. LE © 2202: SURVEYING 1 Introducti ion: definiti pe, monumentation efinitions and basic enn measurements: ranging oe oe accuracies. Elect oi instrumentsand wate cncins, steel bands, tapes, COrreCHene” wanctic Distance Menantctnn (EDM): basic principles. use ences i rent. Measurements of ¢ ling, reciprocal levelliN& os of accuracies. D, heights; tailed surveyi i" 5 Seomettic levelting 8 Or fect linear measte™ Tent wibles, differential !Ovr hooking, calculations: . booking, calculations, line, cross Procedures, levelli, . levelling j, errors, corrections ® instrument ions, ac ments, telescopic, ng tl ccuracies, | Pic, levelling. ng, methods guide, rac f and longitudinal sections, site fa site level ee 2211: SURVEYING | ‘ngular measurements by "Theod: ‘it nlite: accuracies. Met Y ; 4 vertical angles, errors and and combination of * tangulation,triteteratin ox. Fometric leveling, intersection. resection Stadia: method. Feld metas: Tscheometry: igor of optical distance measurements. Plane table surveying Fielees: Aud booking, “vyrerences in heights, instruments, reductions, References 1. Allan, A. L., Holl + A: Ley Hollwey, JR. and i i inal May i id in} \d computation. Heimat alll yes, 3B, {1, Practical field surveying and comp Bannister & S. Raymond; Surveying, , computation for Civil Engineers. 3 D_E, Murchison: Surveving and Photogramm age " ! avis, E.R et al.. Surveying Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill. USA. . Anderson J.M.. and Mihail, B. M. Surveying Theory and 5. Davis, R. E. Foote, F. Practice, 6. Tiyu, J. G., Difick MTL, Dilliaci, RC. dnd Wid TOR. Eivimeniary Survey ing. sell C. Brinker & Paul R. Wolf, Elementary 7. John G. Fryer, Micheal H. Elfizk, Seweins. Surveying. Kennie, J and Petrie, G., Enginesring Surveying Technology, John Wiley and Sons, New York. 9, Murchison, D. E. (1995). Surveying and Photogrammetry Computation for Civil Engineers. 10. Ramsay J. P. Wilson; Land Surveying. 11. Raymond E. Davis, Francis §.. Foote, James M. Anderson, Edward M. Mikhail Surveying Theory and Practice. g Surveying Technology. 12. T. J. M kennie & G. Petrie: Engine! 13, Uren; J. and Price, W.F., (199). Surveying for Engineers, Macmillan, Britain.N ae gg and Tepe and art of determini9# 2" PrSenting the relativelabsolute sman-mad Surveying le Features on, above, “phe technoloBy’ § positions, shapes of the Earth. cience, and sizes of natural and tare surface position: horizontal and vertical ions Determination: measurements and computes Representation: graphical or numerical Basic measurements: 1. Linear — distances a. Horizontal b. Vertical c. Slant Unit: m 2. Angular — angles a, horizontal * Db. vertical units: degree, radian, grad Computations: linear + angular > distances, angles, areas, and volumes 1 Are = 100m? I Hectare = 10,000m? 1 ha. = 2.4711 Acres” Branches of surveying i, . Geodetic surveying: determination of the shap' Earth by precise geometrical and gravimetric measurem: the surface of the Earth. Curvature of the Barth considered. 2. Plane surveying: covers small extents of the sur arth enrface ionored e, size and dynamic properties of the ents. Covers large extents of face of the Earth. Curvature of theeyin, " istration of Fights 1 ~ demoraation and registration Cownershy, Tops “Ni over lana, OBraphic; i al Survey; A ‘ features OF the Earth ithe Veying — jocation and representation of f ii, ~ surveying Of and for engineering projects ing — surveying of features under, on, in, OF above iv. Mine surveying su and underground; : Ete, | - Cartogra; phy: map-making. G feat=ures on th ‘i ‘aking. Graphical representation of the spatial distributions of tl f a depiction of the th surface. A fundamental aim in cartography is the faithful Curved surface of the Earth onto @ plane surface (map) ~= Approximati ions of the sha pe of the Earth: 1. sphere Earth: 2. spheroid a. Oblate — rotation of an cllipse about the minor axis b. Prolate — about the major axis Measurements: acquisition of data / information 1, In-situ (ground-based) — direct measurement on the ground 2, Air-borne — aerial photographs (photo use of satellites (remote sensing) belie grammetry) 3. Space-based — Of interest: in-sita Jand surveyinga“ General surveying procedure \ 1. Definition of problem ‘a. Mapping feat b, Volume —enginee! voleanic activity geod res — t0P° an ‘i y ring 0 eyi nie oe 2, Fieldework of the area 80 as to plan how best to execute the i io! Reconnaissance: nati ‘ exami survey i, Sketeh Equipment iii, Personnel Etc. b. Carrying out measurements ¢. Office-work: data processiné -* information ... output (maps) Field measurement of distance 1. Chaining: ground and catenary 2. Optical distance measurement (ODM) / Tacheometry ment (EDM) 3. Electromagnetic distance measurel Chaining A) Ground chaining: chain stretched on the ground. Fiat ground, Scenarios: 1. Distance, D, to be measn-ed is less than the chain length, L.D=R-R 2. Dis greater than L a. Fix ranging rods at A & B, respectively b. bracts Establish point Aj at length L along AB using a ranging rod. Operator (person) at: A — follower (surveyor), Ai— leader (assistant) c. The leader fixes a chaining arrow at AtExecuting chain survey L 2. 4. The lead ler The follows Os establish AD lower moves 8B win ye ene Toda UENO grow a " and fixes the rayon Ht ranging 108° A an Picks tne chai ©. Establis 8 is lish A2 along Ain, yj. Pisce ri 1 Process continues (Ar. Aa, - AaB is measied aging neemned is shorter than the aio 1 should be equal to the f. The number of chaini ing arrows pgked by the followers check! a . jy the remaining distang, ‘A«) nti “oben chain length, L- number i # of chaing amrows py tender... AB=nL+(R2—R)) ee B) Catenary chaining: undulating groy, (chaining tripods) oie suspended between two supports Chord RiR2 = span Curve/are RiRz = catenary Curve ~ chain under gravity Prepare a sketch of the area. Sketch ~ not o scale, free-hand. Page ? of field-book. On the sketch, establish a framework of triangles tied to @ baseline running diagonally Gf possible) through the area The framework of triangles should cover the entire area to be surveyed and be within the area. Apexes — chaining stations. Label them with capital letters (to avoid confusion with measurements). Should be inter-visible (if possible) Sides — chaining lines Well-conditioned triangles As few as possible e may be used as @ chaining line. For every triangle, provide a check-line, A check-lin Establish the framework of triangles (chaining stations) on the ‘wooden, hammer in a nail into the peg to ground by: mark the station Pegs driven into the ground, If . Paint—on concrete Any other mark Steps 2 and 3 may be zon-current (better)i measurements - ttn Cahas line (chainage) 4. Take and boo! oa i. Taking mee int ei z ing Hine 1 ene 2 in Sa eat: 2, From ostset b ‘Ties ts ii, Booking measurem®! Sample I pas Each chaining line to start on # new PO flow into succeeding PARES. ‘A chaining line can ove Corrections to chained distances A) Ground chaining 1, Slope correction: chi jained distance may 10t be horizontal. Plotted distance must be horizontal a. Slope angle known Horizontal distanc b. Difference in heights known Horizontal distance = (AB? ~ = AB cos? BB’)"s ary if the calibration and field temperatures are significantly Zz. Temperature. Necess: different. 2. Ifthe field temperarure is greater than the calibration temperature © Expansion © Chain too long, therefore recorded distance too short © Correction - positive b. If the field temperature is less than the calibration temperature => Contraction © Chain too short, therefore recorded distance too long © Correction — negative Correction = L a (Ft -Ct)Where — Le Feo, a + Fong iatanee Jnain material en of expansion oF a 3. Sea level / altitude: distan should be at sealevel, ABE ROAB)/R 44) R= radius of the 4. Standardisation: with use, the 1e Ie length of the chain MAY change such tht whe! its actual and nominal length ‘ nit is under the calibration tempera \s are not equal. a. Ifthe actual length ‘s greatey than the nominal length aaa Chain t00 lung, therefore corded distance 109 short na TS and tensions © Correction - positiy, Positive b. If the actual length is tess than the ominal leneth = Chain too short, therefore recorded distance too long © Comection —nogative Actuai lengthy recorded length Correct distance = Nominal length” B) Catenary chaining 1-4 5) Sag correction. Sag distance reduced to span distance. fon ee WP we Correction = — Tay OT ~ agra Where: w= weight per unit length of chain U ‘W = total weight a between supports L=recorded distance JT = Field tension ‘ 6) Tension correction: Necessary if the ficid (nd calibration tensions are significantly different. Cr) correction—_— anc? ved ais ‘where: L = 600% apr = field tens" i itpration t©™ = cali cree sonal 0 Si ‘A= chain or0ss-5°° il Young's mods of elasticity of chain material (Nm) E= Youn Example rel, We 'A steel band, of 2.5mm? cross sectional i im Sighing 2.98kg, and marked as 100.00m ste Tong, is standardised.on {)¢ vot at 20°C m4 OKB Lension and found to be 100,065m. It is, seat catenary at df. SKE tension 1 Measure a line on a slope of. iaree us altitude of 1,750m a.m.s.. comps He distarce to be plotted if the: 6¢ Recorded distance = 78-9°™ expansion of steel = 0,0000089m/*C 320KN/mm? ii, Coefficient o! sii, Young’s modulus of stl Setting out right angles in chain survey" 1. Estimation ... experience 2. Pythagoras’ theorem 3. Isosceles triangle 4. Cross-staff, optical square, site square 5. Swinging measuring tape Obstacles in chain surveying 1. Obstacles to ranging 2. Obstacles to chaining ee 3. Obstacles to both ranging and chaining Obstacles to ranging Ranging — establishment of a straight line Problem: non-intervisibility between points, due to €.8- hill Solution: method of repeated alignaent_ Mark points A and B by ray | Introduce ranging rods ¢ mee Tod a. A,C,and D ate intoy 3 Ween A "Visible b. B,D, and C are imtervigiy | align C between Aandty __ Align D between B and new. and B such that, ms @ A,C,and D no longe: cory 5 near 5. Repeat 2) and G) Until A,C, and D yg gnineat ands simultaneously, Bs P and C are collinear re 60 Obstacles to chaining nd, river, and busy road. Problem: cannot lay the chain on the ground, due to e& # PO , due to 8 Obstacles to both ranging and chaining Problem: points not inter-visible avd cannot lay me chain on the ground, due to B® ouilding Optical Distance Measurement \ODM) / Tacheometry Variations A) Fixed intercept, variable parallactic angle: i. Fixed intercept, variab!s parallactic angle, horizontal line of sight, substense bar (horizontal bar); 2. Fixed intercept, variable parallactic angle, inclined line of sight, substense bar (horizontal bar). B) Fixed parallactic angle, variable intercept: 1. Fixed parallactic angle, variable intercept, horizontal line of sight, levelling staff (vertical bar); 2. Fixed parallactic angle, variable intercept, inclined line of sight, levelling staff (vertical bar).