plu THe metnod all. types of soft wiles fs removed ,fe- grourd,capilians,| acuonbed except Aaudiaal weTer 4 moee | we ote ae : | ofl zemuple Wega. WE ; we Mw = MeM3 4.500 ms m3a-Ms b Sard bate mated? > rr fs a quick Fld metiod tat 1s wed when te factity of overls ret avaltable ip ru tds saupley me rolst sample of The soft along witt-me cotiatues Is placed fu sard bated fs heated over Nerameue stove. qeere fs 70 cool over temp: ty tks ace IT fs not pActable ov > AF pigh ongaute sth > softnauing high gypsum conte no neover MH gives fH pent due low of shudiuaab weiter. of gheewalie Are FANE at Oven Any meted, 3 > Step.couatien + wotet 2 Me oe fe abo a quick field meted py Ty tis method, nectytatied pplack. (argoual) f2 added ithe sample ott frcreaes he acile of Ausflug Fis (ques to pote the wollen core. pe Hercaleo, Neere fe ro corBul over tenap suence 10 Te not sictable for ogee solar sal raithe ligt gapouns collet, monrovea I+ le cleo fraccurcle mectucd as there b pendency of atrucTiucal water 46 be Sow. > sees of obs ewaliiw Je same aa over Aviva, RegerrorncTea naeTUo0? puetuod whicl gfvestve acuta i 20-20. e+ Alcohol meluors | | | | > or fs aayieh Lp Tats fe suitable for tore colt phase EP fo Knot Lp Tilometicd te Used £04 Douesloules call oo tn cous of ches Dif fet aewove extrag ped ata sora 0th sarple dung the tec cronilen fe TOON Flask reusing eonteal Tap wit Grant Dtandles clacular fou sofh It fe > Pe Wwle ot Pte penwve als fomtue sample, = Kem ate a Me woof empty Pycroneten Mar eotat aoa Tevet wae eee “ep sa neeeeet earwre Mew. Ms ManoF water fa soft (mi) = May = Mae Mek Mw (vauing Volume SAME ae e-Ma- Ms anal oF solfate) Max mis— ms Mot Ge fe = Ms fw Vs- fe Masses + vef~u Vee Ms. Maz msn mst Ms are a 94 reve mennoe (2 8] Msn) 4 (7) a Mee ( a Wwe Mw 2 MerMaen-Ms 2 Meena oo . oe Me w= (™ a) (4-4) - 4 (m2 -0m)-4 HH @- Catetim Carbide oa wolttine mer netiod + re Ove of THe quien mercod auetable find Wales catecd rt ab Lobfele gfves Tre: Acutl To 5 7 —> Tr fs a ffeld metiod. yy 6 gm LSgms) of sotl sample fs totter Cftxed wt ts er ee 00 ALES UnIea te te pieced fe motctine meter a ceioide. Lente] fe used /accte? f sanple fe suaten vigourcusly A whic cate 2208 wine wales passe fu IT tres Pa ae Op cued ylene gas (esha Thal extexT the py ov calllowsTec} Fo get ten caled ww terme of tral wtof soll. qaued! whe” >t > she a fdd metuod te whic two etek Paste ae To ne cot ne be tet Pemered Sut > Th fiat cola, & qactoptive wottevel C6060) fs place! # tw i protes cae detedlor ts placed SF Wet ped foadIve necked fs activeted | pedtocTWe Za molec @ @ Sb ens eects whicle whee ave ee ae olen Sonks Fe : eusngh) fe: fuatuer Atedid by adedor | ' fe elipadizd with the water coated of ae que sofh. ~~ eH oan _ 2 Toasfouad. balance momod (infrared retwod) + i a cn THe neIvod, Tufraned aus are vsed for dauiig of tue sarple. by avilable fon those sofls white quickly absorbs the mofsture | J > tae ated Brora We CT nncsplene , Ae fu tuts care daytege wgera of te samples gE dove siete q | euercted OY 250W, Z20V, SOHe Frequency bulb. { piu frened 2t4sore G also wiilen cotter of te sat Mo Terme pf toial wb of te collie Joe z necred, 2 speci fie i pete qroutly of Me > Speed Fa. Sona denrity vomie | lo. S0OrL Flack ic. eycronecten -> penn T porte weed Te me rol accwrdleamong el ath # hs suitable i fon a. type of soft. fs eurtiable te be used for coos giasted SAL PIF tefs used for Seca ined 504 sven Kerozeue tz used instead af ales me Ete f bette warning acegeurl tans vcctor. det. aencity porte oly Kerosene Is used _p steps of obs [e sane for os: grat s0fh car be eared by =r Mia we ofe~py + ea ee [ren mrrpaans oF] on a eee Paice wim 20 Sot te et Oe EelsWelw — £2] Ae Maw of colds ous = Me-Ma = Maus of daysal =mid haw of walen fu stage TL = Ms—-ma2 Maw Of walta in stege I= Mama rea of water lauvivgvolume = py, t Barve ae suck of solide aan ie fu 2) lass Mew of wale, hewtva Vols me Cnty Same potucd of aide 2 = (mums) + (mz) = (Ma-ma) + Me G- Me-mae = ue (xem) tlee-m) (pay -tg) tM yeh Ge Me Ley—ta)t Me Wwoorere= AIES Werte = 1000 a= Ge ar a+ Gl Ge a> Me ___\ «Gx (Ma-Ma) tue a Ma262-429™ Mz= as4agmM Gx = O-F mas Z6442gm qe (vem) Ma = 244- 249m oa eas Ems mui) (Me—mid Gz 24°34 x O-FF3 45-294 21-39 bes OF Qt HEE 2.664 Gove lost = Gare Toure 266% FACS * Gu KI000 Gue = BESare Unit wef ee a waiter o feplacersesst MEMES? > hts meted fs suitable for ae Ts bfglly uis reMcd, sample of gol tients 13D MORE On Jers Un! foam Serpe ard weigved (Ms). > Te le fs Thee cacled with aaadfir. war te prevedt te ety ot H wails two tee soft F fe agate peigked (M2). 7 We cadled spedoueu feed ee fu of wales whic daplaces the voles from Tue acter, volume OF hick fe equal te the yous of cached specrou (Vo nd 6-6 Mass of pasatifie oan = Me-Ms ve Vp = Mere [teroreeaine] fe Vo of walia Ais placed Vis~ Vol of coil + Vole v8 mn ee of pasadftn we Mee V+ Ve ve venve oo - wawof st = Mat = | Me Vole of sork % New (wee) Fe KH & submerged) Wht welg Ul meted t cubmergedmarr dent nacre ee es ee netivne. —> sane ae above tet > some ae above tet wetter $i peanced/ > su nis netiod , coated specimen ts fumensed fe crpective /rucyout | gulmerged wt ts nated (ms) Z2y ~) xy ma MeMs= ™2-fe mse m2-Vew/vwhe [Vex Vol of cooled specter] | Ms= M27 Vote / Vuh Ve VwrVe = Me-ms — (me-m) fe { & Cone cubten meod? ( > Fb fs a Feld wetuod whieli fs suilable 1 Le Used For clesive sofla. > Td memos comtdth of a cone cules OF Von 1000ce [pat0e~, Hesse], 2 doy of heigl 250m fa hawnen > Tutte te, core cute fs ladited fare soft mew whe fe be tecte, A culties poitithe sollis taker ol To note the maw of the coll fates cutter (rm) ) i ) 1 pe nmawofsdh = wy Volume of SOIL v \ Votiof soth fu cutter = Vol. of cone exthen Vy } 4 Hananen & a ely H ( be above ee Sa Se Ep ein e iY T : Cone-cutien V+s000ce " { tp ——> o Sard peplaceneD meted + > stuce core cutter netod le nob suttable goy 8, pustuad fe used fa tule cone. many + arunieracts)Fa eilbadiiig cyllucter of Kusun Volume, > Lu teh, FA bulls move Beni oF ard uses Pe Foon followed by tee unite wu of the 500. } card ecomplelely Pied Ny te pouring culliccter f-M5 macaae Ps rated (ra) wy Tete alowed aun ile pouatng cone t mat of Sard ffiling toe . pouring coue fs roted (m2). > Now pouatng cylinder alova Me whe pouatna conets placed oven calilereting culiuder $e rae of sard deft fu pouura cullincter after ee tp aun a caller cylinder te roted (ma). sand filing he calibrate eg\faden te e x a> Mew of Mle myo Me Fea = Mare of Sard _ Vous of sard fu cyliter Peard= M1 (Veard = Vealibaalerg egies) Vv > Powuhg cylinder along with pourirg coue's placed oven te ele erecled by excavating he sample of 20th Of raw (wi? te be teed ard sao allowed aun file tits hole. > Manu of sard heft he ing culiveter ts nested (mu) Maw of te sand FIing sthehole fe calewtabed Mie Min May Vow of The card filing te hole = ms feard ng Mee hole = vol of sol extasohed wv. Vor of sand FING Denady of sofh= VvYer Gte ate 16-148 ~ 2:65 %9-8) are ' — © 2 0-60H se > wa ey 0604" ONONS 265 Sse OHS Eemple ts fuateer tered $01 1B water ceoleut by oven ctrufing nated NOTE! in bone core tern ected f sard aeplacentetl melee zon PEO, if teers fe no clange ln Volune of coh r Wee constant 2 er constact bn ee OE Ce) oem mt mm eA ee = 4 3es = Paard = Mean Vsard iL ealibadting cu } fand= 1500 + 4-5 gmlee. | ooo feorL= Msott » 46]-25 = 2-SéQn) q Vsoth Aas ne L. Particle size distibitae —> We Ye of va site of particles te a ofven tay sofi sample te fourd by past iele see OfsMoilide numly sts oY neclantanl avalues, pohie te ceanated ol te Petases a. Steve cunalysts : pr seclime Tow cusalye!s eee —=*tParticle size aualuste Steve arclusts ‘ - p Selimettcliae analysts | (fon coanse grained SA) (for Fue gresucd sofh, ) opts IS FS 2 a erp eate muetiod cavestevg/ Flue sfeviea/ be Hydnoncten qrave steed sard steulug yes << gowns asus as aetseans wer ay a Seve aualusts t > xt fs Ame For he sOth flaciaw vag stze gaccten tran 010480 oF FS. —> As pea BSHEO* 196 2, Ssfeves are dofgned by te alee opening (apedire) MM mor HL, > mune meehod, arf Feredl sleves are placed mee over cack otken fu ducerdivg order of tuely sfee t+ dry caneple oftne sothto be tected fs place) ou popreat steve P steulug Ys howe codiuocly for atleaw somite efter eauvally ov tM steve skater He wergit of the soft frotibs actadied ova acts seve ts voted Bri me ye Facer conresporAgg 40 given sizeoh pewtécle. Yr fluea = Periz 100- cunudalie Xo wr adtaried of tue square. 1. cocewe sfeutug | Gravel ste fig + > itis dove for soft fladibe naslng size SHS (sof porches pnetoured over 44504 sfeve). > Stardacd Steuer used fu tifs cases ane Bom, 1Omn1, ZOMM , 20 steze size wradtatued 4 wh aclafued Cuno EH, salve) 1 hen are, AES. Art actfiued eo iy ini cco taace 207 107 soy 307 4oy coy. 30/ 40 sOfe 20/- gor soy. a0f oof Oo”1 Pee steviug| sand slevlug > er ts deve for sot fiedibe Wal Paes Tenemgly HASHIM Steve and netatued over OFS™ sfeve > stantard steve used te tuts eure AAe Brinn, Ams, 6001, 4251, 2424, 450u, 75. > xt fe geuenally prefenrce pwale te soll fadib~ pauhg tmacmglt basen steve before coving out Fics stetug tu onder newove Sedive TE avatysts ¥s auarted oul fov tue soft flatiow hating size dew tran 0.075mm (whe. pares trough 0075mim steve) > Particle hewtug size smaller Tan O-Z iL cannot be aualysed eued by seclimertiliBe fe analysts asthey Undergo brownfaw motiow > ror tem spedab tebMgus x-ray Bf Riadiow on de Tae wionescopy ls used. > sedduetation oralgels fe bans upen “stpKe's Lavo’? accosding B which sctuing velecly of sbueveah pailitle undtengolig eT loniet iran fit intle medion , eecrclelss Keeping eutechet faTors be consteut depence upow shape, sleeF mau of re pailiile + fs ofveuw by vex (4-D toed * oo Ab 20% ,1+0.04 Pofse ,47 265 ee ee vex (e682) we1x 107% - gaaasodtyac*mlece 48 xooinie® wn . HK v2 044d wlece yy O42™ (piece) 5 At 2%, 1+ 0.00085 Folse, G=765 pee 2K Ve= 1-053 > I) sea > Lndmedides of Suelo ’s saw ge Pasticles urdlergoled $time are anuined te be nal Five grated 2oth fe faky, pdtre wa vate sett henentt care ale | oF etal seatvedtialiow Jan fe sritte, puck Re Spears bet fe UUme B be (utidte,& purlng setttenedl, decrdle sett fe conofdtercd bub tw i eaglonunulion of panlidle using se lawedy Hotes mince. Je Jaus fe Valid Sor particles having sfte fa Me range of | Ome OzsL ao above O-2 Me Site qHautty accelentiae tte Nua $ 2 const velocity 2 not allatued - below O12 Brownian woliow place. i* Stone’, | 3K Geueral pao ceclune FOr ecctin etalon analysts t (6 can be casted ort be | > secivrentioe arts a Preetienntecd be Hydrondtin metvod J Memods of preparaliow puetiods a4 Follows: as Pae-trectinuedt Before preparing soll puepenudn, ongarte Maer £ cadetars compourde preset fate, sofh somple te acmoved to avold agglomeaTinbn of SOPL particles dating sett. po awmove OM, oxtaistug reagat We Me0s fs orgaste vedter +15 aemiove coleuna compourd, O-ZN HEALS s Used. -b. PrepanhaTuc goth suspension’ In pipette neod, az-s0gmiof <0 added te wane sooml of zoth suspermure (rotel volun.) & fr buydvoncdler mencd (24-60a~) of sott fs added make 1000ML of soll suspension. of scott puspenciow fe sanie f+ bom the added whic oxiciae wh fs on Post tradimedlt Arter prepanihg Me sth suspenuiae Mepering/ geflocaidliia nexgack fe ada wold he agglonurclde of Fire gidived cofh solfds Lae tuey ane sticky fu nite), > commonly vsed defioceusabig reogout ane sodilurs nexarTaphosp- Lnete, Sodium oxfrate, sadtuns carborile, Sadture stiéato, a: Pipette metncd s > su tufe metiod, doml of sample [5 clleded from SAL puspernion AL FREA sampliig Aepne Lie) of 406 ot Jif tine futewals. > We coueted fy Faller being tected fov tte mare oF solice preset fn It by oven dayieg niehiod. Hp Tee shee of tee parlstle het serties fu sof euspenatow loa earuplfig acpi: eerie” fie time: ¢b7 Te coneprted vslig ctolte’s baud, Bae Be “ | HE t wer ge DOM sHe [ze 3 i busedcra 7 272,4,8, 15, sont, 414, 2,4,0, 26, 24 ins ? 2 Finer (7oN) conmesponaing® computed size of me paste settles by Astence He? fu The sueperiiow fa bine 64? ts afveu by bhiele A Pent = Mewod sollte per wail volume oF cept He, # me eb? mow of the soalfele per wl volume fit cbly PRC Ne malve_ x 200 Mp/Vv Vez donk ve soomL ! Me=12z-300™ ‘ Me 2 by over caufg mottos | > TF Af EE of defrocowlali”g rcagad fs alot be comidercd tren, $ 1d = masa of colicle te sanuple collected Sone He! heigl adfter Hnwe (?.! Mos Total maw of Solids tahen focally Me maw of defloceulalirg recgait added, ver Vok of sofh suspemiow Ver 7507 pipette & Hydnoradtea eos + > Hudaonitia fs a deulee hier {6 wed -fov tee meecmrenent of dency ex specific gtautliy of We. Suapertine (fu oun cade sof}, avepension) > Vener Reading of Warmer welike ronmed cate fucrccses df. _> fon steeplfctty fu understanding ,recleced Wyliondler readings are peated on ft LAH). feg a+ Re ov Bux (fex-2)¥ 1000 1000 > Volune of tue Wgdrondlian below the cere of te bulb te approx soye of fa totet volun. techno fu bone Pipette $ Hy dnomeles mctiod fs Sanu = Pp. pleot : eas pre Al ffercdl fn follouura ways. nae of colts pane: Geet geles fe Fen o2 te conan tee) puetuod by ovenctaytig mMeMod BIE 1S funy aucctiy fe Pipettei > ke ce ciperte netics, Sampling neaece pine fucaatce fie te f SI Denced oe egtnencdles MOF TS tee Kite e, rence Waytrenedlcs Pectinetialioetan fe callbacted post fucld ect y fe butcher mete? by reving he dere oF sofl o Us Penaton, wg cepts fe Kept conch Whereas fr a Ha ae Mex (Rn) f He | a. e = 4” 6 oe { &u— > —> We size of Me pail fcleo mal sett Les hn suspersiow ups sanepllez Hephe Hel” Ri tine Cb IS frend using stplie’s atteVen cormeet oo re Sina je} nN > % Ffiter (Yen) coanes ponding he rote size of padticte “3” te coruputtd twatyectly bi roling te lenstdU) of ue Cuspennios (sotLewp), Lex thas bathe wa of te ole pean of cuapennfow ah sarup\ivg dept ‘He? fue time We Vol of solids = Md» Md = mg ee ons ee SofL sucperniow Vod: of walta x 9 Mo, Cane) i fu svepenaton far rgmilec a Maw of walen = U ——) eb > [2- me sca ee a Maw of suspen = Meus of colds + maw of wales = Me + a- tae") eo Denaily of suspenune » Mewpanion 2 yo+ [fame Vewopernioe a Density of suspeniow as reac from Webroot fse = AT Ry 4000 1 Ur Re = mt Ate) { 1000 a Ruled filler) 3 1000 a rs | Yo gucn Ue ND = Man of solide | Volume of sus porstolt ail caneplt clep tHe? #-bime C4? | Maw of zolfct| Blume of seep ensloutaken tyttially |at Yen e Med * (#5) Ru 1266x100 57/1 3922 we Wydronclia readings we furtes coreDed for She obsewed acctuced the follaung _> Due prennce of abictty tn soft suspensiow upper Level of mentecte fs poted fnstead of Lawettevel ,whfelr Jeacto be recuced value of The. obs: befy notes. Hence meniscus conacdléd te applied whiel fs trve. Ru< Ril + Cnr b. Dispensing ogeul connecter > pdciliin of dtepewheg agetl nesulla fe fuersased density of sot cuspensiow hence bfigker value of obsew clicw fe ndted thereby aisperwiug pagel conrctubw ts applied whic fz ve. Rum Rul—Co c+ Teneperattiane conredionss > he calthactioe of bydrondlia fs dove ah stances terep. of 24%, hence Pf reup duungtie ted Ai ffins comemtiou due To benup late be applied over obsewed woven neadina * oF Tee Raw Rul + ot KTR T<24C | Rus Rue NOTE? In some cots composite comedian Can also be applied Ninety kere componile corned iow Cm, BK Potlcte size Sisvidiae curves Pe aul of Me palitle ctze Olenibolian aralusts fe reported ‘Me form of & cuwe tamed co Paiticle stee clon tine conse which. Yo Auer fs expacuedar y-axte f size of ee portete ts expacued ow wants ot Jog scale,ae mee SP Tale cuswe Welpe Ju analysing Me tape or 50k + giadalion of con. q He The soft may bettered @ peligvaded seth TF tt hae good nepanecteHor poled, roe OF AU sizesok pasteles fu tt Z pence) OF |" > TE sot consid of exces of OMS stee OF yo + deftete anctien sizeof pariéleoa fv consti oF alt he particles of same size th fs q : Detter cone IF f, . = only grace sit en Ils ted oo unffoamety Blade? corr. pelos are wiked miestiig from softs ht fs tered ao > TF eetiath shoe of paw oa f : ade ! ace ginded oak / Pel gene om = aN = 200 6 ae 0! A C ( eo q 40 eS eo . { 50 { 40 { 30 { 20 4 30 { ! ° Chay SUL Sard Gvauel jog Lo) ——> a > é R | Gradation Type of sot Well graded sof 7 i ep graded soft Flue grated Seth Well gracted sofl coae grated stk 4 coarse gaan sol ; Vt a > Pooaly graded sot)> fon wave graued sok, bse, Por Deo sizeof particles ho i aon a . pighes Stgnifreance # ean be fours usleg patele size abbots i 5 —> Pao = tze mar ieich Met 207+ of particles are Flues tan Tide size. prorat? a pope poo 7 Mo Py ” ” rstiys ae Me Daa te also termed as efetlve alzeor effet We Hancer Oy cheslg ce Allen Hazen. size Vel ps ty Aucdiug the gradation > hela stanifcence fs mone co Reese Of cq coll Ma tenn of follouig paranslore ar Cock Ptciewt OF untfoancly (cv)? st signifies tee range of particles ste Otetibitiie cuwe- Merb fe ceffiud as axle of Deo + Deo > for well graded Sard, Cure ao S74 Gyawel Cu >4 a >? unifoanely graded £q sof , Cus — Fon wel graded CG soth Ce > 213 fre. a€ceg3 wae ae > Tr fs he acialive eare wit wher sofl can be defoaneds ap Thteterm bh generally used for fue grafued sofh fie which [els actatet wit Lasge wales cotter nee of framnew of solluhich may be stded ae >It abo sfanifies degaee oF Zee soft, StF aad CPt fucdtnedtly alles wite the strength: of soft) > Fike grafued sotl may be mPxed wit the wales so co as fons plete pate which ean be moulded fuilb form by prewae We adnate of fidler veduces Me cowsou peaking te SALA We rould. > Fitter etd tide Of wiler accuces coleston wectll Pt longer neta 1 shapeurde 15 oun wt # steal to Flow, eatereect ies > Enough wales may be acted wi soll sueperniow is pacpanced. 1 > Noe : walter 2 removed /[daye? Fron THe soit mew PL panes tearogh SIS: steeges of conwitoncs) q stages of consitency fe solid state, f > Atterb, ced tha i 4 a ae Lig etc. eennesolid stele, plas stoTe, _— ee qbwntele cath Flow me. stage of constancy oe as constzteney LAGE ( PItewberg’s LACH 3K consistency ene (Atterberg’s cure) f A Atel cue Me f Volunee VP Ww << Ppevextmetted j “hove uae Wwe Va ea aT ese] Semz- | Prastic | Lieve rs JT [Sexe | sorio ° we eo Wie Wetber corte cE (2) —> > oF sotlis palaly sdtincted ev Jul pxtindled, auy charge Iu wotieq vtec 7c co} doe not teadeb change fu ib volunwor Votde, wiume of coll, eony, > Ou 1 Me soll fe fa Supensdluadled stile ora)”, cuy change tic wetter cole peacds to corresponding cliange fu vole of voids, yolofsotl, ety. \= fk > EAState Laud Place Sent-solld eoies wl) we we we Consistency eLiguid—i-vew ra vey StIFE vey head onsisso Bie cable gp 2002 ———______3#*—-200- of : Vole Vole deertaete ——__— 9 Volume ——a} ere fscorstacL sheng shown Graphically ————————s , sold Psevi-scliosie / shea see a _—___5 Seas strate —> —> Slope of Strev-stratu cue nepavoute sheng. >% consistency letebeg'’s) Une Oe Liquid LAGL (ui) + Tt is Aeftucd & min pala coed at which soft hae terlercyé flow. => Pt Maid LAG, soll pases from aliquid ste of consistency packs S10, of concistercyt vice-vewa. > Pras LACE , ai Me sotle pares sane Leglighle shear strena™ oF B-TKN Jw, which — iS Tapeo¥ sol. wl. He Grewel 7 % Sard > Now pladie * sur —> Nou-plale | Clay Cicole)): waste Samy *% day (black Soft) ogee — > 4902500 % day (vedo scott) _»> bitten fa Thee Wi. of Me om cldtendnclibe Pook view, Liaguld AAAAE Lut) rears ateo we deiated ag rons wales couletl at whielr a por! of soth end by a gvoove OF ste. { Blze. flow Yoocker by tue aAistonce of 2" (“ePrnch) Ciara) uncles the { z Impact of 725 number blargueore lt of fal fo adfuiled % Lenton tence blow. => “Tle -wobuced fon euttang Meso way be “cpssAqRANCE TOOL ov { “bee. renee Ast Tool” { pial (comagiande Led) 208. pawihg Naowgh AZSu swe fs mfwed woPhe —> About 2208. cul fered walin co an foon1 a unFfox4 Pate front. > A poattian of Me c0th. bo placed tu Me cap $a. groove of std-ctze fs wade fu Te —> The nance 6 notated ot Me Aale of abo 2 acvalutbns Tins ge cecoud. f Proof blows rea b Glow te 600k lay Me dbtone of 5. foie fs rote, > Abo 209m of coll from ness Me deed groove fe teen Fe Aeterna — -alide of paler coaitert, 7 —> Tent fs aopecled wet OWE: weer corte coarcapouding ro flowne 200) by Me Aittence off = fuck fe noted, 2 Te, seul of beck fa tueu notee/ pitted Ia Ree foam of uae tern) cue, ae “flow ¢ cunely wala cate connespordting ts 26 nuncbens of blows Bebop ne co by dbtone of Etch fs Itenpalates c Aiquid BRED , — a NOE: rn come caves sof Slips tretead of fio ning Wi the-t, aout of sucitew [6 Abcaaded. eae > Ty Flow uae, wales coded fa mearked ore Yraxis Pecaneop, Ling of blows fe marked on x-axlson Jog seale —> “Ted fs nepedled SUMMAL vr of blows aargetiom “So- 50” ce t Wieo i Flow CURVE” w. co tw) Wey 0g \e? SOLogN2 Logie dag J rood lotowe dnd 4 —>qvoove anche ae Cassa.gverF< Teor | ATEM too % Boxtom wlan zum Sas XK Top what aame ae ok Helgi ana som i x Rewaalt: ATSM tool is suftable for wore sandy bor where camagvencta, | spol-tercle 1 teas te sites of gvoove- ete teamed ao Flow fuctex which slaniftes alot Jose Of cueaa streng™ of Soth Ite feacae fu walen cote, | 4 piguer te te value of Tr, Lower fe Me shear chvengi. of sotl- pralusts, Pf eure 15 extapotaled te fii wiles corviterh f wales cotent dwiely > she alape of Flow cui > Duaing me Conesporcling 2 10 + 200 re of blows , dT#f © gives Ze. 3K Flow frdéx= Fe= Wa-We = Wwe Jogne—logNa 3og,(NeIn) are Wie-Wico * Te > Te % (“gn da® (Ene)e \ Guns OND) END) Onoda. 1ogN —>> Liquid LAG of te soft canalo be fo by Pacomes fume previous mdlced Was conpaactibely mone aespeateed ze time ag. oe follows wie wy Sr) 2s 2" 0-068 —0.324 (by Mean? IF N= zo 30, x-o-4 2 welds cored comresponcuita S &n? no. of bi “eflae me sot oy 2 fuch Sstence. a ii > auc Tidely quid url canaliobe fend by 1S ade method ( 252920 aN=15 as 4:3243-0-231egs0™ > Liquid LAL conale be fourd by “ara cone. pe ictibe tent.” A penn on (TI EE > tt conetet of Stoll cove peuTtaomélin hating cetral core argle of BY Pelfdig reve of Bogs, > Te sanpletobe 42089 fe Filed Me cyl udatab colatuer oF Sh pie Bowen. > The cone ts Lowered up Ttetop swiface of te concple f aclenier, > Liquid sAid te then ae tea wiles cnte! wf aows the peuetation of. Me te saupleby Zorn. Note? rere ato tiquid AED can be ford by ove-pond nethod, > =e fe deffeed ao whine wriler content oh wheter soft fe fu pleaitie Stage of consistency o7 bebewes Ifhe o plod matincab At plate URED soll paves fom place stale of conststercy Ta sornicsoli eicle of constatency Vice-verax, PlaLd pret (7) Now-piade Nouw-piedé, ; 4 Clay Ladlusial son? Bee ce co 3 ae cay Coracisot) 200-250 ok SPE 2o-2sNotes Pladicdy fsthe propety of he Sof whieh pets oe Prep deferred, fab 4 worrmot Aeits aedowrd , witha vewume change & ita > Te pl akiity of Fue grated 2a) 6 Aue he pacsence oF charge over te cua face pf patile ¢ btpelen potiacof water ; SOPL dees nat become place phen a nou-polartatug Ital fhe aaded Put. > Fa Kerosene, raptualene fe ae Plastic pint dcteavinn ions > From cleteandaliae prof views PL fs deFfued ae mith oiler at hele got sl began oumbleor crack whew rolled tua Mead of Sram Dleomcten pcg 425 sleve fs mixed ite —aisgm abdated sample sot powtng cuffed anvil of wilin so as wake fb plame. —> 6 bait Is foamed pitvabol 6am of ths pladkd sot fie matted ble Fingers Palas plale plo Thread of amin Handler: >The colt fs 2enowlded egetusitle a bat polled agai to Metres of sum @ upls aw extedt rt pegtis Ts caumble Phe cxumbleturcad fs toiled For 113 wetter cotton $ permed as plate UAL Luz). trek > Pe avg. of 3 tek te constclered a2 arwlts sk slahichage LAs (193): > at fe deffied ce waxiruum paler cated ab hfe filter educa. fee wetler cote of Sofh does not lead & reduce ti me volune of sot, > below stutage Lied peplacemett of te water by oiy fi equal volume tales poe wlile recuctng the water emTect, > Tt way alo be deftuedas miuiuur Water corte ot whieh coll fs completely sduarAled ar cladKage LAU, cot poues from semi-solid sictle of corstetencsiS Solid stile of consteteney 2 vice-veroa. 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