SS AcHuomh Axel = Actuoty SENG Am: EN: Up£EE 22060 Electronics Circuits Lab (EEE) Experiment No: | Date: 95 lol g023 POSITIVE CLIPPER ‘Aim: To design, set up and study various positive clipping circuits using diode. Components and equipments required: Diodes, resistors, signal generator, de sources, breadboard and CRO. ‘Theory: The property of a diode as a switching device is utilised in clipping circuit. Clipping circuits are non-linear wave shaping circuits. They are useful to clip off the positive or negative portions of an input waveform. It can also be used to slice off an input waveform between two voltage levels. Using a positive clipper, a moderate quality square waveform can be generated from a sine wave .The diode clippers can be classified as series and shunt clippers. Ifthe diode is connected in series with the input in a clipper, such a clipper is called a series clipper. If the diodes are connected in parallel with the input, that clipper is called a shunt clipper. Shunt clippers are discussed in the following session, ‘A resistance is used to limit the current through the diode. The value of the series resistance used in the clipping circuits is given by the expression Re ‘Where R,= forward resistance of the diode and R.=teverse resistance of the diode. 1. Positive clipper with the clipping level at OV: This circuit passes only the negative going half waves of the input to the output. All the positive half cycles are bypassed through the diode since the diode gets forward biased when the input voltage becomes positive, Due to the voltage drop across the diode the clipping occurs exactly at +0.6V 3. Positive clipper with clipping level at +3V: Till the input becomes greater than +3V, diode is reverse biased and the input will appear at the output. When the input exceeds +3V, diode becomes forward biased and the cell voltage appears at the output, Since the voltage drop across the diode develops in series with the cell, actual clipping level is at +3.6V. 4. Positive clipper with clipping level at -3V: Diode becomes reverse biased when the input voltage is less than -3V and the input appear at the output. When the input is above -3V, diode becomes forward biased and the cell voltage is available at the output. Since the voltage drop across the diode develops in series and opposite with the cell, actual clipping level is at -2.4V. Electrical & Electronics Engineering DepartmentElectronics Circuits Lab (EEE) CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS a) Positive Clipper clipping at 0V 5 oe A £ b) Positive clipper clipping at +3 V c) Positive clipper clipping at -3 V A R Select IN4001 or BY126 diode DESIGN ‘The series resistance R= ‘Typical value of R=309 and of R.=300k Substituting we get, R=-3k Use 3.3 k PROCEDURE 1. Set up the circuit after testing the diode. Set the signal generator in sine wave mode and fix the amplitude at 20Vpeak to peak connecting directly with one channel of CRO. 2, Using another probe connect the signal generator output to the input of the circuit, Electrical & Electronics Engineering DepartmentElectronics Circuits Lab (EEE) 3, Observe the clipped waveform on CRO screen by connecting the output of the circuit to the other channel of CRO so that the input and the output of the circuit can be seen simultaneously. 4 To observe transfer characteristics on CRO screen, feed V. to A-channel and V, to B- channel and keep the time/div knob of CRO in X-Y mode (transfer characteristics mode), 5S. While drawing the output waveforms, mark exact values considering the diode voltage drop also. RESULT Jd up Ihe Gireuil for puibve bpp ” cR and bolh inpul om wobeal evave frm are Sen °° Heoce Ihe Ciel puibcely che: abs iwi Si wal Senerbo- a 0 Sereen Sionallanestly- Electrical & Electronics Engineering DepartmentAcHvoqn AKoL ACHuoTH DENh Aim: Er Up LEE 22 060 Experiment No: 2 Date: 2/05 2023 NEGATIVE CLIPPER Aim: To design, set up and’study various negative clipping circuits using diode. Components and equipments required: Diodes, resistors, signal generator, de sources, breadboard and CRO. ‘Theory: The property of a diode as a switching device is utilised in clipping circuit. Clipping circuits are non-linear wave shaping circuits. They are useful to clip off the positive or negative portions of an input waveform, It can also be used to slice off an input waveform. between two voltage levels. Using a positive clipper, a moderate quality square waveform can be generated from a sine wave .The diode clippers can be classified as series and shunt clippers. If the diode is connected in series with the input in a clipper, such a clipper is called a series clipper. If the diodes are connected in parallel with the input, that clipper is called a shunt clipper. Shunt clippers are discussed in the following session. ‘A resistance is used to limit the current through the diode. The value of the series resistance used in the clipping circuits is given by the expression Re Where Rr= forward resistance of the diode and R,=reverse resistance of the diode. 1. Negative clipper with clipping level at OV: This circuit passes only positive going half waves of the input to the output. All the negative half cycles are bypassed through the diode the diode gets forward biased when the input voltage becomes negative. Clipping occurs at -0,6V due to the voltage drop across the diode. 5, Negative clipper with a clipping level at -3V: When the input voltage becomes less than - 3V, diode becomes forward biased and the cell voltage appears at the output, When the input becomes greater than -3V, diode is reverse biased and the input will appear at the output. Actual clipping level is at 3.6V, due to the voltage drop across the diode, 6. Negative clipper with a clipping level at +3V: Diode becomes reverse biased when the input voltage is greater than +3V and the input appear at the output. When the input is below +3V, diode becomes forward biased and the cell voltage is available at the output. Since the Electrical & Electronics Engineering DepartmentElectronics Circuits Lab (EEE) voltage drop across the diode develops in series and opposite with the cell, actual clipping level is at +2.4V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS 4d) Negative clipper clipping at 0 V 5 Q oY V ©) Negative clipper clipping at -3 V DESIGN Select IN4001 or BY126 diode ‘The series resistance R= Typical value of R/=300 and of R-=300k Substituting we get, R=3k Use 3.3 k Electrical & Electronics Engineering DepartmentElectronics Circuits Lab (EEE) PROCEDURE, 1. Set up the circuit after testing the diode. Set the signal generator in sine wave mode and fix the amplitude at 20Vpeak to peak connecting directly with one channel of CRO. 2. Using another probe connect the signal generator output to the input ofthe circuit. 3. Observe the clipped waveform on CRO screen by connecting the output of the circuit to the other channel of CRO so that the input and the output of the circuit can be seen simultaneously. 4 To observe transfer characteristics on CRO screen, feed V, to A-channel and V, to B- channel and keep the time/div knob of CRO in X-Y mode (transfer characteristics mode). 5. While drawing the output waveforms, mark exact values considering the diode voltage drop also. Ye He Gil po rel cbr ay wh lrg 7 i Hf - jnpal ond aulpuk wave frm on he on CRO Seren Srmualton che Ciuih 1 negdily clprede Electrical & Electronics Engineering Departmentais Ins 3 Oe prow ie (75# Te A ge mt i i { 1. het YWD Acad ol Ndlge © DL hime (0 aresMeBOoTE foc. Feet LEAS Ber BR OEE 22680 Eepcioe Nec S Dax pyiestons POSITIVE CLAMPER ‘Sime Us desion set ap and sade varices positive clemper cocuts asing fied. (Campers amt equipments required: Diddes, cssimors sigzal gececmr de soos treadboand mt CRD. These}: ie sume simone & S seca? we aif or sara 2 Ge citge a gt wee Sie wir changing is cape Comsite seed for fis porpese ae ciemomg ommute Ths ax te cio Sy qumecing 2 & some op sees with fe mee DC sees ey ee ont le eipmems A capaci whe & Gare wp 2 voltae mn subset pevemret Som aerems can sme ms 2 suinble mplscenen for 2 de somes This prncvie s wiliset x campy srt Tie Sergi Nese ca be meade ata walinge leoot be Stee ie ince: Suc esteem srr sles 2 Sieed siempe Avesiommace i mse we limit Gee comet irousts Ge dinde. The sale of the sevies mince used ix the clipping sims is Geen be he epresion RB Whee B= fered cstmmue of tie Garde mt ‘R srvense rescence of ie Gnd 1 Chmmper clamping positively ac OV: Soprese he mp voles & ocmemed yD i opie of te nor we. he Gnde ome eqeice Virsiret Dicks one seme snd copnciter charpes wo Vin it positive pelacty xt chit sate af the caracie Decne fe positive belt cocle of the taper sine wae. Ge apseitir commar scares since dhe Govde dives not cominct Tims expeciier acs 2 5 2 de some of Vix soils commeced i series wit fie pur sigeel source The ouput velegs some con dies be exqresed os V= Vin — Vin sie 2 Champer clamping pusitiveds at +3V: Dore one serie inf sie of Se me se wane, capacitor charges Sroorh he de source and Gude Oil (War-3) W with posites mies ef Se copecice a is sighs side The chore of Ge opens eon op oe w he presence of he de seme. Toe cmp &s hee egressed ox WO = (WS — vn CIRCUTT DIAGRAMS: 1 Camper chemping poster 2 OV Eleerica! & Elecwenies Exgnesring DepermextBlectronies Circuits Lab (EEE) 2. Clamper clamping positively at +3V DESIGN Select IN4001 or BY126 diode ‘The series resistance R= ‘Typical value of R/=300 and of R=300k Substituting we get, R=3k Use 3.3 k PROCEDURE 1. Set up the circuit after testing the diode. Set the signal generator in sine wave mode and fix the amplitude at 20Vpeak to peak connecting directly with one channel of CRO. 2. Using another probe connect the signal generator output to the input of the circuit, 3. Observe the clipped waveform on CRO screen by connecting the output of the circuit to the other channel of CRO so that the input and the output of the circuit can be seen simultaneously. 4 To observe transfer characteristics on CRO screen, feed V. to A-channel and V, to B- channel and keep the time/div knob of CRO in X-Y mode (transfer characteristics mode). 5. While drawing the output waveforms, mark exact values considering the diode voltage drop also. RESULT Sel op We Cicuil per the puibve clomper oly wt Syed genenbr ond bob, input aa aul pul ware form are Seen on CRO Serco + Hence Ihe Creu 3 peskvely chetipere / Electrical & Electronics Engineering Departmentsolloet4 a aid ° ch A Met itp tebeElectronics Circuits Lab (EEE) ACHUOTH AKOL AcHuoTH SENG pmo: BH: UnEE 22 060 Experiment No: 4 Date: pglosteors - NEGATIVE CLAMPER ‘Aim: To design, set up and study various negative clamper circuits using diode. ‘Components and equipments required: Diodes, resistors, signal generator, de sources, breadboard and CRO. ‘Theory: In some situations itis necessary to add or subtract a de voltage to a given wave form without changing its shape, Cireuts used for this purpose are clamping cireuts. This ean be achieved by connecting a de source in series with the input. DC sources are very expensive and bulky ‘equipments. A capacitor which is charged to voltage and subsequently prevented from discharging ccan serve as a suitable replacement for a de source. This principle is utilized in elamping cireuits, The clamping level ean be made at any voltage level by biasing the diode. Such a clamping cieuit is called a biased clamper. A resistance is used to limit the current through the diode. The value of the series resistance used in the clipping circuits is given by the expression Re Where R,= forward resistance of the diode and R, =teverse resistance of the diode. 1. Clamper clamping negatively at OV: During one positive half cycle of the input sine wave, the diode conducts and the capacitor charges to Vm with negative polarity at the right. side of the capacitor. During the negative half cycle of the input sine wave, the capacitor cannot discharge since the diode does not conduct. Thus capacitor acts as a de source of ‘Vmvolts connected in series with input signal source. VO = 2. Clamper clamping negatively at -3V: During one positive half cycle of the input sine ‘wave, capacitor charges through the de source and diode till (Vm+3) V with negative polarity extended up to (Vm+ 3)VElectronics Circuits Lab (E due to the presence of the de source. The output is then expressed as VO = -(Vm+3) + Vm sinwt, CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS 1, Clamper clamping negatively at OV DESIGN Select IN4001 or BY126 diode The series resistance R= Typical value of R-=300 and of R=300k ‘Substituting we get, R==3k Use 3.3 k PROCEDURE 1. Set up the circuit after testing the diode. Set the signal generator in sine wave mode and fix the amplitude at 20Vpeak to peak connecting directly with one channel of CRO. 2. Using another probe connect the signal generator output to the input of the circuit, 3. Observe the clipped waveform on CRO screen by connecting the output of the circuit to the other channel of CRO so that the input and the output of the circuit can be seen simultaneously. 4 To observe transfer characteristics on CRO screen, feed Vs to A-channel and V, to B- channel and keep the time/div knob of CRO in X-Y mode (transfer characteristics mode). 5. While drawing the output waveforms, mark exact values considering the diode voltage drop also. Electrical & Electronics Engineering DepartmentElectronics Circuits Lab (EEE) | : bop We Cuasib jo Ihe gabe chmper ay wh Goel generahe and balk inpul ond aulpal eome frm are dom on C80 teren Vente he Oxi is rgehcly Clinpeed Electrical & Electronics Engineering Departmentbore a) zenith © Vellgs of ch hy