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Unit Three ............................................................................... 77
Table of Contents '(Reading I) Pioneer Pilots.
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(Reading II) A.M. and P.M.
·Laughter

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Rapid Review of Grammar (1) ............................................ 9-48
Section one ............................................................... ................. 9 Ui:iit Four................................................................................. 89

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PRESENT AND PAST, SIMPLE AND PROGRESSIVE . (Reading I) The News about Vitamin "E" Just Gets
Better and Better

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Section Two ............. .............................................. ....... .. ......... 17
·(Reading II) Proteins
PRESENT PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES
Laughter
Section Three .................... .. .. ... ........ .. ..................... .. ............... 27

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. F.ive ................................................................................. 103
FUTURE TENSE
(~ading I) Diffusion
Section Four ...................... ........................ ... ............ ................ 35

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(Reading II) Molecules in Motion
ADVERB CLAUSES
Laughter
References ................................ ........ ......................... ..... .. ... ..... 48
uDI·ts·
ed . lX•••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• J21
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(Reading I) The Mystery of Leonardo's Notebooks
Unit One ............. .......................................................................................... 49
(Reading II) The Greatest Magician
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{Reading I) Snow
Laughter
tReading II) The Loss of the Titanic
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Laughter Unit Seven .............................................................................. 139

(Reading T) Funny Money
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Unit Two.................................................................................. 61
(Reading II) Checks
(Reading I) Cooking Carrots
Laughter
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(.Keading II) The Most Widely Used Language

Laughter
Rapid Review of Grammar (Il) ..................................... 151~218 Unit Nine ........................................•........................................ 229

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(Reading I) Gro,ving Old
Section Five............................... ........................... ...... ..... .... .... 15 1
(Reading II) Me1nory·,
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Laughter
Section Six ............. ........ ......._. .......... ..................... ............ ....... 161

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Unit Ten ................................................................................. 239
NOUN CLAUSES
tReading I) Aristotle

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Section Seven .......................... ...... .. .. ............................... .... ,.. 169

(Reading II) The Oldest Game of the World
SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT

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Laughter
Section Eight .............. ............ .... ...... ......... .. ............................ 171
u·nit Eleven.................... . . . ,...... . .... ............ .... . .... .... ...... ............. ................................ 253
THE PASSIVE

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(Reading I) The Eel and Its Partner
Section Nine·.......... ....... .......... ...... ........ .... ............................... 179 (Reading II) What ls Dry Ice?
GERUNDS Laughter

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Section Ten ... .. .................. ..................... ,....................... .. ....... 187 Unit T,velve . ...... . . ........ . ............ . ............ . .... ................ .............. ...... . ............................ 269
INFINITIVES & GERUNDS tReading I) The Greatest Scientist of the 20 th Century
ed (Reading II) Salt Was More than a Seasoning
References .. ......... .......... ..... ... .... ... ................. ............ .............. 197
Laughter
Answer Key·············..······················~·································~99-218
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U 11it Thirteen .............................. - ...................................................... 291
Unit Eight............................. .,........................,......................... 219
(Reading I) Getting to sleep
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'(Reading I) Molecules (Reading 11) Dreams

Reading II) ~ iverse Laughter
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Laughter
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Unit Fourteen .......................; •............:.....•............................. 305

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(Reading I) Enough is Enough
(Reading II) Everything You Want to Know
Laughter
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Bibliography •.•...•.••..•.•...••........••••••••••...••..;•.••.••••••••••••••••• 317-319 Rapid Review of Grammar (I)

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Phonetic. Symbols .....................•.••..........•..•......•.................... 320

Section ONE

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PRESENT AND PAST, SIMPLE AND

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PROGRESSIVE

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SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE:
ed The simple present is used in different situations:

l. The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday

activities.
I drink three cups of coffee everyday.
I get up at seven every morning.
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2. The simple present says that so111ething was true in the past, is
true in the present and will be true in the future. It expresses
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general statements of facts and timeless truths.

The earth revolves around the sun.
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
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3. The si1nple present expresses non - action (state or condition).

Opinions: My wife makes excellent •c offee.
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Sense perceptions: This coffee tastes bitter.

A Gener:,/ English Course 10 Section One Secrio11 One 11 A General English Course

Emotions: I hate bitter coffee. get, change, become, increase, rise, grow, improve, begin,
Possession: This cup belongs to the secretary.

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start.
4. Sometimes we do things by saying something. The population of the world is increasing.
Is your English ·getting better?
For example with verbs like advise, suggest, insist, agree,
refuse, ... Comparing present continuous and present simple:

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In this cas~ we also use simple present. Present continuous: '\

I promise I won't be late. We use the continuous form for things happening at or around
What do you suggest I do? the tin1e of speaking. (the action is not completed)

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f The siinple present expresses future actions· (especially with The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?
verbs of arriving and departing.) We use the continuous form for temporary situations:

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We leave tomorrow. I'm living with s01ne friends u11til I find a place of 1ny own.
The ship sails next ·week.
Present simple:
Present Progressive Tense: We use the present si1nple for things in general or things that

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l. TI1e present progressive expresses an activity · that is in
progress at the moment of speaking. It is a temporary activity
that began in the past, is continuing_at present, and wi11
happen repeatedly.
Water boils atl00 degrees Celsius.
We use the present simple for permanent situations:
My parents live in London .They have lived there all their life.

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probably end at some point in the future.
John is sleeping right now.
I am sitting in the park.
ed EXERCISE 1
2. The present progressive expresses a single activity or a series Directions: Use either the simple present or present continuous
of activities happening over a given period of .time, not of the verbs in parentheses.
necessarily at the moment of speaking. I. Diane (wash) --.-------- her hair every other day or so.
Susan is writing another book this year.
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He is studying English. 2. I wrote my friend last week. She hasn't answered my letter yet.
I (wait, still)----------------- a reply.
3. The present progressive expresses future actions.
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He is giving a lecture tomorrow. 3. Look ! it (snow)------------.

The ship is sailing next week. It is beautiful ! This is the first time I ever see the snow. It
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4. We use the present continuous \vhen we talk about changes (snow, not) -------------------------- in my country.
happening around now, especially with these verbs:
4 . We (go) ----------~- to the movies tonight.
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5. She (take)---------- a nap every afternoon.

 A General English Course
•
12 Section One Section One 13 A Genera I English Course

6. He (write ) ----------- a book on Africa. Rita stood under a tree when it began to rain.
Very often the simple past ends in-ed (regular verbs), but many

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7 . Rachel is in London at the 1no1nent. She (stay)----------- at the verbs are irregular. for example:
park hotel. She always (stay) ----------- there when she is in write wrote
London. see saw .
8. A: Can you drive? go went

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B: I (learn) -----------. My father (teach) ----------- me. In question and negative se1~,ences we use did/ didn't+
infinitive:
9. A: What (your brother / do) ---------------------------? -Did you enjoy the film?

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B: He is an architect , but he (not work) --------------- at the
1noment. I didn't enjoy the film.
Reme1nber that we don't use did 1n sentences with was and

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10. This quarter, my roo1nmate (work) ------------ in the dorm
cafeteria. He (serve) ---------- breakfast from 6:00 to 8:30
every morning. He (take)
--------------------- only two night courses this quarter , so his
were:
They l'l'eren'table to co1ne because they were so busy.
Was the weather good \Vhen you were on holiday?

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father agreed to let him work . His mother, however, (try) -------
to convince hi1n to quit the job. PAST PROGRESSIVE

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SIMPLE PAST We use the past progressive in the following situations:

1. With· a point in time the past continuous expresses an action

The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and that began before the time given and probably continued after
ended at a particular tiine in the past.
ed it. The exact beginning and end of the action is unknown.
John lived in Paris for ten years. At 12:30 we were eating lunch in the park.
I walked to school yesterday.
Simple past describes past habitual actions. 2. With a period of time the past continuous expresses an action
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When Jack was at the Michigan state, he rode his bike to that continued for a rather long period. Again, we do not
class. know exactly when the action began or ended.
Yesterday morning I was jogging through the park.
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NOTES:
If a sentence contains when and has the simple past in both 3. During a period of time the past continuous expresses the
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beginning and ending of action.

clauses, the action in the when clause happens first. In the
Fro1n eight to ten yesterday 1n01ning, we were playing soccer.
example below first the rain began and then she stood under the
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tree.
A Gener/I I English Course 14 Section One
Section One 15 A. Gc11eral English Course

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4. The past continuous expresses two actions that were
happening at the same time in the past. EXERCISE 2
The children were playing while their mothers were watching
Directions: Put the verbs' in parentheses into t he correct fonn .
them (past continuous or past sirriple)

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5. The past continuous expresses an action that began before l. Jenny (wait)-----------~~ for me when I (arrive) ------------
another action in the simple past and probably continued after
2. How fast (you /driving) ----------------- when the accident

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it.
(happen) -----------------------?
As I was jogging, a man stopped me and asked foT the time.
3. We were in a very difficult position. We (not/ know)----------

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NOTES: -what to do.

1. Son,etimes the past progressive is used in both parts of the 4. When I was young, I (want)--------- to be a pilot.
sentence when two actions are in progress sitnultaneously.

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While I was studying in one room of our apartment, 5. Last night I (drop) ------------- a plate "vhen I (do) -------------·
my roommate was having a parly in the other room. the washing up.
Fortunately it (not/ break) -------------------------

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The use of both sin,ple past or past continuous may be correct
depending on the meaning of your sentence. 6. I don't want to go to the zoo today because it is raining. The
sa1ne thing happened yesterday. I (want / not) ------------------
When I got up this morning my roommate prepared breakfast. to go to the zoo because it (rain) --------------------.
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(he waited for tne to get up.)
When I got up this mo1ning my roommate was preparing 7. I (hear /not) ------------------ thunder during storm last night
breakfast.. because I (sleep) ---------------------.
(he started before I got up.)
8.I got a package in the 1nail . when I (open) ------------- it, I
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3. We often use past simple and past continuous together to say (find) -------- a surprise.
that something happened in the 111iddle of something else.
9. A: Why weren't you ~t the meeting?
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Jack called while we were having dinner.

B: I (wait)---------------- for an overseas call fron1 my family.
We use the simple past to say one thing happened after another:
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When Karen arrived we had dinner. 10. A: (you/ hear) --------------------- what she said?
(Karen arrived and then we had dinner.) B: No I (listen/not) --------------. I (think) -------------- about
Reme1nber that some verbs like, know and ,vant are not norn1ally something else.
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used in continuous form.

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We were good friends. We knew each other well. I I. A: I'm sure you 1net Carol Jones at the party last night.
B: I don't remember her. What (she/ vvear) -------------------?
( .

16 Section One
A General Eng/jsb Coui-se

12. I really enjoyed my vacation last January. While it (snow)

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------------- in Toronto, the sun (shine) --····--------------- in
Florida, while you (shovel) ------·------- snow in Iowa, I (lie)
----------- on the beach in Florida. \
13. I (sit) ----------------- in a small, dimly lit room for six hours.
SectiQn TWO

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14. They (make) ------------------ a lot of noise all night.
PRESENT PERFECT AND PERFECT

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15. In Columbus' day people (believe) ------------- that the earth
(be) ------- Flat.
PROGRESSIVE TENSES

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EXERCISE3
Directions: Correct the enors. The present perfect simple is have / has + past participle. The
past participle often ends in- ed (finished / decided etc.), but

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l. Breakfast is- an important meal .I'm always eating breakfast.
many impo1tant verbs are inegular (lost/ done/ written etc.).
2 . Portugal lays to the west of Spain.
l. The present perfect expresses the idea that son1ething
happened before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The

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3. As a verb, "sink" is 1neaning "move down\vard." what it
means as a noun? exact time it happened is not impottant.
If there is a specific mention of time, the simple past is used:
4. Anna rose her eyebrows in surprise. Anna has finished her composition.
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5. While I was searching the net yesterday, I was finding a really
Anna finished her compositions yesterday.
They have 1noved into a new apartment.
interesting website. They moved into a new apartment last month.
6. Fro1n 11 :00 until 2:00 in the 1norning they sang song.
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2. The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity
7. Children are learning faster when they are interested in what before no\v. The exact time of repetition is not important.
We have had four tests so far this semester.
they are studying.
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3. The present perfect when used with for or since, also

8. He worked in a restaurant the last time I see him. expresses a situation that began in the past and continued to
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the present.
9. Are you believing in God? Note the difference between since and for:
10. This sauce is great. It's tasting really good. Since + a particular time
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For + a duration of time

 Section Two Section 7\vo 19 A Genera I /::ng/isb Course
A Genera I English Cow·se 18

I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two
EXERCISE 2

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weeks.
I have 1net many people since I came here in June.
Directions: cotnplete the sentences using your own words.
NOTES:
1. T om 1s
. 1ook'111g .-101· his
· key. He' -------------------------
1) Adverbs like ever, never, already, yet, still, and just are
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frequently used with the present perfect. 2. Margaret can't walk because her leg is in plaster.---------------.
2) Notice that when we use present perfect with just, it means the 3. Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is better. Her

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action happened a short ti1n e ago. English ---------------------------------·.
Are you hungry? No I've just had lunch.
4. The temperature was twenty degrees Celsius. Now it is only

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3) Present perfect with already means, so1nething happened nvel ve . The te1nperature --------------···------:
sooner than expected:
Don't forget to send the letter. I 've already sent it.
. EXERCISE 3

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4) Be careful to use yet in question and negative sentences, when
speaker is expecting something to happen. Directions: Complet~ the following sentences with si111ple
Has it stopped raining yet? present, snnple past, present continuous or present

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I've written the letter, but I haven't sent it yet. perfect tense of the verbs.

EXERCISE 1 1. A: What's the matter?

B: I (have)---------------- time for coffee this morning.
ed
Directions: Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. A: Don't worry. The coffee cart (arrive)-------- in ten minutes.
(Use present perfect tense.)
2. Ali and Roberto (be) ---------- graduate students in the
1. The professor (lecture) -------------------- for an hour. department of physics at Harvard University. ihey (be) -------
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stude~ts at Harvard for four years. This institution of higher
2. (you /ever taste) ------~----------------- such a good apple pie?
leanu_ng (be)-------- the oldest university in the United States,
3. I (knock) ------------------ on the door for fifteen 1ninutes, but and _it. (have) ------------ the distinction of being a very
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so far no one (answer) ------------------. . • prest1g1ous school.

' 3. Since I (come) -------------- to this country, I (lean1) -----------
4. His ad1nirers (wait)---------------- in the rain for two hours just
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to see him get off the plane. a lot about life in here.
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5. I (visit) ------------- that museum three times so far.

6. He is the worst student she ( ever had) __________t ___________
A Genera I English Course 20 Section Two Sectio11 Two 21 A General English COUJ'SC

,1. My understanding of this country (change) ------------ a lot Every morning they meet in the saine cafe'. They have been

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since I (arrive)--------------. going there for years.
Debbie is a very good tennis player. She has been playing since
5. Since classes began, I (have, not) -------------------- much free
she was eight. ·,
time .I (have)--------------- several big tests to study for.
REMEMBER:
6. The · science of n1edicine (advance) ------------- a great deal -~

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since 19th century. It is possible to use either the present perfect or the present
perfect continuous to express the same action. But the present
7. Libraries today are different fron1 those in the 1800s. For

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example, the content of libraries (change) ----------- greatly perfect continuous is not used to express an action that is not
continuous in nature.
through the years. In the 1800s libraries (be) --------------

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simply collections of books. However, today most libraries
(beco1ne) ----------------- multi1nedia centers that contain NOTES:
tapes, computers, disks, films, magazines, music, and
paintings. The role of library in society --------------------- 1. The present perfect progressive is not used with state verbs to ·
describe the duration of state verbs; the present perfect is used

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(change, also).
instead.
8. A: Are you taking chetnistry l0lthis semester? I have known Alex since he was a child.
B: No, I (take, already) ---------- it. I (take) --------- it last *I have been knowing Alex since he was a child. (inconect)

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se1ncster. .2. S01ne verbs are never used in the present perfect continuous.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE *The plane has been arriving. (incorrect)
The plane has arrived.
The present perfect progressive is used to en1phasize the
ed
continuous nature of an activity that started in the past and is still 3. The present perfect and present perfect continuous are often
going at the 1non1ent of speaking. interchangeable. Native speakers of English seem to choose
It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining. one or the other in the some context.
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A: I-low long has it been raining? I have been waiting for you for an hour is more effective than I
B: It has been raining for two hours. have waited for you for an hour.
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We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has

recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now:
You are out of breath. Have you been running?
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Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
We can also use present perfect continuous for actions repeated
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over a period of ti~e:

 A General Englis/J Course 22 Section Two Section Two 23 A General English Course

EXERCISE 4 !he first past action is in the past perfect. The second past action

Directions: __Use the correct fonn of the verbs in parenthesis.
1. Jack (fail) ------------ his driving test three ti1nes because he.
doesn't know how to park. Hov,iever, he (practice)-------------
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ts 1n the s1111p~e P!lSt. The past perfect indicates that the first
action ·was finished co1npletely before the second action started.
When I got ho,ne, n1y roo1hmate had already cleaned the
apartment.

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three hours everyday since last week, and I think he (make)
------------- a lot of improvement. (First 1ny ro?mt11ate -cleaned the aP,artment then J got home.)
When Sara a1T1ved at the party, Paul had already gone home.

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2. Ile (worry)-------------- about this for two 1nonths. (First Pfiul went home then Sara arrived.)
3. He (look)----------------- for the letter carrier every day.·

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.REMEl\1BltR:
4. I (fly) --------------------- to New York a great deal this·1nonth.
If we use before or after in a sentence, the past perfect is not
5. He (be)--------------------- seriously ill for the past few days.
often necessary, because the ti1ne relationship is already clear.

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6. He (live) --------------------- in the san1e housp since he was After the guests had left, I went to bed.
bon1. After the guests left, I went to bed.

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,, .
7. It (snow) ------------------- all day. I wonder when it will stop.
EXERCISE 5
8. We (have) ------------------ three rnajor snow stonns so far this
. winter. I wonder how 1nany n1ore we will have. Directions: Use the sin1ple past or past perfect of the verbs in
ed parentheses to complete each sentence.
9. The telephone (ring) ------------------· for al111ost a minute.
Why doesri't anyone answer it? 1. By the tiine she (answer) ·--------------- it, the person on the
other end (hang up) --------~----.------.
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10. A: Hi, Jenny. I (see / not) ---------------------- you for weeks.
What (you /. do) ------------------------ lately? 2. After she (put on) -------~---- her robe, she (open) --------------
B: Studying. the door and '(discove1) ------- 0
that someone (leave)
- - -.- - - - -
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-----------·---- her a package. - .

PAST PERFECT: 3. She (change)----------··· fi:on1 ch~mnel 7 to channel 4 because

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The past sin1ple perfect is formed with had + past participle she (see, already)------------·--·------ the rpovie on channel 7.
4. Before his mother (say) ____________:. one word of repriniand
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The past perfect tense expresses a past time that precedes another
past time. ·, the child (begin) ---------------- to cry. . '
A General English Course 24 Section Two Section n~ 25 A Genera 1English Course

5. Because she (not report) ------------------ the theft i.J:runediately, EXERCISE 6

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the police (be)------------- unable to help her. ·
Directions: Use the past perfe~t , past perfect progressive or
6. I was late. The teacher (give, already) --------------------- a quiz present perfect progressive. '
when I (get) ---------- to the class. ·,
I. We (wait) --------------------- for Nancy for the last two hours
7. It was raining hard, but by the time the class (be) ------- over, '

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.
the rain (stop) ----------------------. 2. It was midnight. I (study)------------------------ for five straight
hours.

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8. I (see, never)---------------·- any of Picasso's paintings before I No wonder I was getting tired.
(visit)------------------------ the a1t museun1.
3. Jack suddenly realized the teacher was asking hitn a question.

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PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE He couldn't ans\.ver because he (daydrean1) ----------------------
for the last ten minutes.
The past perfect progressive is formed ·with had +been + present
participle. 4. He is now training for the Olympic gan1es, so by 7:30 this

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morning, he (jog) --------------- for two hours.
The past perfect continuous is used to emphasize the continuous
nature of an earlier past action. 5. Our neighbor was very sick last night, and by the time he
called us his temperature (reach)------------- 36 degrees.

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I was very tired when I got home. I'd been working hard all
day.
Bob had been waiting for an hour when he decided to leave.
ed EXERCISE7

REMEMBER: Directions: Use for or since in the blanks.

I. It's been raining ----------- lunchtime.

The past perfect progressive is not used when you n1ention the
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number of tin1es so1nething was done. 2. I'm tired of waiting. We've been sitting here ------------- an
hour.
I didn't go to the movies with Sue because I had alreadyseen
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it three times. 3. I haven't been to a party ----------- ages.

* I didn't go to the movies with Sue because I had already been
4. I wonder \.Vhere Joe is. I haven't seen him----------- last week.
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seeing it three times. (incorrect)

5. The weather is dry. It hasn't rained ----------- a few weeks.
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·,

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Section Three

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FUTURE TENSE

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There are several ways to express future tin1e:
Future tense with will or shall

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Simple present tense
Present progressive tense
Be going to

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WILL VERSUS SHALL

\1/e often use will in these situations:

ed Offering to do something:
That bag looks heavy. I'll help you v,ith i.t.

Agreeing to do so1nething:
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A: Can you give Tim this book?
B: Sure, I'll give it to him when I see him this afternoon.
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Promising to do something:
Thanks for lending 1ne the money. I'll pay you back on Friday.
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Asking somebody to do something:

Will you please turn the stereo down? T'n1 tryiqg to concentrate.
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 Section Three Section Tree 29 A General English Course
A General English Course 28

I'm not WOJ'king ton1orrow, so we can go out somewhere.

SHALL My wife has an appointn1ent with .a doctor. She is seeing

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Normally, we use shall only with I and we. you can say: Dr. North next Tuesday.

I shall or I will, we shall or we will; there is no difference in A future meaning for the ·present progressive tense is indicated
meaning. . . . either by future time words in the sentence or by the context.
I shall be late this 1no1ning. (or I will be late this 1norn1ng.)

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The simple present can al!o be used to express future ti111e in a
Sentence concerning events that are on a definite schedule or
NOTES: tilnetable. These sentences usually contain future words. Only a

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few verbs are used in this way:
1. Shall is used 1nostly in questions. We use shall !...
and shall (open, close, begin, end, start, finish, arrive, leave, come , return)
we... to ask so1nebody's opinion, especially 1n offers or My train leaves at 11:30, so I need to be at the station by 11: 15.

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suggestions. Classes begin next week.
shall I open the window? (Do you want 1ne to open the
window?)
BE GOING TO VERSUS WILL

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2. In English the negative of will is usually won't and the
negative of shall is shall not or shan't. Sometimes we can use either "be going to" or "will" in
future sentences, but not always. There is an important

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3. You can use won't to show that somebody refuses to do difference in meaning between these two forms, and there are
something: . times when only one of them is possible.
I've tried to give her advice, but she won't hsten . We use will when we decide to do something at the time of
The car ,von't start. (the car refuses to start.) speaking. The speak.er had not decided before.
ed A: Let's have a party.
4. Do not use shall with he /she /it/ they.
B: That's a great idea. We will invite lots of people.

We use be going to when we have already decided to do

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PRESENT TENSES FOR THE FUTURE
something.
The present progressive may be used to express future time Helen & I have decided to have a party. We 're going to invite
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when the . idea of the sentence concerns a planned event or lots of people.
definite intention. .
l'tn doing something (to1norrow) = I have already decided and
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arranged to do it.
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A General English Course 30 Section Three Section 7i·ee 31 A Genera I English Course

NOTES: 5. A : This light doesn't work. The bulb is probably burned out.
Do you have any new light bulb?

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To express willingness, use only will: B: I (get)------------ one for you. ·
A: I don't understand this problem. A: Thanks. ·,
B: Ask your teacher about it. She'll help you.
6. We (go) ------------ to the concert tonight. It (start) ------------
In this exa1nple speaker B, feels sure about the teacher's at 7:30.

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willingness to help. Be going to is not appropriate in this
example. 7. A; Uh , oh ! I've spilled coffee on my shirt!
B: Just a 1ninute . I (get) --------------- a dan1p cloth for you.

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When the verb in the main clause is in the future tense, the verb
in the dependent ti1ne clause is in the present tense, not the future 8. I (go) -------------- to the cinema this evening.

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tense. 9. A: Why have you turned on the television?
I will con1e ho1ne, after I leave the library.
B: ---------------------------- the news. (I / watch)
I0. We'll be here, when you (arrive) ----------------- to1norrow.

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EXERCISE 1
Future Progressive:
Directions: Complete the following sentences. Use the correct

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form of the verbs to express the future tense. The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in
progress at a time in future .
1. This se111ester (end) ------------ three months fro1u now. My
roommate and I (go) -------------- to the Bahamas for our I will be doing (Future continuous) = I will be in the middle of
summer vacations.
ed doing it:
This tilne next week I'll be on holiday. I'll be lying on the beach
2. The president (be) --------------- in Denver tomorrow? or swi1nming in the sea.
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3. A: This letter is in French, and I don't speak French. Can you Right now I am sitting in class. At the sa1ne tilne tomorro·w, I
help me? will be sitting in class.
B : Sure, I (translate)----------------------- it for you. The progressive form of be going to:
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Be going to + be + ing
4. She (con1e) -------------------- to see us 'tomoITow. She (travel) Don't call me at nine because I won't be home. I a1n going to be
-------- by train and her train (a1Tive) ---------------- at 10:15.
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studying at the library.

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A Genei·al English Course 32 Secrion Three Section 71-ce 33 A General English Course

Remember: EXERCISE 2. Review

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1. Sometimes there is Ii ttle or no difference between the future
progressive and the simple future, especially when the future
event will occur at an indefinite ti1ne in the future.
Don't get impatient. She will be coming soon.
Directions: Use any approprjate form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. John is in 1ny English class .He (study) --------------- English
this semester. He (take, also) --------------- so1ne other classes.

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Don't get impatient. She will come soon. His classes (begin)-------•~------------ at 9:00 everyday.

2. We also use will be- ing in a different way: 2. Don't try to call John at 11 :30 tomon·ow morning because he

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To talk about co1nplete actions in the future. (attend) ------------------- his class at this time.
The government will be making a statetnent about the crisis
later today.

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3. Right now John (take)--------------- a nap. He (fall) -------------
Will you be going away this sun1mer? asleep an hour ago.

4. Almost every pa1t of the world (experience) -------------------

Future Perfect: an earth quake.

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We use ,viii have (done) (Future Perfect) to say that something 5. How long (you, plan) --------------------- to be in the United
will already be complete before a time in the future. States?

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I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see 6. I (study) --------------- English for ten years in my own country
you I will have graduated. and also I (spend)--------------- some time in Canada a couple
of years ago.
We 're late. The film will already have started by the time we
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get to the cinema. 7. I (receive) ---------------------your letter two weeks ago and
(try) --------------------- to find tiine to write you back ever
since.
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8. He usually (phone)----------- in the evening.
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9. John (arrive) --------------------- at 1:00 a.m. on Sunday.

10. I (know)-------------- him for many years.

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·,

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Section Four

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ADVERB CLAUSES

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INTRODUCTION:
CLAUSE: A clause is a group of words containing a subject and

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a verb.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: An independent clause is a

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complete sentence. It has a subject and a verb and 1nakes sense
by itself. (It is also called a 1nain clause.)

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION:
ed Words that introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating
conjunctions. (e.g. after, before, although, ... )

DEPENDANT CLAUSE: A dependent clause is not a complete

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sentence. It n1ust be connected to an independent clause.
A) Although I had a wonderful vacation, it was too short.
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(Dependent clause)
· B) I went to the beach everyday while I was in riawaii.
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(Dependent clause)
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 Section Four 37 A Genera I English Course
Section Four
A Ge11era I English Course
36

3. Now that I've finally finished --------------------------------------

REMEMBER:

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4. Because my assistant is on vacation, ---------------------·
When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, as in
exa1nple A, a comma is used to separate the clause. When t~e 5. She decided to become a·painter ---------------------------------
adverb clause follows, as in exa1nple B, usually no co1nma ts ·,

used. EXPRESSING CONTRA$T (UNEXPECTED RESULT):

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Adverb clauses are dependent clauses. They can not stand
alone as a sentence in written English. They must be connected
Subordinating conjunctions which show contrast:

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to an independent clause.
Adverb clauses can be grouped according to the type of Although, though, even though, even if, in spite of the fact that,
relationship they express. despite.

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USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND a) Because I wasn't tired, I didn't go to bed.
EFFECT b) Even though I wasn't tired, I went to bed.
c) In spite ofthe fact that prices went down, the company 1nade a

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Subordinating conjunctions ,vhich show cause and effect: huge profit.

Because, since, as, now that, whereas, in as much as, as long as, NOTE:

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on the account of the fact that
a) He could not come because be was ill. Because is used to express expected results.
b) Because be is ill, he could not come. Even tl1ough is used to express unexpected results.
c) Since Monday is a holiday, we don't h ave to go to work.
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EXERCISE 2
NOTE:
Directions: Co1nplete the following sentences with your own
.s
An adverb clause may precede or follow the independent
clause .But be careful of the punctuation. words.
1. We couldn't 1neet the deadline although-------------------------.
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EXERECISE 1
2. Even though you may not succeed right away, -----------------.
Directions: Co1nplete the sentences with your own words.
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1. Since you're a good cook and I 'm not, -~-------------------------- 3. Actually, he is an excellent surgeon in spite of the fact that
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2. Because he was sleepy, -------------------------------------------

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 Section Four Section Four 39 A General English Course
A General English Course 38

4. Even though I was dead tired, ------------------------------------. NOTES:

1. Whereas mostly occurs in fonnal written English.
5. Titn is in good shape physically even though --------------------.

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2. In these clauses a co1nma is usually used , even if the adverb
clause comes second. ·
EXERCISE 3
Directions: complete the sentences by using either even though 3. These clauses are often reversible.

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or because. Robert is friendly with every one, while his brother inakes very
1. A new born kangaroo can find its mother's pouch ----------- its
few friends.
eyes are not yet open.

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2. ----------------- Maria has a job, she doesn't 1nake enough EXERCISE 4
money to suppo1t her four children.

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Directions: complete the sentences with your own words using
3. -------------- the earthquake dainaged the bridge across Shank while and whereas.
River, the Smiths were able to cross the river-------- they had 1. In some nations the favorite beverage is coffee, ----------------.

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a boat.
2. A box is square, -------------------------------------.
4. ------------- the weather was cold, I didn't go swunming.
3. Some newspapers have no advertising,--------------------------.

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SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST: 4. Some people take pleasure in doing evil, -----------------------.
WIIlLE AND WHEREAS
ADVERB CLAUSE OF PURPOSE
a) Mary is rich, while John is poor.
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Subordinating conjunctions which show adverb clause of
b) Mary is rich, whereas John is poor.
purpose:
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While and whereas are used to show direct contrast. While and
with that, in order that, so that, for the purpose that, so (infonnal)
whereas maybe used with no difference in meaning.
a) I want to be near the beach in order that I n1ight learn to water
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ski.
b) He is saving his money so that he can go to college.
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 A Genei-al Einglish Course 40 Section Four Section Four 41 A Genei-al English Cour.~e

NOTES: ADVERB CLAUSE OF RESULT

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Subordinating conjunctions which sho,v adverb clause of
l. Purpose clauses are usually followed by modal auxiliaries. result:
So .. . that, such ( a, an) that, so that
2. In order that is more formal tµan so that and is usually
a) So + adjective + that -,
followed by may and might. There is hov,rever no difference
. . She is so pretty that she ::tftracts a lot of attention.

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tn meaning.
b) So + adverb + that
3. Both so that and because provide an answer to the question The air conditioner was humming so loudly that it kept me

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"why" but the grammatical construction of the sentence is awake.
different.
We make airline reservations early because ,.,ve ,.,ant to be sure c) Such + (article)+ adjective + noun + that

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of a seat. S?e has such a pretty hair that we all enjoy looking at it.
Its such a hot day that I must go to the beach.
We make airline reservations early so that vve will be sure of a
seat.

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EXERCISE 6
I •
EXERCISE 5 Directions: Combine the two sentences by an adverb clause of
~~- .

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Directions: Combine the two sentences by an adverb clause of
purpose. 1. Every thing upsets her.
This happens because she is very emotional.
1. He wants to learn about different people and their customs.
ed 2. I could not catch up with hitn.
For this purpose, he decided to take a trip around the world.
The reason is that he ran very fast.
2. He wants to save a few dollars.
3. The popcon1 tasted salty.
For this purpose, he walks to work everyday.
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No one could eat it.
3. They want to finish the building at the scheduled time.
4. The theater was crowded.
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For this purpose, they are working night and day.

We could hear nothing.
4. The flower should be fresh for the party.
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For this purpose, they will be delivered as late in the evening

as possible.
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A General English Course 42 Section Four Section Four 43 A GcCJei·aJ EDglish Course

ADVERB CLAUSES OF PLACE

VERB TENSES WHEN USING TIME CLAUSES

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Subordinating conjunctions which show adverb clauses of
place: I. When the verb in the independent clause is in the future tense,
where, wherever
the verb in the time clauses is 'in the present tense not the future
;
We live where the road crosses the river. tense.
Wherever it is sunny and warm, I'm happy. I will finish before you-¥eturn home.

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He will go home after he closes the store.
ADVERB CLAUSE OF TIME

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2. The present perfect tense may occur in the future time clause,
Subordinating conjunctions which show adverb clauses of especially with after or until.
time: .He will get a job after he has graduated.

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When, while, since, before, after, until, as soon as, as long as, by
the time that, now that, once that. EXERCISE 8

I can see you when I have finished my w?rk.

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Directions: Use any appropriate tenses for the verbs in
After it had stopped snowing, I went outside.
parentheses. In some instances more than one tense is possible.

EXERCISE 7 1. He (not do) ----------------- anything until he (see) ----------- a

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lawyer.
Directions: Combine each set of sentences v,ith an appropriate
time clause. 2. When his boss (fire) ------------ him , then he(be) ----------
son-y he didn't work harder.
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1. The other passengers \IVill get on the bus soon. Then we will
leave. 3. He (\IVater) ------------------- the lawn when it(sta1t) ---------- to
ram.
2. I stood up to give my speech. Immediately before that I got
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butterflies in my stomach. 4. She (scarcely finish)------------- washing the windows when it
(strut) ------------- to rain.
3. The singer finished her song .The audience in11nediately burst
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into applause. 5. After they (make) ---------------- one n1ore payment on the
mortgage they ( own) ------------ the house.
4. They moved into an expensive apa1tn1ent. Already they have
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become very snobbish.

5. He decided to go into business for himself.
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Before then , he had worked for many other pepple.

A Genem/ English C-Ourse 44 Section Four Section Four 45 A General English Cowse

EXERCISE9 NOTES:

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Directions: Cotnplete the sentences with your own words . If- clause, present possible conditions. The main clause
expresses results. ·,
I. By the time I left my apa1tment this morning, the mail ca1Tier
-----------------------------~----. Possible condition: it rains, R-esult: the street gets wet.

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2. I will caJl you before------------------------------------------. A present tense, not a future 'tense is used in an if clause even
though the verb in the if clall-se n1ay refer to ft.1ture events or
3. Joan has wanted to be a teacher since-----------------------------. situations.

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4. Most politicians smile a lot when-------.--------------------------.
ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONDITION:

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5. Whenever he made a speech-----------------------------------. USING WHETHER OR NOT AND EVEN IF

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION Whether or not expresses the idea that neither this condition nor

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that condition matters; the result will be the same.
Subordinating conjunctions which show adverb clause of .
condition: Even if gives the idea that a particular condition does not matter.
The result will not change.

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if, whether or not , even if , in case, in the event that , unless ,
Ed will get a good job whether or not he graduates.
only if Even if! get an invitation to the reception, I'm not going to go.
We '11 buy more food if Tom comes.
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Your car should have a spare wheel in case you have a puncture. ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONDITION:

ADVERB CLAUSE OF CODITION: USING IF USING IN CASE & IN THE EVENT THAT:
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a) If the weather is good, I'll go to the beach. In case and in the event that expresses the idea that something
probably won't happen, but it might. ·
b) If it rains, the street gets wet.
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NOTE:
In the event that is more formal than in case. I leave my mobile
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phone switched on in case Jane calls.

In the event that you need to get in touch with me, I'll give you
my phone number.
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 46 Section Four Section Four 47 A General English Course
A General Eng/isb Course

ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONDITION:

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USING UNLESS & ONLY IF EXERCISE 11
It is possible to use if ... not instead of unless: ·,
Directions: Use an adverb clause of condition to relate the two
Unless we leave now, we'll be late.
(= If we don't leave no\.v, we'll be late.) sentences. ·

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Only if expresses the idea that there is only one condition that 1. John n1ust get a scholarship in order to go to school. That is
will cause a particular result. the only condition under which he can go to school.

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The picnic will be canceled only if it rains.
Only iJ' it rains will the picnic be canceled. 2. I don't think you need any more information, but may be you
do. If so you can call me.

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NOTE: 3. I'm really angry! Maybe he'll apologize, and maybe he won't.
When only if begins a sentence, the subject and verb of the It doesn't matter.
main clause are inverted
4 . Maybe you are finished with the exain, and maybe you are

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EXERCISE 10 not. It doesn't matter. The time is up.
, I
Directions: Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. 5. Sometimes the weather is hot, and sometimes the weather is

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l. You won't achieve anything unless ····· ···········-····--··· . cold. It doesn't matter. My grandfather always wears his gray
s,veater.
2. ···--···········--·····--··········- even if the weather improves.

3. Getting that job depends whether or not··················.

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4. I like to walk to work in the morning unless ••·················••.

5. l'll draw a map for you in case ······················ ··--··.

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6. You should tell the police if ···--····--··········--·····--········.
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7. I '11 fly to Mexico with you if · --······· ···----···-········ ···.

8. According to the manufacturer's guarantee, I should return my
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new camera to the factory in the event that ···--··········· ---··· .

9. I think I'd better clean up the apartment in case••···--······-·· ··.

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'f. ' ·,
1O. -······-······· ·····-············ onl y 1 1t ra.1ns.
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REFERENCES:
Unit One

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'\
Azar, B. S. (2001). Understanding and Using English Grammar (3rd
ed.). Longman: Pearson Education Co1npany.

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under
Broukal, M., & Woods, E. N. (1991) NTC 's Preparation for the beneath 'fl:ey found the de,1d body beneath a

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TOEFL. NTC Publishing group: National Textbook Company. mle of/eaves.
hann
damage He broke the window but didn't pay for
the damage.

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Frank, M. (1972). Modem English, New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
get out of; become free
escape T7iere's gas escaping somewhere. Can
vou smell it?
Murphy, R. (2004). English Grammar in use (3rd ed.). Cambridge very cold

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freezing
Mv hands are fi:eezi.ng.
University Press . to keep sb./sth. safe from harm
save He_ dived into the water to save tbe
ch1/d .i'on1 drowninf!.
Philips, D. (200 l ). Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL TEST.
ed symmetrical
hav~g two halves which are the same
Longman: Pearson Education Company. m size and shaoe
fat; not thin; having a great distance
thick between onnosite surfaces
tinv very small; minute
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Pollock, C. W . (1982). Communicate What You Mean. New Jersey:
allowing light to pass through
Englewood Cliffs. transparent Look ,it the pt1If::, transparent 1-vater of
the lake.
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the amount of water stored for a town

water supply city, etc. '
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 Unit One Unit One 5] A Genera I English Course
A Gcnern/ English Course, 50
- ----------
@ If you can, catch a snowflake on a woolen glove and look at

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'
it through a magnifying lens. You will see that the flake is made
I
\lP of tiny ice crystals stnck together. Each crystal has a beauti-
fu~ six-sided sha_p~_which is us11al!y symmetrical.
@ Ice is transparent, yet snam looks white. This is because the

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ice crystals in snow reflect or throw back daylight in all direc-
tions. Daylight is white, so the snow appears white.

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Weather l Reading Comprehension Exercises

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A. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true
and " F" for false statements.

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1. Snow hurts plants and animals.
2. The sides of ice crystals a.re hot the same in si.ze.
'. 3. Ice crystals have the ability to throw the light.
4. Snow cannot provide the necessary water in many areas.

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5. The underlined word "it" in line 5 refers to "heat".
Think about the answers to these questions.
·6. Ice has no color.
I. What is snow? B. Answer these questions.
2. Do you like watching snow?
ed 1. What is a "snowflake"?
3. ·What do children do when snow covers the ground? 2. Why does snow appear white?
. . ?
4. Do you have snow in your region. 3. What are the advantages of snow?
4. What does a snowflake look like?
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5. Is snow useful? Why? Why not?
Snow
IVocabulary Exercises
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@ snow is frozen water falling frotn sky in soft white flakes.

Snow is often a useful source of water supply, especially in hot A. Match the items in column I with their appropriate
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equivalents in colu1nn II. Insert a, b, c ... in the

dry countries, like Iran, Pakistan and Egypt. A thick layer ~f
parentheses provided. There are more options in column
snow does not allow heat to escape from the ground beneath it. II than required.
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1t works like a blanket to save plants and animals fron1 the

damage causect by treez1ng te1nperatures:
A Genera I English Course 52 Ul1it One U11it 011e
53
A Gencrn/ English Course

Column I Column ll

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1. ma!!Ilifv ( ) a:. seem
2. symmetry ( ) b. ve1y sn1all
3. look ( ) c. keep safe
4. appear ( ) -er. to make something look larger
5. 1ninute (' ) e-: helpful Skimming for main ldeas:

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6. useful ( ) f'. two similar halves
g. becmne free A paragraph usually introduces one 1nain topic. The sentence

ni
~ to co1ne into view which introduces the main idea of the paragraph is referred to as
the topic sentence. The other sentences usually provide the
B Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the

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learners with details about the tnain topic. Locatintg the topic
. list below. There are more options than needed.
sente~ce ca; help the reader understand the 1na1n idea by
symmetrical damaged beneath escapes save skimming through the passage .
transparent freezing ·n1agnify tJ!i._ck tiuy

ija
1. Shut the wtn • d ow; 1·t' s . •· ...............
· · in here'· Example:
2 The boat sank ...................... the waves. .
.,
3· They Stayed 111 . a .. ...... ..... .. ....... farm cottage for holidays.
.

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4. The ...................... arrangement of the yards on this street There are several different classes on a university campus.
·looks very beautiful. · h Professors usually teach large undergraduate classes, by giving
5. It was too late for the doctor to ..... ... ................ her, so s . e formal lectures. At the graduate level, classes are usually held in
died that night. . ,
ed
6 Heat . .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . th~ough . windows. That s why ·
the fo1n1 of seminars. A small number of students are instructed
· people shut the windows dunng winter. . • · by professors, in such classes.
7. That book 1s . very .................... ,. it has over . one thousand
.s
8. pages.
Relations between the two countries have been badly In the mentioned exan1ple, the first sentence is the topic
....... ............. recently. sentence of the paragraph. It introduces the main idea, and the
rest of the sentences support it.
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 U11i1 One 55 A Genenrl English Course
Unit One
A Ger1ernl English Course 54

Exercise:

om
Mark a, b, c, or d lvhlcb could serve as the topic sentence for
the folloning set of sentences. ·rhe sentence you select should
have the characteristics of a general statement that includes all
" To give up
others. Abandon
co1npletely

.c
1. a) Snakes walk on their ribs. "' Keep or get away
b) The snake's jaws can strech a great deal.
c) A snake is a strong anhnal.
----
Avoid
from; ~seape

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Collision Clash
......
d) Snakes smell with their tongue. Colossal Of very great size
Compartment A separate-division

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2. a) All around us is a world of small living things called Immense Very great in size
microbes. To cast oneself into
b) Most of the microbes are too small to be seen. Plunge
water

ija
c) Nficrobes are in the air, the soil, and the water we To cause to descend
· Sink
' . drink. to the bottom ( a ship)
d) Some people think of all microbes as harmful. Titanic Big (Na111e ofa ship)

gh
tre1nble To shake

ed
c:> if you are/feel under the weather, you don't feel
.s
very well.
Mark had been feeling under the 1-veather for weeks.
w

~ If you are as right as rain, you are perfectly well.

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You'll soon be as right as rain.

w

·,
A General English Cow; f 56 Unit Ooe Unit One 57 A Ge11eral English Cow·sc

Gi~e another word or phrase to r,eplace the

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follow1n words as the are used in the assa e.

!·. C~olos~ald.. ... .. ... . .' .. .. .. ... . .. ..... . ...... .. ... .. ... ... ....
~
egar e ... .... . .... . . . , .. ... ..... ....... .. .. ... .. . .. .. . .. .
34.. Flo d d nents ........
ompart1 · . . . .. .......... .. .. ... . .... ... ... ... .

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5. ·pi ot e .. ... . ... ...~.. ... .... .. . ... .. .. . .... ..... .. ..... .. ....
6 A oa.d.. .. .. ... .. ..... .. .... ... .. . ··· ········· .. . .. ··· ·· ·· ·· .. .
i NVOl .i .... ..... .............. ' ...... ... ......... ......... .. .
. arrow y , .. .. .... ... . ... .. ... . ..... ... ...... ....... ... ' ......

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The loss of the Titanic
Ask a partner these questions.

ha
The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from
Southampton on April 101h, 1912. ~ was canying I]. 16 l. \Vhere w.as the Titanic heading for?
passengers and a crew of ~ Even by modem standards, the 2. What was seen by a look-out?

-
66,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship . At that time, however, 3. \Vhen did the ship turn sharp ly?

ija
she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but 4. .Did it sail alongside the iceberg, or did it cotlide with it?
was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen water tight 5. What was heard from below?
co1npartments. Even if two of these were flooded, she would still 6. 'V11hat did the captain do?

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be able to float. The tragic sinking of this great liner w ill always 7. When did everyone jump overboard?
be remembered, for she went down on her first voyage with
heavy loss of life.
Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing
ed
across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was
suddenly spotted by a look-out. After the alarm had been given,
the great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision. The
Titanic turned just in time, narrowly 1nissing the im1nense wall In a dictiona.ry you may find the spelling, pronunciation, part
.s
of ice which rose over l 00 feet out of the water beside her. of speech, meaning, root and exa1nple(s).
Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and
.Look up the following words in the dictionary.
w

the captain went down to see what had happened.

Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was Abandon
sinking rapidly, for five of her sixteen water-tight compartments CoJiision
w

had been flooded! The order to abandon the ship was given and Immense
hundreds of people plunged into the icy water. As there were not Sink
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. enough life-boats for everybody, 1500 lives were lost. Tre1nble

 58 UnitOTJe Unit One 59
A General English Course A Ge11era/ B11g1ish Course

Joke

om
ughter
·,
The English Alphabet

.c
ni
How many letters are there in "the English alphabet"?

ha
Answer: 18! : 3 in 'the', 7 in 'English', and 8 in 'alphabet'

Life's Like That

ija
My sister Carol 1ushed into a store, glanced around and took
a number. She heard the clerk call out "87'', just as she looked

gh
down and saw her own nu1nber "vas 8. Carol was puzzled
because there were only three other people in the store. She went
to the counter and, holding up her ticket, said, "Miss, I have
nun1ber 8. Can you tell n1e how many people are ahead of 1ne in
ed Worrying
line?"
The saleswoman looked at Carol. "Honey," she told her,
"You've _just torn the date off our calendar.''
Secretary of the Treasury Chase happened to ren1ark,
.s
"Oh, I a1n so sony that I did not write a letter to Mr. So-and-
Answer these questions. so before I left home!"
1. Where did Carol go?
w

2. What made Carol confused in the store? President Lincoln pro1nptly responded: "Chase, never
regret what you don't write; it is what you do write that you
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3. Who did she talk to?

are often called upon to feel sorry for."
4. What was her number?
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5. Can you retell the story using your ow,n words?

 om
.c
Unit Two

ni
ha
the height above sea level

ija
altitude
They are -flying at an altitude of20000
feet.

of the atmospl1ere

gh
atmospheric They are now experiencing unusual
atmospheric conditions.

the present state of sth/sb; circumstance

ed condition The ship is not in a condition to make a
long voyage.

to need sb/sth. for a special purpose; to

be decided by sth.
.s
depend on How much is produced depends on how
l1ard we wvrk.
w

We depend on tl1eradio for news.

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 . A GencraJ English Course 62 Unit Two Unit Two 63

to find or learn about sth. for the first

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'
discover time ' .
•, f 1
1 .
Colwnbus discovered America.

experiment a scientific test done to study sth.

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In place of another
instead of We bad coflee instead oftea.

ni
perform To do; to carry out

ha
A round container for storing and
pot cooking things

Confused; unable to understand or

explain sth.

ija
puzzled ive are puzzled, we don't know what to
do next.

gh
result
The effect or outcome ofsth; consequence
She died as a result ofher injuries:
IThink about the answers to these questions.
tender ( of food) soft; easy to bite through I. Do you like carrots?
ed 2. Do you ever coo_k at home?
Solving a problem after trying different 3. Do you like to cook outdoors?
.I trial & error methods and learning from one's failures 4. What's your favorite food?
To prove to be; to be discovered to be
.s
turn out
stb./sb.
Cooking Carrots
The job turned out to be harder ·t/Jan I
w

tbought. A certain housewife in New York learned how· to cook by

underdone not completely cooked trial and erTor. To cook carrots, she tried cooking them in boiling
w

water in an open pot for 5 1ninutes, IO minutes, 15 minutes, 20

minutes, 25 minutes, and 30 minutes. She found that carTots
w

were underdone if they are cooked for only 5, 10, or 15 minutes,

but they were tender if they are cooked for 20 rninutes or more.
A General English Course 64 Unit Two Unit Two 65 A Gene.rn I English Course

So she wrote down in her kitchen notebook this results of her

om
own direct observation: "The cooking time for carrots is 20
minutes." Later the fa1nily moved to the country and on a
l Reading Comprehension Exercises
1nountain at an altitude of ·10,000 feet. Carrots cooked for 20 A. Read each statement l!arefully. Write "T" for true
minutes turned out to be underdone. By trial and error she and "F" for false statements.

.c
,};
discovered that now she 1nust cook carrots for 40 1ninutes in~ead
1. A particular housewife in New York learned how to cook
_of 2Q. She was puzzled by the change until her son explained it
canots by reading cookbooks.

ni
to her. The cooking time for anything depends on how hot the
2. Carrots were underdone in New York if they are cooked
water in which you cook is. The hotter the water is, the faster it
for only 25 minutes.

ha
cooks the things that are in it. \Vhen carrots are cooked in boiling
3. In the mountains can·ots cooked for 20 minutes turned out
water in an open pot, the ten1perature of the water is not the same
to be underdone.
in all places. The boiling point of water depends on the
4. The boiling point of water is the same in all places.
atmospheric pressure, and attnospheric pressure depends on

ija
5. At the low pressure of high places, water boils at a low
altitude. In New York,. which is at sea level, attnospheric
te111perature.
pressure is about 15 pounds per square inch, and water boils at
6. What may be true under one set of conditions 1nay also be

gh
te1nperature of 212 Fahrenheit. At an altitude of 10,000 feet,
tru,e under a different set of conditions.
attnospheric pressure is only about l 0 pounds per square inch.
That is why it took longer to cook the carrots. After this
B. Answer these questions.
experience, the housewife began using a cookbook. In the
ed
cookbook, she found this rule: For cooking time at high altitudes, l. In their old home, when did carrots become tender?
add 10% to the sea level cooking ti1ne for every 1,000 feet of 2. What was the cooking time for carrots in their new ho1ne?
altitude. 3. In their new home, what did she find by trial and error?
.s
This housewife's experience brings to our attention an 4. What does the cooking ti1ne for anything depend on?
important fact about observations. The results of an observation 5. What is the temperature of,vater when carrots are cooked
w

often depend on the conditions under which the observation is in boiling water in an open pot?
made. What n1ay be true under one set of conditions may be 6. What does the boiling point of water depend on?
w

false under another set of conditions. For this reason, scientist 7. What did she find in the cookbook about cooking at high
perform their experiments under many different conditions to see• places?
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how a change in the conditions of an experi1nent affects the 8. What do the results of an observation rely on?
•
results.
A Gcver/1 I Et1i:lish Course 66
67 A Go:nern I English Course

IVocabulary Exercises 6. Fire-fighters have to work in very difficult .. .................... .

7. You should boil the meat until it is .. .... ................... .

om
A. Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the 8. We ............... .......... . that our bag had been stolen.
following definitions. 9. She .......................... to be a friend of my sister's.
10. Tdon't have a car, so Thavc·'to .... ...................... the buses .
.._

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.. .... .. .. ... : trying different ways and learning from o ne's
fai lure
.... ......... : height above sea-level

ni
............. : easily cut or chewed
..... ........ : confused

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.... .. ... ... . : not completely cooked
............. : carry out
..... .. ... ... : problem; difficulty
Scanning for detailed information

ija
B. FilJ in the blanks with the appropriate words from the
list below. There are more options than needed. To scan a text, readers try to find some specific pieces of
informatjon without reading the text word by word.

gh
puzzled altitude experiment depend on
instead of discovered underdone tender
Example:
performed atmospheric turned out conditions
ed
1. The researcher had to repeat the .......................... several His name is Anthony but everyone calls him Tony. He was born
times. in 1977 and Mrs. Davidson adopted her in 1979. He started
.s
school in 1984 in Australia. Jn 1987, he had an accide nt. In 1996
2 . The meat was ·· ····· ··· ······· ··· ··-·· and ahuost uneatable. be went to college. Now he is a professor at a fa111ous university.
3. A: "What is the ....... ............... ... . of this town?
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I. When did he go to school?

B: "About l 000 feet." 2. What happened in 1996?
4. The doctor ..... ...... ..... .. .... .. .. an operation to save the
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patient's life.
s. Let's play fioo tb a 11 .... .. ................... . watching television.
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 Unit Two
A General English Course 68 Unit Two 69 A Genera I £oglish Course

In order to answer these quest1ons, the reader needs more than 20

om
seconds because he/ she doesn't need to read the text carefully
and thoroughly.
as stated by somebody or in something
according to According to the Bible, God created th e

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word in six days.

an act or means of giving infomiation

ni
comntunication ~nong t11e deafand dumq, con1munication .
15 by means of finger alphabet.

ha
c> If something makes your mouth water, it makes you a way of speaking among a certain group
dialect of people
want to eat it.
He was talldng in a strange dialect.
One look at those cakes makes my mouth water. basically; necessarily

ija
essentiaUy
We are essentiallypeace-loving people

c::> The expression you can't have your cake and eat it connect; fasten
join

gh
or you ,'Vant to have cake and eat it is used to refer 111e stream joins the river.
to the fact that two good things are impossible to do person who studies languages
linguist
or have at the same time: ed She is a good linguist.
method; way
S01nething that n1akes you think carefully.
means 711ei·e is no means of tJndiog out what
happened?
He wants to have his cake and eat it: He wants a well-paid
secure job, but he doesn't want to work hard. participle word formed from a verb ending in "ing"
.s
know again; admi t
recognize ·
Everyone recognized his skill.
w

happening often; usual

regular
He was a regular visitor to our hose.
w

need; demand
require Snidents are req,Ltired to take th1·ee
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courses in English literature.

A Genera I English Course 70 Unit 1\\'0 Unit Tno 71 A Genern I English Course

word or expression

om
term How dare you speak of her in such rude
terms?
IReading Comprehension Exercises
A. Answer these question~.
'
1. How tnany languages arfi there in the world?

.c
2. Which language has the greatest nun1ber of words?
3. What is the rnost widely used language in the \Vorld?

ni
4. Which word has the largest number of 1neanings?
5. How do human beings conununicate?
The Most Widely Used Language

ha
B. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true
Language is essentially a means of communication through and "F" for false statements.
words. There are around 5000 different languages spoken in
1. English is the most widely used language in the world.

ija
different countries of the world today.
Every language has a set of letters. By joining these letters in
a required order, we get words. Do you know which language of
2. About 730,000 words are never used by normal English
people in their ·whole life.
•
3. The three-letter word "set" has 58 mearungs as an

gh
the world has the greatest number of words'? adjective.
4. Chinese people never speak English.
It is English with 790,000 words. Of these, about 490,000 are
5. Manda1in is spoken in Northern China.
regular words and 300,000 are technical terms. According to the
ed
linguists, no one uses more than 60,000 of these in a lifetime of IVocabulary Exercises
\Vriting and speaking.
Although more than 400,000,000 people throughout the A. FilJ in the blanks with the appropriate words from the
.s
world speak English, it is not the 111ost widely used language. Jist below. There are more options than required.
The most widely used language is Mandarin or Northern Chinese
constitutionally recognizes required dialect
which is spoken by about 675,000,000 people.
w

communication essentially joined regular

The English word \Vhich has the maximmn number of throughout means
meanings is the 3-letter word "set". It has 58 meanings as a noun,
w

126 rneanings as a verb and 10 meanings as a participle 1. I have done all that is .......................... by law.
adjective.
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2. All ................ .. ....... with the north has been stopped by

snowstonns.
A General Enylish Course 72 U11i1 Two Unit Tno 73 A Genen,J Em!iish Course

3. T\1/0 extra carriages were .......................... onto the train.

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4. He is ......................... . a very generous 1nan.

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5. Eve1yone ................ ..... ..... hi1n to be the greatest living
poet. . . .t - - - - - : - - - - - _ _ J
6. This money wasn't earned by honest ......................... ..
7. The news quickly spread .......................... the country.

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Unconditional Love-motivation story

A story is told about a sold ier who was finally coin ing home

ni
B. Match the items in column I with their appropriate
equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c,... in the pa1·entheses after having fought in Vietnam. He called his parents from San
provided. There are more options in column II than Francisco.

ha
required. "Mom and Dad, I'm coming here, but I've a favor to ask.
I h~ve a friend I'd like to bring home with me."
Column I Column II
"Sure," they replied, "We'd love to meet him."

ija
1. according to ( ) a. the act of giving information "There's son1ething you should know, the son continued, "he was
2. linguist ( ) b. a form of speech hurt pretty badly in the fighting. He stepped on a land mine and
3. recognize ( ) c. basically; necessarily lost an arm and a leg. He has nowhere e lse to go, and I want hi,n

gh
to come and live with us."
4. means ( ) d. person skilled in foreign languages
5. dialect ( ) e. as reported or mentioned by sb.
Friends are a very rare jewel, indeed.
6. regular ( )
ed
f. demand; need
7. require ( ) g. method; way They make you smile and encourage
h. connect; come together you to succeed, they lend an ear, they
.s
i. know again; be prepared to share a word of praise, and they
ad,nit
always want to open their hearts to us.
w

j. correct or usual; systematic

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 74 Ullit Two 75 A Genera I cng lis/J Course
A General Ellglis/J Course

Answer these questions.

om
l. How n1uch cake was eaten by the ,overweight
ughter woman?
2. What was her solutipn to the problem of eating the
rest of the favorite cake?
-~

.c
ni
ha
What Ami?
I have 12 legs, 12arms, and 8 heads. What a1n I?

ija
Answer: A liar!

Willpower!

gh
liar (n): a person who does not tell the truth; a person who
tells hes
A wotnan in our diet club was sorry for her overweight.
During the weekend, she had 111ade her family's favorite cake, _A 1?an was injected with a deadly poison, but it did not
ed
and half of it was eaten at their dinner. kill him. Why?
She reported that the next day she was busy with gazing at
the remaining half of the cake, until she finally took a small slice Answer: He was already dead!
.s
for herself. One slice led to another, and very soon the whole
cake was gone. The woman continued to tell us about the bad
w

feeling she had for losing her willpovver, and for knowing that
her husband would be disappointed.
w

Everyone sympathized with her, until a person asked what

the reaction of her husband was when finding out. She smiled
w

and said, "He never found out. I made another cake and ate
h~ft'' '
 om
Unit · rhree

.c
ni
ha
attempt (n) effort to do sth.

channel

ija
a stretch of water j oining two seas

engine . machine that produces power

gh
fail stop function ing

ed local involving a restricted area

success gain ing of what is aimed at

unlucky having bad luck

.s
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 -- ---- --- ----------.,.
Unit Three Unit Three 79 A GcncrM English Course
A Genera I English Course 78

11
On july 19 ', 1909, in the early 1norni1~g, Hubert Latham took
off from the French coast in his plane the 'Antoinette IV'. He had
I traveled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine

om
fa iled and he was forced to land on the sea. The 'Antoinette'
floated on the water until Latham ,vas picked up by a ship.
Two days later, Louis Blei'iot an-ived near Calais with a
plane called 'No.XI'. 'to

.c
Pioneer Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his
latest model. A ,veek before, he had completed a successful
Pilots

ni
overland flight during which he covered twenty-six 111iles.
Latham, however, did not give up easily. He, too, arrived near

ha
Calais on the same day with a new 'Antoinette'. It looked as if.
there would be an exciting race across the Channel. Both planes
r:
were go~ng to take off on July 25 th, but Latham failed to get up
early enough. After making a short test flight at 4.15 a.m.,

ija
Bleriot set off half an hour later. His great flight lasted thirty
s_e ven minutes. When he landed near Dover, the first person to
greet him was a local police1nan. Latham made another attempt a

gh
Think about the answer to these uestions. week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was
unlucky again. His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the
J. Do you like flying? second tin1e.
2.
ed
Would you like to fly like a bird?
3. Who was the first person ·who made a plane?
4. When was your last flight?
5. Is it dangerous to cross the oceans on a plane? Read these sentences carefully. Write "T" for
.s
true and "F" for false in the space provided .

Pioneer Pilots . . . 1. Lord Northcliffe was a pilot.

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.. .2. Lord No1thcliffe offered a gift in 1909 .

. . .3. Pilots who passed the ocean could get the prize.
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of£ I 000 to the first .. .4. Latham was successful in his first attempt.
w

man who would fly across the English Channel. Over a year ... 5. Bleriot was not as successful as Lathain.
passed before the first atte1npt was made.
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 Unit Three U11itTbJ·ce 81 A General Eng/isl, Course
· A Gene,·al English Course 80

,.

Give another v,iord or phrase to replace the

om
following words.
•
. .. ........ .. ... .. . Complete the following chart using a dictionary.
F orce
.k d
d to 1an d .. .. .. ............. •· .. ..... ..... .. .... ..
.. .... ...... ... .. .. ..
P 1c e up ...... .. ... .... . ..... .... .. .. .... · ........ · .. ........ ......... .. . N oun Adjectivi Adverb Verb

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C01np1ete d.. .. ..... ••• •· •· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . ... .. ..... .. ... . Intensification
Covered.... .. ... .. ..... ... ... .. , •.,. ••• •••· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .......... . .... .. Normalize
T est .. ... .. ..... • •••• · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ··· · · · · · · · · · ·•··.......... ... . ..

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Senselessly
Sct o·ff . ... .. ......... ••. ••· ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Leri2:then
·1 d . .. .. ... . ......... . ..... .
F ate ............ .. .. .. ................. .. ..... ... .

ha
f~liwattmd~~

ija
.-----------------7 ' Knowing the meaning of the v,ords helps readers to understand
the text. However, words do not have fixed meaning.

gh
As you know, a prefix is a word elem~nt
placed at the beginning of a root. ·Prefix~s are hke 1. She is my mother.
2. She is a 1nother to me.
suffixes in that they change the meanmg of the
root and form a new word; however, prefixes do
ed In sentence 1, the word "rnother" has its fan1ily relationship,
not change the word's part of speech. Knowing ~he but this is not the case in sentence 2. In the second sentence, the
neaning of.a prefix will give a clue to the meaning word "111other" 1neans a kind and devoted person who would be
1
.s
like a real 1nother.
of a word. The following prefixes mean "no" or Therefore, words tnay have at least two meaning: the
"not" and add negative 1neanings to ,~ords. dictionary 1neaning or "denotative" or "literal", and the
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dis- il- im- in- non- un- interpretive 1neaning or "connotatlve" or "figurative".
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I
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·,
 -- - - ----- - - - - --

Uvit 7'1tree 83 A Genernl English Course

A GeverR I Evglish Course 82

Example
Which of the following examples are literal (L) and which

om
ones are figurative (F). shortened fonn (esp. of a word)
abbreviation
1. . .... ... She ca1ne first into the room. TV is an abbreviation for television.
2. . ....... His family comes first. the. line on which a thing turns
axis The earth's axis is the line between the
3. . ... .... She married 1noney. •Nbrth and South Poles.

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4. . ....... Give me your mind.
have as a. source or orioin
t,
5. . ....... We said our goodbyes and left. derive Thousands of English words are

ni
derived from Latin.
state clearly
express
She expressed her ideas well.

ha
above ones head
overhead l'n the sky, the birds were flying
overhead.
c> Colors

ija
aim; intent.ion
purpose H-1.iat is the purpose ofyour visit?
When your name is in the black-list you're considered
speak about; mention
dangerous. ·When there is a black out, there is no light to refer Don't refer to this matter again, please.

gh
see anywhere. When you don't expect something to happen moving round a central point
rotation TI1e earth rotates a1·mmd the sun.
and it occurs, you can call it a bolt from the blue. If you
1·. pull son1ething to make it longer or
have blue blood it shows that you are from a noble family.
ed wider
A white collar worker is a person who works in an office The T-shirt stretched when J put it on.
stretch
2. to extend; to spread over an area
rather than a factory. The road stretched Ollt across the
.s
desert.
that can be seen
visible Stars are only visible at night.
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A Ge11er11/ English Course 84 U1Jit n,ree U11i1 Three
85 A General English Co11rsc

meridian, it is afternoon. The Latin word for the midday .

' "d' , IS
. men Jes ; the word 'meridian' has been derived from it. So a.m.

om
is an_ abbreviation for 'ante ineridie1n' or before midday, and
p.m. is the abbreviation for the 'post n1eridien1' or after midd
H . ~-
. encc, to express the ti1ne fr~m 12 noon to 12 o'clock at
night, we use the tenn p.1n., and 'from 12 o'clock night to 12

.c
o'clock noon we use a.in. 't

ni
IReading Comprehension Exercises

ha
A. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for tru
and "F" for false statements. e

ija
l. R_otation of the earth around the s un causes day and
A.M. and P.M. night.
2. When the sun is directlv over our head. it's noon.
While refening to time, we often make use of the

gh
3. The te~m meridian 1neans after midday. -
expressions 'a.tn.' and ' p.m. ' Do you know what these tem1s 4. A._M. is an abbreviation for 'ante meridicm' or before
exactly 1nean, and how they came into being? rn1dday.
We know that the rotation of the earth about its axis makes 5. We get the daylight when the sun sets in the west.
ed
d'ay and night. The part of the earth which faces the sun has day
B. Answer these questions.
and the remaining pa1i, night. We get the daylight when the sun
I. What does "p.m." 1nean?
rises in the east and remains visible till it sets in the west. When 2. What does "a.m." mean?
.s
the sun is in the sky directly overhead, we call it noon. 3· How ~ould the ancient man tell the tiine at night?
The ancient man could tell the time of day by just noticing 4. What 1s meridian? ·
5. How is meridian used?
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the position of the sun in the sky. At night, the motion of the
stars served the sa1ne purpose. When the sun is overhead, we can
w

draw an i1naginary line across the sky stretching fro1n North to

South. We call it ~eridian. While the sun is still to the east of
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this meridian, it is 1nornmg. After the sun has crossed this

A Genera I cughsh Cour~c 86 Unit lhree Untt Three 87 A Genera I F.nglish Course

IVocabulary Exercises

om
aughter
A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate w~rds fron1 the
list below. There are more options than required.
referring abbreviation rotation purpose
stretched expressed derive axis

.c
1. Whal is the ......... .. .... ..... ... of the 1neeting? .

ni
2 . The pullover ..... •... •·· •····· ··· ·· a fter I had worn it a few times.
3. r said some people are s tupid; I wasn't.. ..................... to

ha
you. .
4. The guests ........... ........ .... their thanks before leaving.
· an/a .......... ••••.. --· .. .. for Septetnber.
5. Sept. 1s

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B. Match the words in column I with their appr~pri:~:
e uivalents in column II. Insert a, b,. c, .'" 1D

gh
p;rentheses provided. There are more options in Column
II than required. On the Bus
Carrying her newborn in her anns, Joan got on a bus. The
Colun111 I
ed
Colu1nn II driver said, "That's the ugliest baby I've ever seen l" Joan t11rew
her n1oney into the fare box and took a seat at the back part of
l. derive ( ) a. aim; intention the bus.
The woman next to her asked what was wrong. "The bus
.s
2. rotation ( ) b. that can be seen
driver was not polite to 1ne!" Joan co1nplained.
3. overhead ( ) c. have as a source or ong1n
"That's very insulting," said the woman, "He shouldn't be
4. axis ( ) d. shortened fonn rude to passengers."
w

5. visible ( ) e. 01oving round a central point "I think T'll go up there and give him a piece of 1ny mind,"
Joan said.
f. the line round which so1nething
w

"Good idea," agreed the woman, "I'll hold your monkey

turns for you."
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g. above one's head

·,
 88 Unit 'nu-ec
A Genei-a/ English Course

Riddle

om
Letters

What starts with P, ends with E, and has 1nillions of letters?

Unit Four

.c
A.nswer: The Post Oftice!

ni
to connect people or things becasuse

ha
they occur together, or because one
associate
produces the other
l always El.%Ociate him with /iist cars.
lasting for a long time; happening

ija
Curiosity chronic contmuallly
Sheis 5 uffering from cm·onic bronchitis.
"What made the deepest impression upon you?" inquired Always following the same style or
consistent

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a friend one day, of Abraham Lincoln, "When you stood in pattem
effective producting the results one wants.
the presence of the Falls of Niagara, the greatest of natural
most important; chief
wonders?" leading
He is one ofthe coimtry's leading writes.
ed
"The thing that struck me most forcibly when I saw the
more important; main
fall," Lincoln responded with characteristic deliberation, major
He acted the major role in the film
"was where in the world did all that water come fro1n?" likely to happen
.s
probable It is probable that he won't return to
Tem·an because he's been oflcred a good
JOb here.
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the action of keep ing sb./sth. safe from

han11, injury, etc.
protecticon
w

Use 11_ suncream that gives enough

protec1ton against barmful rays of tlie
sun.
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 Unit Four Unit Fo11r 91 A General English Course
A Gene1:al English Course 90

om
The News About
Vitamin "E" Just
The News About Vitamin "E" Just

.c
Gets Better And '
Better Gets Better And Better

ni
) By now, you probably know that vitamin E is an important

ha
part of the body's cell-protection system. In the last six years, a
number of major studies have consistently associated high
r
intakes of vitamin E with a reduced risk of heart disease, and

ija
now there is even 1nore news. Leading scientists at a recent
meeting on aging and age-related disease agreed that vitanun E
may be one of several effective means to reduce the risk of heart

gh
Think about the answers to these questions. disease and other cl:fr6inc illnesses associated with aging.
Age-related diseases start to develop early in life, so it 1nay ·
be wise to make sure you're getting enough vitamin E, even in
1. What is a vitamin?
ed
your younger years. Foods rich in vitamin E include nuts and
2. How many vitamins do we need?
certain vegetable oils. In addition to the proper diet, a healthy
3. Which vitamins are more essential to our health?
regimen should include regular exercise, not smoking and visits
.s
4. What is good about vitamin "E"?
to your doctor for regular medical checkups.
5. Do sportsmen need 1nore vita1nins?
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A General Eng/is/1 Course 92 U11i1 Pour UJJit Four
93 A Gem:ra/ English Course

I Reading Comprehension Exercises IVocabulary Exercises

om
A. Fill in the bJanks with the appropriate wo1·ds from the
w n·te "T" for true and list below. There are more options than needed.
A. Read each statement carefuIIy.
"F" for false statements. probable reduced effective rich
associate regimen check up
l. Vitamin E helps the body's cel1-protection system to work risk

.c
protection i'l_cludes major
effeciently. . d.
2 . High use of vitamin E increases the; 1sk of ~e~!e 1~:~e~ic
3. Nothing but viLamin E can prevent eait an o r

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1. The tour .......................... a visit to the Science Musew11.
diseases.
4. Regular exercise and. medical checkups are so1ne 2. Giving up smoking reduces the .......................... of heart

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elements of a healty regimen. disease.
5. The developmenl of age-related diseases begins in
adulthood. 3. It seems .......................... that they arc right about this.

ija
4. We have faced .......................... problems this year.
B. Answer these questions. 5. You wouldn't normaJJy .......................... these two
writers; their styles arc very different.

gh
l. What does vita1nin E do in hun1anb's bhody? f ·ra nin E?
What dieseases can be prevented y t e use o ~1 t . .
6. The ................. .........of young plants against frost is of
;: ls there any relationship between age and chrome diseases great impo1tancc.
like heart disease? . . . . ?
ed
4 . Why should we take enough vitan11nf ~ m ~urEcttldbood • 7. The nwnber of students was ....................... from 40 to 25.
5. Which foods have a large amount o v1tam1n .
8. It was a simple but very ................. .. .... ... treatment.
.s
B. Match the items in column I with their appropriate
equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c, ... in the parentheses
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provided. There are more options in column II than

required.
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 94 Unit Four Unit Four 95 A Genernl English Course
A Gclleral English Course

Column I ColumnU Exercise

a. decrease Which of the following sentences are fact and which ones are
1. reduce ( )

om
opinion?
2. regimen ( ) b. join together
1. . ... .... ... . Everybody' loves chocolate.
3. include ( ) c. having a large amount of 2. . .... . ... ... People in England started opening chocolate
something houses in 1ih ce~tu~r . .

.c
3. .. .. ........ Factones lose m1lltons of dollars because of the
4. consistently ( ) d. The highest point or end of smokers.
something 4. . ... ... ..... Esfahan is the best city to visit in Iran.

ni
5. rich ( ) e. to have as a part

ha
6. culmination ( ) f. in an unchanging way

g. instructions about diet, execrcise,

etc. for improving somebody's

ija
health
~ If you keep body and soul together, vou continue to
exist with only j ust enough food, monety etc:

gh
C
He's working at the shop to keep body and soul together.

~ Over my dead body

ed Used to say that you are determined not to allow
Sonle sentences provide facts while others express the ideas, so mehting to happen
opinions, and likes/dislikes of the \Vriter.
.s
You'll marry hin1 over my dead body!
l. Water boils at 100 C.
2. Tehran is a polluted and dirty city. Over my dead body will I let hiln corpe to myparty next week
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Sentence 1 is a fact and sentence 2 is the opinion of the writer.

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The readers 1nay agree or disagree with it. .

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A (/en era I Eogli.~h Course 98 Unir Four U11itl''our
99 A Ge11e1''1 I English Course

IReading Comprehension Exercises

om
A. Read each statement carefully
"F" fior f:a Ise statements.
wn•te "T"
•. • for true and

.c
Proteins I . All_ creatures need prot:e'ins to survive.
2
· Am~aJs c~n 1nake essential a1nino acids themselves.
3. Amm_o acids ,~ake proteins through a series complicated

ni
All living cells contain proteins. This means that proteins are
che1:rucal ~eacttons known as protein synthesis.
necessary for the survival of every living organism. In fact, the 4 · An1mo acids contain 21 different elcrnents.

ha
word 'protein' has originated from a Greek word which means 5. Plants and animals make their necessary amino acids.
'first' because proteins are considered to be the most i1nportant
patt of the living matter.
B. Circle a, b, c or d wh· h b
The proteins are chemical compounds that are 1nade of ' lc est co_mpletes each of the

ija
following items.
chains of amino acids. There are more than 21 amino acids. Each
amino acid has carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen as its 1. Proteins ............... ........ .....

gh
constituents. DifTerent a1nino acids can cornbine in different a. are vital for human body.
ways to form different proteiJ.1s. Thus, through their permutatipyis b. can't be broken down into amino acids.
and combinations, thousands of proteins originate. c. are of the same type.
Plants make their own amino acids and can, therefore, make d. combine together and make amino acids.
ed
their ovm proteins. Animals make some amino acids but not all 2. Each amino acid contains .. ......... .... ... .... ' ....
that are necessary for life. These amino acids which animals a. carbon b. nitrogen
cannot make themselves are called the essential amino acids. c. hdyrogen d. all of the above
.s
Animals get the1n from their food. When an animal eats 3. Amino acids .... .. ... ................
protein-rich food, the proteins are broken down into individual a. can combine in a very li1nited number of ways.
w

amino acids. The amino acids are then used by the body to make . b. are made of proteins.
proteins through a series of complicated chenlical reactions c. are less than 21 in nuinber.
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known as protein synthesis. d. can make a large number of proteins.

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 100 Unit Four Unit Four 1OJ
A Genern I EJ.Jglish Course A General English Coul'Se

IVocabulary Exercises I 7. con1pound ( ) g. necessary pa11

A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the h. made up of many parts; complex

om
list below. There are more options than needed.
sunival tr.1nsport compound susceptible i. combining of separate parts to
constitue11t essential infectious sources fonn a complex whole
contain vital major
1. It is .......... .......... ... ... that you attend all the meetings.

.c
2. Flu is highly ......................... .

ni
3. Salt is a chemical ......................... .

4. I normally travel by public .............. .. ........ ..

ha
5. How many maps does that atlas ..... ................... ..
6. He stated many .... ...................... for his book.

ija
B. Match the items in column I with their appropriate

gh
equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c, ... in the parentheses
provided. There are more options in column II than
required. ed The Smart Soldier!
Column I Colu1nn 11
Arthur Bradley joined the army "vhen he was eighteen, and
1. susceptible ( ) a. a material
for several months he was taught how to be a good soldier. He
2. complicated ( ) b. state of contiuning to live or exist did quiet well in everythng except shooting. One day when he
.s
( ) c. easily influenced had shot at the target nine times and had not hit it once, their
3. deficiency
officer said~ "You're quite hopeless. Don't waste your last bullet
w

4. survival ( ) d. a variation in the order of a set

of things· either! Go behind that wall and shoot yourself with it:" He went
behind the wall, and after a while they heard the sound of a shot.
w

5. constituent ( ) e. lack "Heavens!" the officer said, "Has that silly man shot himself?"
6. permutation ( ) f. so1nething that is n1ade of two or He ran behind the wall anxiously, but Arthur was all right. "I'1n
w

more parts sorry, sir,' he said, "but I missed again."

 A Gen cm I English Course I02 Uoit Four

Ans,'Ver these questions.

I. What would have happened if Arthur had not
n1issed his last bullet?

om
2 . Why did Arthur follow their officer's advice?

Unit··Five

.c
'1 -
Riddle

ni
One Letter

ha
What word begins with e, ends with e and has one letter? the amount of a substasnce in a liquid or in
concentration another substance
to spread widely in all directions
diffuse

ija
Answer: Envelope! The heat difJused throughout the house
regularly; steadily; equally ·
ever'tly TI1e money wa.s evenly divided among the four
children

gh
to continue
goon
How much longer will this hot weather go 0117.
to remain in a particular condition
ed leave
Leave the window open, please.
Habits a substance made by combining two or more
substances
mixture
In reply to an invtiation to lunch with Lady Randolph, My mother asked me to add more flow· to the
.s
George Bernard Shaw wired: "Certainly not; what have I done to cake mixture.
provoke such an attack on 1ny well known habits?" perfu1ne a sweet-smelling liquid used on the body
w

scatter; to be distributed over a large area

Lady Randolph sent another telegram: spread
He spread a map out 011 the floor.
"Know nothing of your habits; hope they are not as bad as your
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a particular type of matter

manners."
substance Parents should keep poisonous substances
away ti-om their childern.
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A General E11glish Course 104 Unit Five U11it Five 105 A Genera I Ev$1ish Course

I Diffusion

om
The molecules
I
of a substance are moving about all the tin1e
without •stopping. Imagine a-frO\vd of people leaving a football

.c
n1atch. They are trying to get away as quickly as they can, and
this is fust what the molecules of a gas do. They try to spread

ni
out, or in other words, to diffuse.
The spreading out of molecules can be shown by opening a

ha
bottle of perfume in a room. The molecules of the perfume are
pushed very close together inside the bottle. As soon as you open
the bottle, they start to spread out into the air, and you can smell

ija
the perfume at the other end of the roo1n. The smell becomes
Diffusion stronger as long as the bottle is left open.
r In the end, \.Vhen the 1nolecules are spread out evenly inside

gh
and outside the bottle, the spreading out of molecules stops
happening. When we say this, we n1ean that both the room. and
the bottle hold an even mixture of perfume and air.
ed • According to the laws. of spreading out of 1nolecules, the
!Ask your partner these questions. process goes on without stopping until the concentration of
perfume molecules come to a condition where they are in
.s
1. Can you name some .natural gases? balance. They do not change anymore after this if conditions stay
2. Are some gases dangerous? without changing.
3. Can we smell all gases?
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A General E11glisb Course 106 Unit Five Unit Five 107 A Oenernl English Course

I Reading Comprehension Exercises

I Vocabulary Exercises

om
A. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true and A. Fill i.n the blanks with the appropriate ,vords from the
"F" for false statements. list below. There are more options than needed.
concentration p~rfume spread even
1. Sometimes, the movement of the 1nolecules of a . substances process go on left
substance stops.

.c
mixture e-venly
2. The molecules of the perfume are pushed very close
l. Atmosphere is the .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. of gases that
together outside the bottle. sun-onunds the ea1th.

ni
3. The s1nell of the perfume becomes weaker when the
bottle is left open. 2. She always buys expensive French ........ ................ .. I

4. The spreading out of perfume molecules stops when the

ha
3. I can't ............. :............ studying like this; I'n1 very tired.
room and the bottle have equal amount of perfume and
a1r. 4. They kept the patient's room at an ...................... .. ..
5. Wben these molecules come to a balance, no change ·will ten1perature all day and night.
occur afterwards.

ija
5. Most .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ..... .. .. in their normal state are nautrual;
they carry niether a positive nor a negative charge.
B. Answer these questions.
6. The thieves could easily enter the house, for the door was

gh
1. Wbat does the action of gas molecules resemble? .......................... open.
2. How can you show the spreading out of molecules?
7. The company gradually .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. its branches all
Answer briefly. over the country.
3. How are the molecules of the perftune placed in the
bottle?
ed 8. The doctor asked me to breathe slowly and
4. Why can you s1nell the perfume at the other end of the
room? 9. Teaching him to walk again after the accident was a slow
5. When does the spreading out of perfume molecules stop? and difficult .................... .... .
.s
6. How do the molecules of perfun1e act when they reach a
B. Match the items in column I with their appropriate
balance?
equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c, ... in the parentheses
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provided. There are more options in column II than

required.
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.r
I

Unit Five Unit Fivr:: 109 A Genera.I English Course

A Genera I English Course · 108
'I

Column/ Colun1n 11 Activities

1. imagine ( ) a. take place

om
Read the following texts and mark a, b, c, or d that best
2. perfume ( ) b. diffuse
completes each item.
3. happen ( ) c. get away

4. escape ( ) d. being equal 1. Life is a tragedy for th<;>se who feel and a comedy for those

.c
who contemplate. l
5. balance ( ) e. liquid having a sweet s1nell

ni
f.think; form a 1nental image of Contemplate means most nearly
something
a) laugh c) cry

ha
b) obey d) think
Getting the meaning of the word from the context
2. 1:he second half of a man's life is n1ade up of nothing but the
habits he bas acquired during the first half.

ija
One of the main problems of the students while reading a text is
the load of the new words. Students usually look up the meaning
of every unknown word in the dictionary, which is time- Acquired means most nearly
consuming and doesn't lead to meaningful learning. Therefore,

gh
a) bought c) seized
gussing would be a useful way in this regard.
b) been given d) obtained

Consider the following text and the way to guess the italicized
word in the context: ·
ed
What we call weather is largely a matter of air movements. Cold
.s
air blows down from the north, and warm air fro1n the south.
Moist air blows in from the ocean, forming clouds and bringing
rain. Dry air blows in from the interior and brings drought.
w
w

Drought results fro1n a lack of

a) air movement c) north winds
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b) 1noist1.1re d) weather
A Genera I English Course I 10 Unit Pive Unit Five 11 1 A Ge11ern / cnglish Course

om
c> If you spread yourself too thin, you try to do too
many things at tbe san1e time so that you do not do
any of them effectively. co~e into view

.c
appear The sun suddenly appeard from behind a
She has been spreading herself too thin lately and is cloud.

ni
not accomplishing very much ofany thing. attract
to pull sth. by force
A magnet attracts steel.
continuously

ha
constantly
she t,aJked consta11tly all the evening.
c> If you give somebody a piece of your mind you tell
be unlike; be different
s01nenone that you are very angry with the1n. differ
The brothers differ widely i11 their behavior.

ija
After the ga1ne l1e gave the players a piece of his where a persn or thing is go ing or looking
mind. towards
direction
They got lost because they went in tl1e
wrong directions.

gh
although
even though
I went to the party, even though I was tired.
show
ed exhibit The girls exhibited great courage during
the climb.
become bigger or more
increase
.s
111e 11u1nber of women who go to work has
increased.
the act of moving
w

motion Don't put yow· bead out of the window

while the train is in motion.
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special quality or charaderisitic

property 771e professor asked me to compare the
physical properties oftwo substances.
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J

I
I A Ge11e1·a/ Eoglisb Course 112 Unit Five
Unit Five
I l3 A Genera I English Course

random done without any aim or plan.

move quickly in different directions
scatter

om
The cJ"owd scatteJ"ed when it started to rai11.
shaking
shaky Her hands are shaky because she is
IJeJ"\IOUS.
condition in which a person or thing is

.c
state
The house was in a dirty state ..
Molecules in Motion

ni
Every substance is made of very tiny particles called

ha
n1olecules. A molecule is the smaHest part of the matter that can
exist independently and exhibits all the properties of that matter.
For example, if we take a molecule of sugar, it will exhibit all
the propetties of sugar such as taste, shape, color, etc. Molecules

ija
of different substances differ in size. S01ne are only few
billionths of a centimeter in size, while some other molecules are
thousands of times larger. Molecules of gases are small in size.

gh
One cubic centimeter of air contains about 25xIO molecules.

Even though a tiny piece of matter contains a very large

nmnber of molecules, there are empty spaces an1ong them.
ed Molecules of matter are constantly in random 1notion. As the
tennperature increases, the motion of the molecules also
increases. The hotter the substance, the faster the motion of
molecules \vill be. The molecules of ice are also in motion;
.s
however, 1nolecules of a gas 111ove very fast in comparison to the
molecules of liquids and solids. Now the question arises: "\Vhen
1nolecules of all the substances are in tnotion, why don't
w

substances appear shaky?" The reason is that there exists a force

of attraction between the molecules which keeps them together.
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If this force is not present, the molecules of 1natter will scatter

.away in all directions.
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r A General English Cow·sc 114 Unit Five U11ir Five 115 A Ge11eral English Course

When heat is given to the molecules of a solid, the spead of the

n1olecules increases and the force of attraction decreases. If we 2. Molecules of gas are .. .. .. . ..... . ... than the molecules of
liquids and solids.

om
continue adding heat, the speed of the n1olecules would be still
faster, and the solid will change into liquid and finally to the a. n1ore attractive c. faster
gaseous state. b. slower d. small

3. According to the passage, which sentence is true?

.c
a. As the ten1p~rahire increases, the motion of
IReading Comprehension Exercises molecules decreases.
b. When heat is g iven to the tnolecules of a solid, the

ni
A. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true and force of attraction decreases.
"F" for false statements. c. The hotter the substance, the slower the 1notion of
n1olecules will be.

ha
1. Molecules of different substances have si1nilar sizes. d. The force of attraction scatters the molecules of
2. When heat is given to the molecules of a solid, the force matter.
of attraction increases.
3. As the temperature goes up, the m otion of 1nolecules

ija
4. fvlolecules exhibit all the ...... .... ... .. . of the matter.
increases. a. features c. properties
4. There is a force of attraction between the molecules b. qualities d. all of the above
which keeps them together. '1

gh
5. Molecules of1natter are motionless. 5. When heat is given to the molecules of a solid, the solid
will ... ..... ... ... .. .
ed a. change into gas C. lose its tnotion
B. Circle a, b, c, or d which best completes each of the b. become hard d. scatter away in all directions
following items.
.s
1. Which state1nent is not true according to the passage?
a. Molecules can exist independently of matter.
b. There are e1npty spaces between the molecules.
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c. The force of attraction between the 1nolecules

keeps them together.
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d. Molecules of solids are n1otionless.

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A General English Cow·se 116 Unit Five Unit Five 117 A Genera I English Course

Column I Coliunn JI
I Vocabulary Exercises
..

om
1. scatter ( ) a. feature
A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the
list below. There are more options than needed. 2. constantly ( ) b. be unlike

increased scattered appeared exibited yet 3. differ ( ) c. done without any aim or plan

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even though motjon attractions state 4. particle ( )
'\
taste d. become bigger or 1nore
5. property ( ) e. movement

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I.A light ................. ......... at the end of the tunnel. 6. random ( ) f. come and be seen
2. City life holds few .. ............. ........... for me. 7. motion (

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) g. a very s1nall piece
8. popular ( ) h. liked very much
3. The population has ... ....................... fro1n 1.2 million 10 ( )
years ago to 1.8 million now. i. continuously

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4. She studied hard .... ...................... failed the exam. j . n1ove quickly in different
directions
5. These bulidings are in a bad ...... .. .. .. .............. of repair.

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6. He ........ ............ ... .. . total lack of concern for the child.
7. I don't like the ..... .................. ... of this cheese.
ed
B. Match the items in column I with their appropriate
equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c, ... in the parentheses
.s
provided. There are more options in column II than
required.
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,'
A Genera I English Course 118 Unit Five Unit Five I I9 A General English Course

Answer these questions.

om
1. J-Iov., did the new teacher behave towards the
students?
2. What was the relationship bet\11/een the teacher and the
storyteller?
3. What \II/as the storyteller's reaction to other students'

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description of the new English teacher?

ni
ha
Joke

ija
YYUR
What does it mean?Y.YUR
The New English Teacher

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Answer: Too wise you are.

Now, look at this: YYUR Too wise you are,

During my senior year at Piquet Lakes High School in
YYUB
ed
Minnesota, a new English teacher was hired. Early in the first
Too wise you be,
ICUR I see you are
week of classes, a group of us gathered to discuss our teachers.
YY4ME Too wise for 1ne!
"Do you have Mrs. Hauser for English?" one boy asked me.
When I said I did not, the other students went on to describe how
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strict she was, how she would tolerate her acadenlic standards.
As they reached the end of their complaints, I nodded and said,
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"I know."
"But you told us you didn't have her class," they responded
with puzzled looks.
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"J don't," I said,"she's 1ny mom."

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A General English Coui·sc 120 Unit Five

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Devotion
Unit Six

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ni
It is said that a great French actress-reproved for wearing
bright colors the day after her lover's funeral-replied: "Ah, you
should have seen 1ne yesterday; then you would have known

ha
what true sorrow is!"
aircraft (n) any machine or structure that can fly in
the air and caITy goods or passengers
amount

ija
(n) quantity, total sum or value
(n) any of the hard parts that for m the
bone skeleton of an animal's body

gh
This fish has a lot ofbones in it.
(adj) eager to know or learn
curious
My friend is very curious; he always asks
questions.
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drawing (n) art of representing objects by lines
with a pencil, chalk, etc.

instrument implement or apparatus used m

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performing an action
(n) action of inventing, i.e., creation or
design of sth.
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invention
Can you name some of the scientific
inventions ofthe 20'" century?
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f
I A General Hnglish Course 122 Unit Six Unit Six 123 A General English Course

condition of bei11g secret or obscure

mystery It's a mystery to me why they chose him

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for the job.
(n) apparatus by wbjch a person may fall
parachute slowly to the ground from an aircraft

sketch rough, quickly-made drawing

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(adj) free from bumping; (of a person) The mystery Of
smooth polite
Leonardo's Notebooks

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The aircraft made a smooth landing.
(o) tube for a swimmer to take in air while
snorkel swimming under water

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(n) figure of a person in wood, stone,
statue bronze, etc.

swamp (n) soft wet laud

ija
(v) to use sth. carelessly; to use more of
waste sth. than is necessary

I Think abo.ut the answers to these questions.

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I. Do you like a1t?

2. Do you think art and science are related?

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3. Have you ever heard of Leonardo da Vinci?

4. What was he famous for?

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5. Do you have any idea in your mind that you would like to
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put it down on paper?

6. Do you like painting?

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·,
I A Genernl English Course 124 Unit Six Unit Six 125 A Cenem I English Cow·se

it. But the painting went slowly. The reason was that Leonardo
kept stopping his work. If he wanted to draw a man or a horse a
' •

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plant or a rock or a cloud, Leonardo had to know everything
about it. He had to know what a 1nan's 111uscles were like under
the skin. He had to know what the bones were like under the
muscles. So he would stop to learn such things.
Leonardo liked to sketch the world aro1md him. He made

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hundreds of drawings in notebooks. He went to 1nountains and to
swamps. There he drew the plants and the rocks that he saw. He

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went to the seashore and drew the ocean. He looked at the sky
and drew the sun and the stars.

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People began to shake their heads and wonder. "Leonardo
can do eve1ything," they said, "But he will never do anything."
He was seventy-seven years old when he died in 1519. He
left only a few paintings, and n1ost of them -were not finished.

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Two of the finished ones--Mona Liza and The Last Supper--are
The Mystery of Leonardo's very famous. Many people go to see them every day.
Notebooks Leonardo also left bis notebooks--a great 1nany notebooks.

gh
Five hundred years ago a young boy went to Florence to
study art. At that time 1nany of the world's great artists Jived in
that Italian city.
ed
The boy ,vas handson1e and strong. And he did many things
well. He could paint, draw, and make statues. He sang and
played musical instnnnents. He also knew how to use aU kinds
.s
of tools with skill.
The boy was Leonardo da Vinci. Before long, people were
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They were filled with pages of drawings and notes. But the notes
seemed to be in a language that no one could read.
There were drawings of birds, plants, faces, arms_, and legs.
But there "vere 1nany strange drawings that no one could
understand.
Some people thought that Leonardo had 110t amounted too
much. They thought he had wasted his talent.
Then so1neone made a discovery about Leonardo's curious
notes. They had not been vvritten in a strange language after all.

talking about him. "He v,ill grow up to be the greatest painter in The writing was backward! The notes had to be read with the
Florence," they said. They looked fonvard to seeing the beautiful help of a mirror.
pictures he would make. When people read Leonardo's notes, they were amazed at
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When Leonardo beca1ne a young man, people heard that he what he had written. He had not wasted his time 1naking notes
had started a painting for a church. They waited for him to finish and sketches during his life_The drawings 9f birds were not just
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A Genera l English Course 126 Unit Six Unit Six 127 A Genera I English Course

pretty sketches. These drawings showed how birds could fly. B. Circle a, b, c, or d lvhich best completes the following
Leonardo' s drawings explained how birds moved their wings sentences.
and used their tails to guide them in flying. His sketches showed, •

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too, how birds cut their speed to land smoothly and safely. 1. Leonardo could ..... ... ................ . .
The strange drawings that were in the notebooks were for a. paint and draw
inventions. Leonardo had thought of 1n any new things. He had b. sing and play musical instru1n ents
c. 1nake statues
made drawings of an aircraft and parachutes. They were ideas -~

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that had con1e to hi1n as he watched birds in fl ight. d. all of the above
Leonardo had many ideas for new things. He was a man
2. Leonardo started painting for a church when he was

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who thought of the future. His notebooks have drawings of a
......................... .
1nachine to cool the a ir, cars, and diving snorkels to help a. a child b.young c. old d. in Rome
swimn1ers breathe underwater. He also made drawings for

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machine guns and tattles. Today, many of the things that were 3. Leonardo died when he was ............ .. ..... .. .. years old.
found in Leonardo ' s notebooks are part of the world we live in. a. 38 b. 44 c. 53 d. 77

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4. · N o one could read Leonardo's notebooks at first because
···•·····················
IReading Comprehension Exercises a.
b.
they were written in an unknown language
they were written in old Egyptian words

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A. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true and c. they were written backward
"F" for false statements. d. none of the above

1. When Leonardo ,vanted to dra\v so1nething, he easily 5. Leonardo' s notebooks had drawings of ............... ........ .
drew it from his imagination.
ed
a. cars b. computers
2. He had thought of many inventions. c. diving snorkels d. a and c
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3. \..Vhen people read Leonardo's notes, they were amazed at C. Answer these questions.
what he had written.
1. Where did Leonardo study a11?
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4. Aircraft and parachutes were invented before Leonardo's 2. Why did Leonardo's paintings go slowly?
time.
3. How were Leonardo's notes written?
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5. In some of his paintings, Leonardo showed how birds 4. What new things had Leonardo thought of?
could fly. 5. H ow did .the ideas of aircraft and parachutes co1ne to
Leonardo's 1nind?
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 A General English Course 128 Unit Six U11itSix 129 A General English Course

l Vocabulary Exercises

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A. Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the
following definitions.
1. people "vho practice art
····················

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2. good-looking; of good appearance .................... Complete the following chart using a dictionary.
3. unusual; difficult to understand ....................

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4. the land along the edge of the sea .................... Noun Adjective Adverb Verb
5. known widely; having fame ••••••• ♦ •••••••••• ••

----

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6. surprised Replace
.................. ..
7. towards the back ................... '
---- Consume
8. rough, quickly-made drawings .................... Required ---

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9. show the way ................. ..
10. talce air into the lungs and send it out again
' Constant ----

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r.

B. What does the writer mean by the following sentences?

Identifying Cause and Effect Relationship
1. He never gets started.
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2. Some people thought that Leonardo had not amounted S01neti1nes two sentences in a text have a cause and effect
too much. relationship. Being able to find out this relationship can help
students improve their reading ability.
.s
3. He was a n1an who thought of the future.
Consider the following sentences:
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a) Parents could do aln1ost anything to their children.

b) Children were regarded as property of their parents.
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The first sentence is the effect and the second one is the cause.
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A Genera I English Course 130 Unit Six Unit Six 131 A Genera I English Course

Activities
Label the follo,ving sentences as cause or effect in the space
provided.

om
l . . . . . . . . . . a) Nitrogen neither bums nor supports combustion.
. . . . . . . . . .. b) Nitrogen is a rather inactive element.
adopt accept formally

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2 ........... a) We may someday live in a world without the countless ~ Ie
mnumerab
necessity of work.
........... b) As more and 1nore industiies beco1ne automated, instant moment

ni
machines are taking over the means of
production. mystery something not known

ha
perform fulfill

strapped tied

ija
substance physical material

gh
¢ Paint oneself into a corner
Put oneself into a situation where one does not have any
choices about what to.
ed
The writers have painted themselves into a corner by
killing offall the most popular chai-acters in the first series.
.s

¢ Paint the to,vn red

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Go out and have a good time.

We decided to go out and paint tbe town red after we all
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passed our exams.

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A Geiiern I bnglish Cow·Re 132 Uuit Six Unit Six 133 A Genera I English Course

~hest the lid _of which was nailed down. The chest was dropped
1nto the sea 1n New Yorlc Harbour. In one minute Houdini had •

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swum to the surface. When the chest was brought up, it was
<;>pened and the chains were found inside.
The Greatest Magician
The fact that everybody enjoys a good mystery explains why

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magicians are such popular entertainers. We all know that a
magician does not really depend on "magic" to perform his
tricks, but on his ability to act at great speed. However, this does

ni
I. Do you believe in n1agic?
not prevent us from enjoying watching a magician produce
rabbits from a hat, swallow countless eggs or saw his wife in 2. Discuss the topic with your class1nates.

ha
two.
3. Ask your classmates so111e questions about this subject.
Probably the greatest magician of all time was Harry Houdini
who died in 1926. l-Iis real na1ne was Ehrich Weiss, but he 4. Name the main points of the passage.
adopted the name "Houdini" after reading a book which

ija
influenced him greatly. This had been written by a famous
1nagician called Robert Houdin. Houdini mastered the art of C
J.
escaping. He could free himself from the tightest knots or the
most complicated locks in seconds. Although no one really

gh
knows how he did this, there is no doubt that he had made a
close study of every type of lock ever invented. He \Vould carry a
small steel needle-like tool strapped to his leg, and he used this
in place of a key.
ed
Houdini once asked the Chicago police to lock hi1n in prison. Determination
They bound hin1 in chains and locked him up, but he freed
himself in an instant. The police accused him of having used a
.s
tool and locked him up again. This time he wore no clothes and In I 883, a creative engineer named John Roebing was
there were chains round his neck, waist, wrists, and legs, but he inspired by an idea to build a spectacular bridge connecting New
again escaped in a few minutes. Houdini had probably hidden his
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York with the Long Island. However, bridge building experts

"needle" in a wax-like substance and dropped it on the floor in
throughout the world thought that this was an in1possible feast
the passage. As he went past, he stepped on it so that it stuck to
and told Roehling to forget the idea. It just could not be done. It
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the bottom of his foot.

His most famous escape, however, was altogether astonishing. was not practical. It had never been done before.
He was heavily chained up and enclosed in an empty wooden
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A Genera I EngUsh Course 134 Unit Six Unit Six 135 A General English Course

Roebing could not ignore the vision he had in his mind of He tried to inspire and pass on his enthusiasm to some of his
this bridge. He thought about it all the time and he lmew deep in friends, but they were too daunted by the task. As he lay on his

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his heart that it could be done. He just had to share the dream bed in his hospital roon1, v.1ith the s1mlight streaming through the
with someone else. Aner much discussion and persuasion he windows, a gentle breeze blew the flimsy white curtains apart
managed to convince his son Washington, an up and coining and he was able to see the sky and the tops of the trees outside
engineer, that the bridge in fact could be built. for just a 1n01nent. ·.
-~

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Working together for the first time, the father and son It seemed that there was a message for him not to give up.
developed concepts of how it could be accomplished and how Suddenly an idea hit hi1n.

ni
the obstacles could be overcome. With great excite1nent and All he could do was move one finger and he decided to 1nake the
inspiration, and the headiness of a wild challenge before them, best use of it. By moving this, he slowly developed a code of

ha
they hired their crew and began to build their dream bridge. communication with his wife.

The project started well, but when it was only a few months He touched his wife's arm with that finger, indicating to her

ija
undetway a tragic accident on the site took the life of John that he wanted her to call the engineers again. Then he used the
Roehling. Washington was injured and left with a certain same method of tapping her arm to tell the engineers what to do.
runount of brain da1nage, which resulted in him not being able to It seemed foolish but the project was under way again.

gh
walk or talk or even move.
For 13 years Washington tapped out bis instructions with his
"We told then1 so." finger on his wife' s arm, until the bridge was finally completed.
"Crazy men and their crazy drean1s.'' Today the spectacular Brooklyn Bridge stands in all its glory as a
ed tribute to the triwnph of one man's indo1nitable spirit and his
"It's foolish to chase wild visions."
determination not to be defeated by circu1nstances. It is also a
Everyone had a negative comment to make and felt that the tribute to the engineers and their team work, and to their faith in
.s
project should be scrapped since the Roebings were the only a man who was considered 1nad by half the world. It stands too
ones who knew how the bridge could be built. In spite of his as a tangible monun1ent to the love and devotion of his wife who
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handicap, Washington was never discouraged and still had a for 13 long years patiently decoded the 1nessages of her husband
burning desire to complete the bridge and his mind was still as and told the engineers what to do.
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sharp as ever.
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A Genera I English C.ourse 136 Unit Six Uni/Six 137 A General English Course

Perhaps this is one of the best examples of a never-say-die

attitude that overcomes a terrible physical handicap and achieves
ughter

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an impossible goal.
,-
Often when we face obstacles in our day-to-day life, our
hurdles seem very small in comparison to what many others have
to face. The Brooklyn Bridge shows us that dreams that see1n

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impossible can be realized \¥ith detennination and persistence,
no matter what the odds are.

ni
Even the most distant dream can be realized with

ha
determination and persistence.

ija
The Busy Professor
Near the end of my senior year at Texas Tech. University,
my parents were infonned that I would graduate with first-class

gh
honors in biology.
But while printing the announcements for the other students
graduating with honors, my professor neglected to delete my
name from the first sentence. Thus each notice !began, "Your
ed
daughter Susan has received the award ... "
He became aware of the mistake when one parent wrote
back: "We're not sure what kind of genetic experiments you're
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doing in your biology department, but we do know our 'daughter
Susan' started college as our 'son Tim. ' "
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Answer these questions.

1. What was the professor's mistake?
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2. How did the professor find out about the mistake?

3: What was the announcement about? .1
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A General EtJglis/J C-Ourse 138 Unit Six

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The Eskimos
st
J Eskimo: Where does your mother come from?
2ndEskimo: Alaska. ·
Unit Seven

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1st Eski1no: Don't bother. I'll ask her myself.

AJaska(n): state of the USA in north-west America

ni
The ·Is' Esk.in10 thought the 2nd Eskimo said: "I'll ask her."

ha
,.. canoe (n) small, light boat moved by paddles

chunk (n) thick solid piece cut or broken off sth.

ija
L (v) get (money) by working
earn
He earns at least$ 35000 a year.

gh
Hypocrisy flat (adj) smooth or level

(v) (cause sth." to) become liquid through

The Bishop of Hereford was once being patronized by a
melt heating
great lord who talked very insolently.
ed
"I never go to church," boasted the lord. "Perhaps you have He fried potatoes in melted butter.
noticed that, Bishop?" (v). express strong disapproval of or
"Yes, I have noticed it," answered the Bishop gravely. oppose disagreement with
''Well, the reason I don't go is that there are so many hypocrites
.s
She opposed to his son's going abroad.
there."
"Oh, don't let that keep you away," said the Bishop s1niling overcome (v) defeat
blandly. .
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(v) (cause sth. to) become smooth and shiny

"There is always roo1n for one more, you know." polish
by rubbing
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 Unit Seven Unit Se1-e11 141 A Gc.neral English Course
A General English Course 140

(n) using force to oppose sth./sb.

{qt~ I

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resistance The bank robbers offered 110 resistance to the
police.
(n) hard outer covering of eggs, of some
shell seeds and fruits, and of animals such as oyster

.c
(n) la11d along the edge of the sea or any large
shore body of water
mark (paper, etc.) with a design, an official

ni
seal, etc.
stamp
Tbe librarian forgot to stamp my library

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books.
(n) thin cord made of twisted threads
I asked him to tie up the parcel with string.
string

ija
(v) to put a series of small objects (pearls,
beads, etc.) on a string
(v) fight with sb/sth; to try very bard to do

gh
struggle something that is difficult
711e team has been struggling all season.

I Think about the answers to these questions.

ed
1. Why do we use 1noney?
Questions for you: 2. Is there anybody who doesn't like money?
.s
3. Is the shape or design of 1noney important to you?
1. Have you ever thought about old ti1nes and the way 4. What is the story behind using money?
people used to buy and sell goods? 5. Which one do you like more, paper n1oney or coins?
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2. What do you think money was like in old days?

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3. How was money changed to its present form?

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A Genenil English Course 142 U11i1Scven Unit Seven 143 A Genera I English Course

Funny Money IReading Comprehension Exercises

Long ago, people didn't go to an office or factory to earn A. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true and

om
money. They found it on the ground. The money was large, round, "F" for false statements.
and flat. It looked just like what it was -- a stone! 1. In o1d times, money was found on the ground and
Because the stones ,vere special and very hard to find, they on the seashore.
were valuable. The larger the stone, the more it was worth. The 2. Salt money ,vas more difficult to find than shell money.
s1nallest stone money--about the size of a dinner plate--might buy a

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3. People used to go to offices to earn money.
fish or a s1nall pig. 4. Rain could n1elt one kind of 111oney.
Slaves can-ied the big stones when people went shopping. The
5. You cou1d find stones everywhere.
1nen had stones too big and heavy to carry around. The men left

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these stones in front of their houses. Everyone could see bow rich B. Circle a, b, c, or d which best completes the following
they were. sentences.

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Son1e people found their money on the seashore. They used
red, black, and white shells. The women broke the shells into small 1. Because the stones were .. ...................., they were
pieces. They polished tbe1n and n1ade holes in them. Then they valuable.
a. found everywhere
strung them on strings. One string of shell money would buy food. b. very hard to find

ija
A hundred strings might buy a canoe or a cow. c. heavy to carry around
Some people could eat their n1oney. They made money out of d. easily broken into pieces
salt. They shaped it into small bricks. The b1icks were all of the
same size and value. They were sta1nped with a picture of the king. 2. Long ago, 1noney was found .................... ..

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This meant the king would accept salt as money. If the king would a. on the ground b. under the ground
c. in factories d. in the bank
take it, then everyone else would too.
Salt money wasn't as hard to find as stone n1oney. It wasn't as 3. The richest men used to put their money which were big
bard to find as shell 1noney. But ,vhen it rained, salt money might and heavy .... ........ .. ........ .
melt.
ed a. inside the house b. in front of their houses
Finally people started using 1netal for money. They used c. in a hidden place d. in a safe place
copper, silver and gold. Metal wasn't easily hurt by water or heat or 4. They used .................. .... as 111etal 111oney.
time. And since there wasn't very much of it, everyone wanted it. a. copper b. silver
.s
Metal money was made in many shapes. It was 1nade in chunks, c. gold d. all the above
circles, and rings. Some of it was shaped and stamped like salt
5. "Salt money ,vas stamped with a picture of the king."
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money. This meant that .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . ... .. . .

Metal money is much better than salt or shell or stone money. a. the king liked salt
But if you have a lot ofit, metal 1noney is hard to carry around. lt is b. salt money was ordered by the king
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heavy and takes up too much space. So today we also have paper . c. the king would accept salt as money
1noney. It has numbers printed on it to show how 1nucb the tnoney d. a and b
is worth.
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A Genera I E11glish Course 144 Unit Se.en Unit Se.en 145 A General English Course

C. Answer these questions.

I. Hoi'/ did people change shells into shell 1noney? Identifying References

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2. What was the advantage of salt money over stone or shell
money?
3. \Vhat is the advantage of metal money? The 111eaning of the words and sentences depend on their

4. What was the shape of tnetal money?
5. What is the disadvantage of metal money?
.c
context. If a single sentence is taken out of its context, it will be
difficult to interpret what the writer exactly means. Consider the
following sentence:

ni
Iranians ]jke it with their food.
I Vocabulary Exercise

• Refer back to the text and find
the following definitions.
ha
In this sentence the pronoun it can have different interpretations
synonyms for since it is taken out of its context. Therefore the different
interpretations can be salad, yogurt, salt, sumac, .... But the
context helps us understand the exact interpretation.

ija
1. particular; more important than others
Saffron is a kind of spice, which is n1ostly grown in Asia.
2. (agree to) receive sth. Mashhad, a city in Iran, is well known for having the best

gh
saffron. Iranians like it with their food.
3. people who are owned by others and are
forced to work for them
ed So the pronoun it refers exactly to saffron.

Activities
4. having a particular value What do the underlined pa1ts refer to?
l. A: Could you please spell the word please?
5. to give a form to sth. B: Which one?
.s

6. fills or occupies an amount of space 2. A: I've heard you're going to sta1t your new coffee shop.
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B: I hope so.
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·,
 Unit Seve11 U11it Seven 147 A Ge11ern I Einglisb Course
146

om
Checks
-~

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c:> For love or money Checks have largely replaced money as a n1eans of
exchange, for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this

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By any means is very convenient for both the buyer and seller, it should not be
We were unable to get hi1n to agree to the proposal for love forgotten that checks are not real 1noney: they are quite valueless

ha
or money. in themselves. A shopkeeper ah:vays 1uns a certain risk when he
accepts a check, and he is quite within his rights if, on occasions,
he refuses to do so.

ija
c:> have money to burn
People do not always know this and are quite shocked if their
To have more money than you need, so that you spend it on good faith is called in question. An old and very wealthy friend

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unnecessa1y things of mine told 1ne he had an extremely unpleasant experience. He .
went to a fatuous jewelry shop which canied a large stock of
Unless you've got money to burn, these expe11sive guitars percious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces.
are probably not for you. ·
ed After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly
fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay by check. The
assistant said tnat this was quite in order, but the moment my
.s
friend signed his name, he was invited into the 1nanager's office.
The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone
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with exactly the same name had presented them with a wo1thless
check not long ago. My friend got very angry when be heard this
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and said he would buy a necklace somew·here else. Vlhen he got

up to go, the 1nanager told him that the police would arrive at
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A Genem I English Course 148 Unit Seven
Unit Seven 149 A General Ertglish Course

any moment, and he had better stay unless he wanted to get into
serious trouble. Sure enough, the police arrived soon afterwards. ughte

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They apologized to my friend for the inconvenience, but
explained that a person who had used the same name as his was
responsible for a number of recent robberies.Then the police
asked my friend to copy out a note which had been used by the

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thief in a nu1nber of shops. The note read: "I have a gun in 1ny
pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the

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drawer." Fortunately, 1ny friend's hand'vvriting was quite unlike
the thief's. He was not only allowed to go without further delay,

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but to take the string of pearls with him.

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Oral Practi.ce
I .What is the main point in the story?
2. Explain the story to your classmates.

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3. Have you ever had such an experience mentioned in the The Smart Doctor
story?
4. Ask your friend so1ne questions based on the story? A sick n1an went to a doctor he hadn't visited before. As be
entered the office, he noticed a sign: "$20 first visit, $1 o
ed
subsequent visits" To save few bucks, he greeted the doctor by
saying, "Nice to see you again." The doctor nodded his hello
then began the exam, his expression turning grave as he prodded'
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the ill 1nan. "Doc., what is it?" the patient asked, "What should I
do?" "Well," the doctor said setting his stethoscope down, "Just
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keep doing the same thing I told you to do the last ti1ne you were
here."
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A Genera I English Course 150 Unit Seven

Answer these questions.

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1. What was the doctor's rate?
2. Did the sick man pay?
3. Upon entrance, what did the sick 1nan say to the doctor?
4. What did he mean by saying that? Rapid Review.~of Grammar (II)

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5. What did the doctor respond?

Section Five

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Joke

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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
The Longest Word?
What is the longest word in the English language?

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INTRODUCTION:
Answer: 'Smiles'. Because there is a mile between its first and
last Ietters ! An adjective clause is a dependent clause that 1nodifies a noun. It

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describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun.
mile (noun): a measure of distance = 1,760 yards or 1.6 An adjective clause is also called a relative clause.
kilometers Adjective clause pronouns:
An adjective clause uses pronouns to connect the dependent
ed clause to the independent clause. The adjective clause pronouns
are who, whom, which, that, and whose. Adjective clause
pronouns are called also "relative pronouns". •
.s
Adjective clause pronouns used as the subject
Honor a) The doctor who (or that) came to see the sick wotnan gave
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her some n1edicine.

"Why is it," asked a Frenchtnan of a Swiss, "that you Swiss b) Toe tree which (or that) was planted last year already has
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always fight for money, while we French only fight for honor?" blossoms.
"I suppose," said the Swiss, "that each fight for what they most As you see in these examples who / ,vhich / that are used as the
subject of the adjective clauses.
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lack."
 152 Section Five Section Five 153 A Genera I English Course
A Genera I English Course

Who is used only for people. 3_. An object pronoun is often 01nitted from an adjective clause.
WWch is used for things. However, a subject pronoun 1nay not be omitted.
That is used for both people and tWngs. Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of prepositions;

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a) That book which is on the table is mine. Sometimes a preposition is used with a relative pronoun, for
b) * The book is 1nine which is on the table. (incorrect) exa1nple, with which, for which, to who1n.

The preposition is part of~ the adjective clause , and it is

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Example b, is incorrect because an adjective clause closely
detern1ined by the verb and the meaning you want to
follows the noun it modifies.
communicate.

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Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a verb
The 111an was Mr. Jones. I saw him. She is the woman. I told you about her.
a) The man v1ho (m) I saw was Mr. Jones. a) She is the wo1nan about whom I told you.

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b) The man that I saw was Mr. Jones. b) She is the wo1nan who(m) 1 told you about.
c) The 1nan )8(1 saw was Mr. Jones. c) She is the woman that I told you about.
d) She is the won1an )8( I told you about.

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I a1n looking for the sy1nphony. He bought it last week. The company e1nploys 1nany people . She works for it.
a) I a1n looking for the symphony which he bought last week. a) The company for which she works employs many people.
b) I am looking for the symphony that he bought last week. b) The company which she works for employs many people.
c) I am looking for the symphony )8( he bought last week.

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c) The co1npany that she works for employs 111any people.
)8( means that we can 01nit the relative pronoun. d) The company )8( she works for employs many people.

Usual patterns of adjective clauses

NOTE:
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Who is used for people. In everyday infonnal usage, often one adjective clause patte1n is .
W11ich is used for things. used more commonly than another.
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That is used for both people and things.
As subject pronoun referring to people who is more conunon
1. That maybe replaced with "who1n or which " as object of the
than that.
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clause.
As a subject pronoun referring to animal and things, that is more
2. Who1n is generally used in very formal English. -Who is
com1non than which.
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usually used instead of whom. And finally object pronouns are co1nmonly 01nitted in speaking.
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 154 Section Five Section Five 155 A Genera/ E1Jglish Course
A General English Course

10. We are studying sentences. They contain adje.ctive clauses.

Notes: 11. The girl is happy. She won the race.

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I. A preposition is never itnmediately followed by that or who. If
12. I ran into a woman. I had gone to ele111entary school with her.
the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause,
only whom or which maybe used.
USING WHOSE
2. In informal English the preposition comes after the subject

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and verb of the adjective clause. However, in formal English,
the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause. Whose is used to show possession . It carries the sa1ne tneaning

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as other possessive pronouns used as adjectives: his, her, its and
their.
Like his , her , its and their , whose is connected tto a noun .
EXERCISE 1

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His bicycle ----- whose bicycle
Directions: Combine the sentences using the second sentence as
an adjective clause. Whose replaces a possessive expression for:

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1. Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata is a great piece of music. I
listen to it whenever I play my records.
1. People
He is a conductor. This conductor's orchestra is well known.
He is a conductor whose orchestra is well known.

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2. Prof. Emery has ,vritten a very controversial book. Everyone
2. Things
is talking about hinJ these days. The house needs a lot of repair work. The roof of the house is
3. J have a friend .He has many beautiful classical records. very old.
The house whose roof is very old needs a lot of repair work.
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4. I really enjoy the symphony. The symphony is by Beethoven.

5. Che1nistry can be enjoyable. Chemistry is a difficult subject. NOTES:

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6. He is the friend. I visited him last week. 1. Although "whose" 1nay express a possessive relationship for
things, 1nany native speakers sometimes use a "with" phi-ase.
7. Dr. Jones is the 1nan .I have talked about him many ti1nes. The house with the old roof needs a lot of repair works.
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8. This is the hospital. He has worked in this hospital for several 2. Never omit ,vhose from an adjective clause.
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years.
9. I must thank the people. I got a present from them.
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 Section Five Section Five 157 A General English Course
A General English Course 156

USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

EXERCISE 2 When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time.

Directions: Con1bine the two sentences by using whose.
I. The crowd of soccer fans shouted loudly. Their excitement
was evident.
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I'll never forget the day. I met you then. (on that ti1ne)
a) I'll never forget the day when I rnet you.
b) I'll never forget the day on which Tmet you.
c) I'll never forget the .day that I met you.
d) 1'11 never forget t~e day :@: I met you.

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2. I agree with the students. Their decision is to cancel all final
exams. EXERCISE 3

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3. Their bouse was almost destroyed. The roof of the house was Directions: Combine the sentences by using either where or
blown off. when to introduce an adjective clause.

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4. The people were nice. We visited their house. 1. There was a ti1ne . Movies cost a dime then.

5. Mr. North teaches a group of students. Their native language 2. That is the place .The accident happened there.

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is not English.
3. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.
6. I read about a child. Her life was saved by her pet dog.
4. Monday is the day. We will come then.

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7. We saw some people. Their car had broken down.
5. Summer is the titne of year. The weather is the hottest then.
8. A widow is a woman. Her husband is dead.
USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE
ed CLAUSES
USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective clause may contain an cxpressiou of quantity with
Where is used in an adjective clause to talk about a place. It is of. (some of, many of, none of, two of ... )
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used to modify a place.
In 1ny class there are twenty students. Most of thetn are from the
NOTE: Far East.
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If where is used, a preposition is not includ~d in the adjectives In my class there are twenty students most of who1n are from Far
clause. East.
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This is the record store. My friend works in it.

This is the record where my friend works. He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.
This is the record store in which rny friend works. He gave several reasons, only a few of\vhich ,vere valid.
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This is the record store which my friend works in.

>
 158 Section Five Section Five 159 A GerJel'al English Course
A General English Course

NOTES: EXERCISE 5

1. The expression of quantity precedes the pronoun. Directions: Restate the following sentences so that an adjective

2. Only whom, which and whose are used in this pattern.
3. Adjective clauses that begin with an expression of quantity are
more comtnon in writing than speaking.
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clause modifies the entire statement.
l. Max isn't home yet. That worries 1ne.
2. The little boy brought his pet frog to class. This surprised the

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teacher. ·~
4. A co1TI1na is used before tbese adjective clauses . •
3. John made high grades on his exam. This made his parents

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happy.
EXERCISE 4 4. My roommate never picks up after herself .This irritates me.

Directions: Combine the two sentences.
l. The toys were returned to the manufacturer. Most of them
were damaged in transit.
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5. She hadn't saved any money. That was unfortunate.
NECESSARY VERSUES UNNECESSARY ADJECTIVE

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CLAUSES
2. The me1nbers of the band cmne from all parts of the city. TI1e ·
1najority of them were amateurs. A necessary adjective clause is needed to identify the noun and
make the meaning of the sentence clear. Look at the following

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3. The city has sixteen schools. Two of them are junior colleges. examples:
a) My brother who lives in Chicago got married yesterday.
USING WIDCH TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE
ed b) My brother, who lives in Chicago, got married yesterday.
In example a, the speaker has two or more brothers. We don't
Using which to modify a whole sentence is informal and occurs know which brother got married. In example b, the speaker only
most frequently in spoken English. This st1ucture is not bas one brother. The adjective clause gives additional
.s
appropriate in formal writing, however, it is preceded by a information about him, which is not needed.
com1na to reflect a pause in speech.
Tom \Vas late. That surprised me.
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Tom was late, which surprised me.

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 om
Section Six

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NOUN CLAUSES

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INTRODUCTION:

A noun clause consists of a subject and predicate that

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functions as a noun. A noun clause is used as a subject or an
object in the same way as a noun phrase. Re1nember no comma
precedes or follows a noun clause.

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NOTE:

A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a verb. A

clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.
ed
a) I heard his story.
b) I heard what he.said.
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In a, his story is a noun phrase. It is used as the object of the
sentence.
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In b, what he said is a noun clause. It is used as the object of the

verb heard.
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 Sccrio11 Six Sectio11 Six 163 A Genera I Eng/is/, Course
A General English Course 162

NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTION 7) (Why is he angry?) ------------------------ is none of our business.
WORD: 8) (What were they talking about?) We didn't hear-------------.

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Question words (when, where, how, who, whom, wbat,.which)
are subordinators introducing the noun clause that has its own 9) (Where does she live?) I like ---------------------------------.
subject and verb. 10) (Who is she ?) I don't know-----------------------------.

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NOTES: NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNlNG WITII WHETHER OR IF
J) In a noun clause, the subject precedes the verb.

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When a yes/ no question is changed to a noun clause, whether
2) Do not use question word order in a noun clause. -or if is used to introduce the clause.

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3) Does, did or do are used in questions, but not in noun clauses. Can they afford to buy a house?
They wonder whether they can afford to buy a h.ouse.
Question Noun clause
NOTE:

Where does she live?
Why has she left the children alone?
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I don't la1ow where she lives.
I can't W1derstand why she has
Whether is more acceptable in formal English, but if is quite
left the children alone.
conunonly used, especially in speaking.

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What did they say? I don't know what they said.
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 1
Dfrections: Change the questions to noun clause .Begin your
ed
Directions: Change the questions in parentheses to a noun clause.
responses with "I wonder .. .. "
1) (How old is he?) I don't know -------------------.
1) Will the audience laugh at tbe new clown?
2) (How much does it cost?) I can't remember--------------------,
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2) Did he lock the front door?
3) (Why did they leave the country?) ----------------- is a secret.
3) Where is your dictionary?
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4) (What are we doing in class?)------------------- ts easy. 4) Should you call him?

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5) (Who is the 1nayor of New York City?) I don't know----------. 5) Is he a rich man?
6) (Why are they quarreling?) -------------------- is a private matter. 6) Is there life in other planets?
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 SecliOll Six Section Six 165 A General E11glish Course
A Genera I Eiiglish Course 164

NOUN CLAUSES WITH INFINITIVE ABRIDGMENT

NOUN CLAUSES BIGINNING WITH THAT
Abridgment with infinitives occurs most often with noun clause

objects that are derived fr01n questions. Question words (where ,
,vhen ,how ,who,, whom , whose , what , which and whether)
maybe followed by an infinitive.
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The word that, when it introduces a noun clause , has no
meaning in itself. It sin1ply 1narks the beginning of the clause.
When the word that is us.ed as the object of the verb, it is
frequently omitted. But, when it introduces a noun clause used as

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NOTE: the subject of a sentence It is not omitted.

The abridged noun clause and the complete noun clause have NOTE:

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the same meaning.
More commonly, the word it functions as the subject and the
a) He told me when I should go. noun clause is placed at the end of the sentence.

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He told me when to go.

b) Please tell 1ne how I can get to the bus station. That clause as the object of the verb:
Please tell me how to get to the bus station. a) I think that the train arrives late.

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I think the train arrives late.
EXERCISE3 That clause as the subject of the verb:
Directions: Replace the word this with an abridged noun clause b) That she doesn't understand English js obvious.

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based on the second sentences. It is obvious (that) she doesn't understand English.

1) We haven't decided this. EXERCISE4

When should we hold the party?
ed
----------------------------------------------------------------- --- Directions: Co1nplete your sentences with your own words .

2) She is showing the children this. 1) It is my belief that--------------------------------------------

How should they draw a tree?
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2) It is clear that drug-----------------------------------------.--
------------------------------------------------------------ . -- ---
4) I have forgotten this. 3) It is tlue that ----------------------------------------,----------
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Which road should I take to get to the lake?

4) It is my belief that --------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------·--------- ---
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5) We should decide this. 5) It is quite clear that -------------------------------------------

Where shall we put all the new furniture?
-- ----
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--------------------------------------------------------
 Section Six Section Six 167 A General English Course
A General English Course 166

EXERCISE 6
EXERCISE 5
Directions: Give the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
Directions: Combine the following sentences using a that clause.

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1. Her advisor recommended that she (take) -------- five cow·ses.
1. Moha1IDnad Ali beca1ne a 1nillionaire. This doesn't surprise
anyone. 2. Roberto insists that the new baby (name) ------------- after his
2. Many companies use famous people. to sell their products on grand father.
-~

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T.V. This is not unusual.
3. They requested that we (call, not)-------------- after midnight.
3. Ali had a very successful boxing career. This can not be denied.
4. It is essential that I (see)--------------- you tomorrow.

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4. He won 1nore than fifty fights . This is on record.
5. John passed the course. This surprised everybody. REPORTED SPEECH: VERB FORMS IN NOUN CLAUSES.

USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES
That clauses after verbs like suggest, request, require, urge,
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Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what
someone has said . No question 1narks are used .If the reporting
verb (the main verb of the sentence ,e.g., said) is sin1ple past the

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need the simple form of the verb. This simple form is used verb in the noun clause will also be past form .
regardless of the tense of the 1nain verb.
A subjunctive verb uses the si111ple form of a verb. It doesn't The train arrives late. He said the train an-ived late.
have present, past, or future fonns; it is neither singular nor The train is arriving. He said the train was arriving.

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plural. Sentences with subjunctive verb generally stress
importance or urgency.
a) The doctor advised that Bob remain in the hospital.
ed
b) I have suggested that we send him a card.
The simple fonn of the verb is used after the following verbs:
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advise, demand, insist, prefer, recommend, command,
desire, order, propose, request, suggest, urge.
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The train arrived late. He said the train had arrived late.
The train has just arrived. He said the train had just arrived.
The train will arrive soon. He said the train would an-ive soon.
The train may be arriving soon.
He said the train might be arriving soon.
When the reporting verb is simple present , present perfect or
future , the noun clause verb is not changed .
"I watch TV everyday." She says she watches TV everyday.
"I watch TV everyday." She has said she watches TV everyday.

NOTE:
In such clauses negatives are n1ade by the use of not before In repo1ted speech, an iJnperative sentence is changed to an
infinitive.
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the verb.
Tell is used instead of say as the reporting verb.
Negative: not+ simple fonn
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c) The nurse recommended that we not stay too long . "Watch TV." She told me to watch TV.
A General English Course 168 Section Six

NOTES:
l) Should, ought to , might do not change to a past form .

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2) Sometimes in spoken English no change is made in the noun
clauses verb, especially if the speaker is reporting
so1nething in1mediately after it was said. Section Seven

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EXERCISE7
Directions: Change to indirect speech. Make necessary changes SUBJECT- l'ERB AGREEMENT

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in pronouns.
SUBJECTS WHICH TAKE A PLURAL VERB
1) He said, "I need more time to get ready."

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1. Subjects joined by "and" or "both" take a plural verb.
2) He said, "I haven't seen Diane recently." Fruit and vegetables are good for you.

3) He said, "My sister has a baby." 2. The words "several", "both", "many ", and "few" always take

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a plural verb:
4) He said, "I want to go on holiday, but I can't afford it." A few have failed the test.

5) He said, "I don't kno\.v what Frank is doing." 3. The word "police" also takes a plural verb.

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6) He said, "My car was stolen a few days ago. SUBJECTS WHICH. MAY TAKE EITHER A SINGULAR
OR A PLURAL VERB
7) Pedro said, "I will help you." The words below may take a singular or plural verb depending
ed on the noun which follows them:
8) "Do you need a pen? "Annie asked.
none, no, all, some, most, half, any, majority .
11
9) Jennifer asked, \.vhat do you want?" None of the information was made public.
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None of the answers are correct.
10) Oscar asked, "\Vhat are you talking about?"
EXERCISE 1
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Directions: Choose the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

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1. Neither Many nor her friends (is/ are) going to the party.
2. A number of graduates (have/ has) received scholarships from
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this departinent.
A General English Course 170 Section Seven

3. All of the money (was/ were) found.

4.Every man and woman (have /has) the right to vote.

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5.The number of car accidents (is/are) increasing every year.

6. Both coin and wheat (is/are) grown in Kansas.

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7. Most of our furniture (is /are) in storage.

8. My new pairs of pants (is/are) at the cleaners. Section Eight

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9. The Chinese (was/were) drinking tea in the 2000 B.C.
THE PASSIVE

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l 0. The police (is /are) on the alert for the escaped convict.

EXERCISE2
The pas_sive is formed by: be + past participle.

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Directions: Correct the errors in subject - verb agreement. In ~ass1ve sentences the object of an active verb beco1nes the
subject of the passive verb:
1. The books in my office is very valuable to me.
Active: Columbus discovered America.

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2. All of the employees in that co111pany is required to be
Passive: America was discovered by Columbus.
proficient in a second language.
3. Listening to very loud music at rock concerts have caused NOTES:
hearing loss in some teenagers.
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1. Only_ transit_ive verbs (that is, verbs that talce an object) are
4. Many of the satellites orbiting the earth 1s used for used rn passive.
communications.
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2. The passive i~ used when it is more convenient or ilnportant to
5. About two- thirds of the Vietnamese works in agriculture. stress the th1?g done than who performed it, or when the
person who did the action is not known:
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6. Seventy- five percent of the people of New York City lives in Active: The thief stole my wallet.
upstairs apa1tments, not on the ground floor. Passive: My wallet was stolen. (more usual)
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A Gener/fl English Course 172 Section Eight Section Eight 173 A Genera I English Course

FORMING THE PASSIVE 5. The students are going to hold the 1neeting.

Active passive 6. Peter is writing the report.

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The secretary opens the mail The mail IS opened by the
secretary. 7. They will discuss the matter at their next n1eeting.
The secretary is opening the The mail is being opened by
8. The police caught the thief.
mail. the secretary.

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USING THE PASSIVE
The secretary has opened the The mail has been opened by
majJ. the secretary.
In English the passive is used in the following instances:

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The secretary opened the mail. The mail was opened by the
secretary.
1. It is rnore interesting or important to emphasize what
The secretary was opening the TI1e n1ail was being opened by

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happened rather than who or what pe1formed the action.
mail. the secretary.
The secretary had opened the The mail had been opened by There was a terrible storm last night .Hundreds of houses were
mail. the secretary. destroyed.

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The secretary will open the The mail will be opened by the
mail. secretarv. Using by is unnecessary.
Tbe secretary is going to open The mail is going to be opened
the mail. by the secretary. 2. The doer of the action is unknovtn. The subjects of such

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sentences are words such as "they", "people", "somebody",
The secretary will have opened The mail will have been etc.
the mail. opened by the secretary.
S01neone stole my car. My car was stolen.
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EXERCISE 1 "By'' can not be used because tbe doet is unknown.
.
Directions: Change the sentences from active to passive.
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3. The doer of the action is known, but the speaker or writer does
1. The students will receive the results tomon-ow. not want to name the person who n1ade a state1ment or did
something ,vrong.
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2. The counselor has seen the student.

The teacher niined the top of the desk accidentally.
3. The mailman had already delivered the mail. The top of the desk \Vas ruined accidentally.
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4. Lightning hits many tall buildings. Using "by" is unnecessary.

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A Genera J English Course 174 Section Eight Section Eig/Jt 175 A Gc11cral Eng/isl! Course

4. The doer of the action is obvious. INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS

The letter will be picked up after l :00. (The mailman will pick it

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Some sentences contain both a direct and an indirect object .
up)
Someone gave J,im a thousand dollars.
Using "by" is unnecessary.
Either the indirect or direct object can become the subject of the
passive sentence.

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NOTE:
Ile was given a thousand dollars.
The by- phrase is included only if it is important to know who

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performs an action, as in the following example: A thousand dollars were given to him.

Life of the Mississippi was written by Mark Twain. NOTE:

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When the direct object becomes the subject of the passive
EXERCISE2 sentence, so1netimes the sentence may need a preposition to
n1ake-the sentence sound more natural.
Directions: Change the active sentences to passive sentences if

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possible. The teacher gave sue a perl'ect score on her composition.
A perfect score was given ro sue on her composition.
1. People grow corn in Iowa.

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2. An accident happened at the comer of Fifth and Main. EXERCISE3

3. Translators have translated that book into many languages. Directions: Give any possible way of restating the fo11owing
sentences in the passive.
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4. Jim's daughter drew that picture.
l. The company will give us the guarantee in writing.
5. My sister's plane will arrive at 10 : 35.
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6. When is someone going to announce the results of the contest? 2. She sent her husband a telegram.

7. Jackie scored the winning goal. 3. The teacher gave 1ne a pen.
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8. My cat died. 4. The waiter found us a table.

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9. Timmy dropped the cup. 5. Someone handed Ann a menu at the restaurant.

6. Indiana University has awarded Reza a scholarship.

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10. It rained hard yesterday.

A General Englisl1 Course 176 Secti on Eight Section Eight 177 A Genera I English COIIJ'SC

EXERCISE 4 4. A: Is the plane going to be late?

B: No. tt ------------- to be on time.
Directions: Complete the sentences in the passive fonn.

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5. The Amazon valley is extremely important to the ecology of
1. The door (open) eve1y morning.
the earth. Forty percent of the \VOrld's oxygen ------------- there.
2. The windows in the new lecture hall (paint) next month.
THE PASSIVE FORM OF ¾'fODALS

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3. Yesterday John (punish) for not going to school.
modal + be + past participle
4. The matter (already, discuss).

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To1n will be invited to the picnic.
5. Our house (paint) every year.

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The letter ought to be sent before June.
6. His proposal (consider) right now.
THE PAST PASSIVE FORM:
7. All the scores (report) next week.
modal + have ~een + past participle

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8. Much attention (devote) to the issue of development.
The letter should have been sent last weel<.
Jack ought to have been invited to the party.
EXERCISE 5

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Directions: Use the following words to complete these sentences EXERCISE 6
in the passive fonn.
Use any appropriate tense. Direction: Use the verb in parentheses with a modal.
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Chase, catch, cause, expect, kill, offer, produce, surround, treat I. The entire valley (see) --------------- fron1 their mountain
home. .
1. An island is ------------- by water.
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2. He is wearing a gold band on his fourth finger. He (1narry)
2. I read about a hunter who ------ accidentally ------------- by ---------------
another hunter.
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3.A child (give, not) ------------------------ everything he or she

3. Last week I ------------ a job at the local bank, but I didn't wants.
accept it.
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4. Blue whales and other endangered species (save) --------------

from extinction.
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A Genera I English Course 178 Section Eight

5. Meat (keep) -------------------- in a refrigerator or it will spoil.

6. I hope Chris _accepts ~ur job offer, but I ~mow she 's bee1

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having interviews with several companies. she (may
already, offer) a job.

7. Last semester's class was too large. It ( ought to + divide )

Section Nine

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--------------------------- in half.

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GERUNDS

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A gerund is a noun that has been formed from a verb . Any
verb can be turned into a gerund by adding"- ing" to the simple
form of the verb.

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walk, walking play , playing be, being

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Remember that ·when changing son1e verbs into gerunds,
changes in spelling may be necessary.
ed lie, lying

FUNCTION OF GERUNDS

Gerunds function as nouns in a sentence. As a noun, gerunds can

be used in the following ways:
.s
Subject Traveling is enjoyable.
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Subject complement My mother's hobby is cooking.

Direct object My family has always enjoyed traveling

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Object of a preposition l have always been interested in

learning English.
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I I
 Section Nine Section Nine 181 A General English Course
A Genera I English Course 180

GERU,NDS AFTER PREPOSITIONS

NEGATIVE FORM
To make a gerund negative, "not" 1s placed 1n front of the When a preposition is followed by a verb, the verb is in the

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gerund form:
gerund. Before going .to school , he stopped by at his friend's.
Bob regretted not seeing that movie. By listening, he quicl~r picked up the language.
The students proposed not having final exaininations.

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EXERCISE 2
NOTE:
Directions: Use gerunds to combine the sentences.

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It is important to put the word "not" immediately before the
ge1und. 1. I asked the boss for a raise.
a) Bob regretted not seeing that movie .

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This didn't do any good.
b) Bob did not regret seeing that movie .
Notice the difference in the n1eaning of the two sentences. 2. She watered the plants every day.
This 1nade them grow faster.

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EXERCISE 1 3. He looked at me suspiciously.
This made me feel uncomfortable.
Directions: Complete the following sentences with a gerund.
4. The thief returned the n1oney.

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1. Can you imagine not ------------------------- This surprised everyone.

2. On Saturday, would you prefer not ------------------------------- 5. The boy drives recklessly.
This can cause an accident.
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3. -------------------------------- depresses me sometitnes.
USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF
4. ----------------------------------is not easy in a foreign country.
PREPOSiTIONS
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5. As a child, I hated ------------------------------
A gerund is frequently used as the object of a preposition .
6. ----------------· is my favorite pastime .
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We talked about going to Canada for our vacation.

Sue is in charge of organizing the meeting .
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A Genera I English Cour.~e 182 Section Nine Section Nine 183 A (Jenera/ English Course

COMMON PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
Common verbs that are followed by gerunds are given in the list

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(be excited / be worried ) about doing it. below:
(complain/ dream/ talk/ think) about/ of doing it. appreciate forgive tolerate prevent
avoid give up suggest admit
(apologize/ blame/ forgive/ have an excuse/ have a reason/ be consider go on understand defer
.

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keep 6n
.
responsible/ thank) for doing it. delay deny 1n1ag1ne
detest mention postpone resent
(keep, prevent, prohibit, stop) from doing it. dislike n11ss risk quit

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enJoy pardon 1nind discuss
(believe, be interested , participate , succeed ) in doing it. escape practice recommend regret >

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excuse put off finish recollect
(be accused, be capable, for the purpose, be guilty, instead, take
advantage , take care, be tired) of doing it. I miss seeing my old friends.
He postponed going to the dentist because of his test.
(be accusto1ned, in addition, be committed, be devoted, look I enjoyed playing tennis.

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forward, object, be opposed, be used,) to doing it. John quit smoking.
(insist, depend , count, rely) on doing it.
EXERCISE4

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EXERCISE3 Directions: Make gerund phrases out of the words in
parentheses.
Directions: Use the words rn parentheses and cotnplete the
sentences.
ed 1. I anticipated (have, some trouble, with them)
1. I thanked 1ny friend Oend) -------------------------------------------
2. She always avoids (talk, that subject) .
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2. I don't blame you (want, not) ---------------------------------------
3. He denied (act, improperly, the matter).
3. I'm thinking (go) ------------------------------------------------------
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4. The child enjoys (listen, fairy tales).

4. In that office, who is responsible (take care of)-------·-··-··---
5. They finished (paint, house).
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5. Dr. has two jobs, in addition (work) -------------------------------

6. You must practice (play, piano) if you want to be good at it.
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 T
A GeneraI English Course 184 Section Nine Section Nine 185 A General English Course

EXERCISE 5 Sit + expression of place + ing

Stand + expression ofplace+ ing
Directions: Con1plete each sentence with an appropriate gerund . Lie+ expression ofplace+ ing

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1. I would like to have some friends over. I 'm thinking about
Find + pronoun + ing
------------ a dinner party. Catch + pronoun + ing
2. He told a really funny joke. We couldn't stop---------------!
I have trouble finding,Jlis house.

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3. Where are you considering•· ········:· ··-·-- for vacation? She sat at her desk writing a letter.
We had fun playing volleyball.

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4. Tom 1nentioned ----------------- the bus to school instead of
walking.
GERUND AFTER CERTAIN IDIOMS

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GO+ GERUND The following are some idi01ns which take a gerund:
Look forward to Take to ...
Go is followed by a gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to It's no ttse .. . can't stand .. .
It's worth .. .

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express , for the most pa1t, recreational activities. can't resist .. .
It's not worth . .. can't help .. .
go bird watching go fishing go sailing
go boating go hiking go shopping We are looking forward to seeing you soon.

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go. sledding go bowling go hunting It's not worth going there now ; it' s too late.
go sightseeing go campmg go jogging
go skating go S\vi1n1ning go running EXERCISE 6
go skiing · go window shopping
ed Directions: complete the sentences.
SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY -ING ..
l. We have a lot of fun------------- games at the picnic.
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-ing forms follow certain special expressions:
2. I spent five hours ----------------- 111y homework last night.
Have .fun I a good time+ ing
3. Babak is sitting in class ---------------- notes.
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Have trouble I difficulty+ i11g

Have a hard time I difficult time + i11g 4. We wasted our 1noney ---------------- to that movie. It was very
boring.
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Spend+ expression oftime or mo11ey + ing

\¼ste + expression oftin1e or 111011ey + ing 5. My brother is an indecisive person. I-Ie has a hard time---------
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up his mind about anything.

A General English CotJJ"se 186 Section Nille

6. When Mr. Chan walked into the kitchen, he caught the

children ------------------ some candy.

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7. A: My friend is going to Germany next 1nonth, but he doesn't
speak German. What do you suppose he will have difficulty
---------------------?
B: Well he might have trouble--------------------------
Section Ten

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8. A: What did you do yesterday?
B: I spent almost all day ----------------------------------

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INFINITIVES & GERUNDS
EXERCISE7

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Directions: Put the verbs in parentheses into the correct form. INFINITIVES:
1. I can't help (feel) anxious about the test results.
"To"+ simple form of a verb makes up the simple infinitive.

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2. She insists on (leave) early. Most people want to work.
We stopped our work to rest.
3. Playing video games (be) popular among children nowadays.

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To succeed is difficult.
4. I suggest (do) more exercise in this book.
In.initive phrase:
5. Last year he decided to stop (smoke). a) My father wants me to succeed.
ed b) I have always liked to study business.
6. He is accustomed to (work) very hard.
c) Many people like to live dangerously.
7. We look forward to (hear) from you.
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NEGATIVE FORM
8. She enjoys (swim).
To make an infinitive negative, "not" is placed in1t11ediately
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before the infinitive. However, not all infinitives can be made

negative. It depends on the meaning of the verb that precedes the
infinitive.
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Bob agreed not to help me.

l wanted not to take the test.
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 A General English Course 188 Section Ten
Section Ten 189 A General English Course

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

3. I was broke, so Jenny offered ------------------- me a little
Some verbs are follovve<l immediately by an infinitive: money.

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I hope to see you again soon.
He promised not to be late. 4 . Would you mind ---------------------- the door for me?

I was told to be here at 10:00. 5. Mrs. Jackson had wat'ned her young son -------------------- the
I expected to pass the test. hot stove.
-~

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VERB + INFINITIVE 6. Someone asked 1ne -------------------- this package.

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agree to 7. I was asked------------------ this package.
appear to ask to decide to
expect to hope to intend to offer to 8. l was advised ------------------ a new apartment.

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promise to pretend to plan to refuse to
need to seem to want to would like to
EXERCISE2

VERB + PRO(NOUN) + INFINITIVE Directions: -Use an infinitive phrase to 1nake active or passive

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sentences. Use the given clues and verbs in parentheses.
tell someone to permit sotneone to force someone to
advise son1eone to allow someone to ask someone to 1. The teacher said to me, "You 1nay leave early."

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encotu-age someone to warn so1ueone to expect so1neone to
remind someone require someone to (pe11nit) ----------------------------------------------------------- ·
need so1neone to
invite someone to would like someone to order s01neone to
want someone to 2. My advisor said to me, "You should take biology 109."
ed (advise) --------------------------------------------------------------

EXERCISE 1 3. When I went to the traffic court, the judge said to n1e, "You
must pay a fine ."
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Directions: Use a gerund or an infinitive to con1plete the (order) --------------------------------------------------------------
sentences.
4. He said to the children, " Be quiet"
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1. We're going out for dinner. Would you like ----------- us?
(tell) --------------------------------------~--------------------------
2. Fareed didn't have any money, so he decided -------------- a
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job. 5. The hijacker said to the pilot, "You must land the plane."
(force)----------------------------------------------------------------- 'I
I
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 l
A General English Course 190 Section Ten Section Ten 191 A General English Course

COMIVION VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER AN Forget+ gerund = forget something that happened in the past.
INFINITIVE OR A GERUND I '11 never forget seeing the Alps for the first time.

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Some verbs 1nay be followed by either infinitive phrase objects Regret+ infinitive = regret to say, to info1·m s01neo11e ofsome
or gerund phrase objects, sometimes with no difference in bad news.
1neaning, and sometimes .vi~ a difference in meaning.
I regret to tell you that you failed the test .
abhor attempt cannot bear cannot stand
~-

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begin cease commence continue Regret + gerund = regret so111ething that happened in the past.
decline disdain dread endure
dislike love I regret lending hitn some money. He never paid me back.

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hesitate bate
neglect plan propose regret
scorn start try Try+ infinitive = 1nake an eflort.
reme1nber

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intend I 'm trying to learn English.
It began to rain. / It began raining.
I started to Work. / I started working. Try + gerund = experiments with a new or different approach to
see ifit works.

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The verbs below may be followed by either an infinitive or a
gerund, but the meaning is different. The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but that
didn't help. I tried tumit1g on the fan, but I '"as still hot.

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ren1ember, regret, forget, try

Remember + infinitive = ren1e1nber to perform responsibility, EXERCISE3

duty or task.
Directions: Use the infinitive or gerund form of the verbs in
ed parentheses.
Reza ahvays ren1embers to lock the door.
Re1nember + gerund = remember (recall) something that
happened in the past. 1: They will begin (harvest) ------------------- the wheat today.
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2. We missed (see)---------------------- you at the meeting.
I remen1ber seeing the Alps for the first time.
3. We arranged (meet) ------------------- him at the station.
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Forget+ infinitive = forget to perform a responsibility, duty, or

task 4. I never cease (wonder) ------------------- at the stupidity of my
new neighbor.
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Sam often forgets to lock the door.

5. He likes (go) -------------------- to the zoo.
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A Genera I English Course 192 Section Ten Section Ten 193 A General English Course

6. The children love (swim) ------------------------ in the ocean. EXERCISE 5

7. I always remember (tum) ----------------------off the lights Directions: Change the following sentences so that the infinitive

before I leave the house.
8. Did you remember (give)--------------------- Jack 1ny message.
IT + INFINITIVE; GERUND AND INFINITIVE AS
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subjects are used after anticipatory it.
I. For the1n to lose their only son was a great tragedy.

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SUBJECTS 2. For him to open u~his own restaurant business would require
a great deal of money.
An infinitive or infinitive phrase can be used as the subject of the
3. To grow lune trees in a cold clin1ate is impossible.

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sentence. However the English language often uses the word "it"
as the false subject of the sentence and places the tn1e subject
4. To get him to come with us won't be easy.
after the verb.

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5. To be interrupted while he is writi~g annoys him very much.
To save is not easy. It is not easy to save.
To read is fun. It is fun to read
INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO

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It is difficult to learn a second language.
(It= to learn a second language.)
Infinitive phrases often represent alternatives for adverbial
A gerund phrase is frequently used as the subject of a sentence. clauses of purpose.

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Lea1ning a second language is difficult. In order to is used to express purpose. Tt answers the question
The phrase for (someone) may be used to specify exactly who "why?"
the speaker is talking about. ed But 1uost often "in order" is omitted.

It is easy for young children to learn a second language. He 1noved his chair in order to be closer to her.
He moved his chair to be closer to her.

EXERCISE4 NOTE:
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Directions: Make sentences beginning with it.
To express purpose, use in order to, not for, with a verb.
1. be dangerous
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For can be used to express purpose, but it is a preposition

2. not be easy and is followed by a noun object.
3. be always a pleasure
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4. be clever of * He came here for studying English. (incorrect)

5. not cost much money I went to the store for some bread.
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A Ge11era I English Course 194 Section Ten Section 1en 195 A General English Course

EXERCISE 6 Expressio~s written in italic are usually followed by infinitive

phrases with verbs such as see, learn, discover, find out, hear.
Directions: Add in order to or for whenever possible.

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1. Tom went to Shiraz-------- a business conference. we were sorry to hear the bad news.
I was surprised to see Tim at the 111eeting.
2. Tbought a screwdriver ---------- repair my bicycle.

3. M ustafa cli1nbed onto a chair----------- change a light bulb in USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

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the ceiling. '\
Infinitive phrases may follow adjectives or adverbs used with to
4. I jog three ti1nes a week---------- stay healthy. or enough.

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5. l vi1ent to the rnarket -------------- some bread and coffee. It's raining too hard for me to go out.
They're too poor to buy a house.

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6. l need to find her---------- talk to her.
Although too tneans very, but the use of too in1plies negative
7. Rita has to work at two jobs -------------- support herself and result in the speaker's mind.
her three children.

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The box is too heavy for Bob to lift.
8. My son went to the doctor ---------- a checkup. The box is very heavy, but Bob can lift it.

ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES Enough follows an adjective. It usually precedes a noun, but in

gh
very formal English, it may follow a noun. (as in. exan1ple, c)
Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by infinitives.
In general, these adjectives describe a person, not a thing. Many a) I an1 strong enough to lift that box.
of these adjectives describe a person's attitude and feeling. b) I have enough strength to lift that box.
ed c) I have strength enough to lift that box.
glad to do sonyto ready to careful to
su1prised to happy to sad to prepared to
hesitant to amazed to pleased to upset to EXERCISE 7
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anxious to reluctant to shocked to delighted to
disappointed to eager to afraid to astonished to Directions: combine the following sentences, using too or
content to proud to willing to likely to
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enough plus an infinitive phrase.

stunned to relived to ashan1ed to motivated to
certain to lucky to fortunate to l. She is intelligent. She can't be deceived by such a lie.
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determined
2. I don't have much carbon paper. I can't make five copies.
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3. The car is very large. Tt can seat six people comfortably.

A General English Course 196 Section Te11

4. They are very far ahead. We can't catch up with thetn.

5. The professor spoke slowly. The foreign students understood

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him. REFERENCES:

6. He's very stingy. He won't buy his wife a good coat.

Azar, B. S. (200 I). Understa1iding and Using English Grammar (3rd
7. Thave very much homework. I can't go to the movie with you.

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ed.). l.
8. That ring is too expensive. I can't buy it.
Longinan: Pearson Education Company.

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EXERCISE 8
Broukal, M., & Woods, E . N. (1991) NTC 's Preparation for the

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Directions: supply an appropriate form, gen1nd or infinitive, of TOEFL. NTC Publishing group : National Textbook Company.
the verb in parentheses.

1. Keep (talk) -----------------------. I'1n listening to you. Frank, M. (1972). Modem English. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.

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2. He suggested (go) ------------- (ski) --------------- m the
mountain this weekend. Murphy, R. (2004). English Gra1nmar in use (3rd ed.). Cambridge

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University Press .
3. Could you please stop (whistle) ------------------? I'm trying
(concentrate) ----------------- on 1ny ,vork.
Philips, D. (2001). Long1nan Complete Course for the TOEFL TEST.
4. My brother finally decided (quit)--------------------- his present
ed
job and (look for)-------------------------- another one. Longinan: Pearson Education Company.

5. Toshi was allowed (renew)-------------------- his student visa.

-Pollock, C. W. (1982). Conmnmicate What You Mean. New Jersey:
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6. She told us (wait, not) --------------------------- for her. Englewood Cliffs.
7. Hassan volunteered (bring) -------------- some food to the
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reception.
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 om
ANSllER KEY: Section One

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EXERCISE 1

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1. washes 2. 'n1 still waiting
3. is snowing ... doesn't snow 4.are going

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5. takes 6.is writing
7. is staying ... stays 8. am learning ... is teaching
9. does your brother do? ... isn't working
10. is working ... serves ... is taking ... is trying

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EXERCISE 2

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1. was waiting ... a1rived
2. were you driving ... happened
3 .didn't know
4. wanted
ed 5.dropped ... was doing ... didn't break
6.didn't want... was raining
7.didn't hear ... was sleeping
8.opcned ... found
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9. was waiting
IO.did you hear .. .wasn't listening
... was thinking
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11.was she wearing

12.was snowing ... was shining ... was shoveling ... was lying
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13. was sitting

14. n1ade
15. believed ... was
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A Genera I English Course 200 /\11swerKey Aoswer Key 201 A General English Course

EXERCISE 3

1.. .I always eat breakfast. ANSlVER KEY: Section Two

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2. Portugal lies ...
3. As a verb" sink" n1eans ... what does it mean as a no1m?
4. Anna raised ... Exercise 1
5 .. .] found a really ...
-~-

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6 ... they were singing
7. Children learn ... in what they study 1. has been just lecturing
8. he was working ...I saw him. 2. have you ever tasted

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9. Do you believe in God? 3. have been knocking .. . has answered
10 .. .it tastes really great. 4. have been waiting
5. have visited

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6. has ever had

Exercise 2

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I. He has lost it.
2. She has broken her leg.
3. has improved

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4. has fallen

ed Exercise 3

1. didn't have ... arrives

2. are ... have been .. .is ... has had
3. came ... have learned
4. has changed ... arrived
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5. haven't had .. . have had
6. has advanced
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7. has changed ... were ...have beco1ne ... has also chanoed
e,
8. have already taken ... took
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A Genern I English Cor1J'se 202 Answer Key Answer Key 203 A General English Course

Exercise 4
1. has failed ... has been practicing ... has made

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2. has been worried ANSWER KEY: Section Three
3. bas been looking
4. have l:1own
5. has been Exercise 1

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6. has lived/ has been living
7. has been snowing 1. will end .. . are going to go
8. have had 2. is going to be

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9. has been ringing 3.will translate
10. haven't seen ... have you been doing 4.is coming .. .is traveling .. .arrives

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5. will get
EXERCISE 5 6.are going ... starts
7. will get
1. answered ... had hung up 8. am going

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2. had put on ... opened... discovered ... had left 9. I am going to watch
3. changed .. . had already seen IO.arrive
4. said ... had began
5. had not reported . ..were

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6. had already given ... got Exercise 2
7. was .. . had stopped l. is studying . .. has also taken ... begin
8. had never seen ... visited 2. will be attending
ed 3. is taking ... fell
Exercise 6 4. has experienced
1. have been waiting. 5. are you planning/ have you planned
6. studied I spent
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2. had been studying
3. had been daydrea111ing 7. received ... have been trying
8. phones
4. had been jogging
9. anives / ,vill arrive
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5. had reached
10. have known
Exercise 7
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1. since 2.for 3.for 4.since 5.for

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A Genera I English Cout'se 204 A1JswerKey Al>siWJ1· Key 205 A Ge11era I English Course

2. He walks to work everyday so that he could save a few

dollars.
ANSlVER KEY: Section Four

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3. In order that they could finish the building at the scheduled
Exercise 1 ti1ne, they are working day and night.
1. you should cook the dinner. 4. So that the flowers should be fresh for the party, they will be
2. he went to bed . delivered as late mthe evening as possible.

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3. cleaning 1ny rootn , I can watch TV.
4. I have a lot of extra work to do.

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5. she loved to draw. Exercise 6
Exercise 2 1. She is so emotional that every thing upsets her.

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2. He ran so fast that I could not catch up with him.
1. we worked day and night. 3. It was such a salty popcorn that no one could eat it.
2. you should keep on trying. 4. It was such a crowded theater that we could hear nothing.
3. he has a ten-ible personality.

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4. I walked all the way home. Exercise 7
5. he doesn't get much exercise.
1. As soon as the other passengers get on the bus, we'll leave.

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Exercise 3 2. Just before I stood up to give my speech, I got butterflies in
my stomach.
1. even though
3. As soon as the singer finished her song, the audience burst
2. even though into applause.
3.even though ... because 4.because
ed 4. Since they moved into an expensive apa1tment, they have.
become ve1y snobbish.
Exercise 4 5. Before he decided to go into business fo1 h.i.1nself, he had
J. while in others it is tea. worked for 1nany other people.
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2. whereas a circle is round.
3. while others can-y many advertise1nents.
Exercise 8
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4. whereas others take pleasure in doing good.

1. vton't do .. .has seen /sees
2. fires / has fired ... will be
Exercise 5
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3. was watering ... started

1. He decided to take a trip around the world in order that he 4. had scarcely finished ... started
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might learn about different people and their customs. 5. make/ have made ... will own
~
A Gc1Jern I English Course 206 Answer Key Answer Key 207 A Genera I English Course

Exercise 9

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1. had already delivered the mail. ANSWER KEY: Section Five
2. I come over.
3. She was 10 years old.
4. they're giving political speeches . Exercise 1
5. I enjoyed it.

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I. Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata to which I listen whenever I
Exercise 10 · play my records is a great piece of music.

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2. Prof. Emery who(rn) everyone is talking about has w1itten a
1. you work hard very controversial book.
2. We are not going to the park ... 3. I have a friend who (that) bas many beautiful classical records.

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3. you can speak German. 4. I really enjoy the syrnphony which (that) is by Beethoven.
4. I'm in a hurry. 5. Chemistry which (that) is a difficult subject can be enjoyable.
5. you have difficulty finding our house. 6. He is the friend who(m) I visited last week.
6. you have any information about the crime. 7. Dr. Jones is the 1nan about who1n I have talked tnany ti1nes.

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7. I have enough money. 8. This is the hospital in which he has worked for several years.
8. it malfunctions. 9. I must thank the people frmn whom 1 got a present.
9. n1y parents decide to come for a visit. 10. We are studying sentences which (that) contain adjective

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10. The picnic will be canceled .. . clauses.
11. The girl who \Von the race is happy.
Exercise 11 12. I ran into a \VOtnan with whom I had gone to elementary
school.
ed
l. He can go to school only ifhe gets a scholarship.
2. In case / in the event that you need more information, you can
call me. Exercise 2
3. Even ifhe apologizes to 1ne, I won't forgive him.
.s
4. You have to hand in your examination paper whether you are 1. The crowd of soccer fans whose excitement was evident,
finished or not. shouted loudly.
5. My grandfather wears his gray sweater whether or not the
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2. I agree with the students, whose decision is to cancel all final

weather is cold. exan1s.
3. Their house whose roof was almost destroyed was blown off.
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4. The people whose house we visited were nice.

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A General English Course 208 Answer Key Answer Key 209 A Genera I English Course

5. Mr. North teaches a class for students whose native language

is not English.
6. I read about a child whose life was saved by her pet dog. ANSWER KEY: Section Six

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7. We saw some people whose car had broken down.
8. A widow is a woman whose husband is dead
EXERSISE 1
Exercise 3 1. hO'w old he is.

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2. how much it costs.
1. There was a time when movies cost a dime.
3. Why they left the country ... ..
2. That is the place where the accident occurred.

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4. What we are doing in class .... .
3. The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful.
5. who the mayor of New York City is.
4. Monday is the day when we will come.
6. Why they are quarreling ...

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5. Summer is the time of year when the weather is the hottest.
7. Why he is angry .....
8. what they were talking about.
Exercise 4 9. where she lives.
10. \vho she is.

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1. The toys, most of which had been da1naged in transit, were
retu1ned to the manufacturer. EXERCISE2
2. The me1nbers of the band, the 1najority of whom were

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amateur, came from all parts of the city. 1. I wonder whether /if the audience will laugh at the new clown.
3. The city has sixteen schools, two of which are junior colleges. 2. I wonder whether /if he locked the front door.
3. I \Vonder where my dictionary is.
Exercise 5 4. I wonder whether I should call him.
ed 5. I wonder if /whether he is a rich man.
l. Max isn't home yet, which worries me. 6. I wonder whether /if there is life on the other planets.
2. The little boy brought his pet frog to class which surprised the
teacher. EXERCISE3
.s
3. John made high grades on bis exam, which made his parents
happy. l . We haven't decided when to hold the party.
4. My roommate never picks up after herself, which irritates me. 2. She is showing the children how to draw a tree.
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5. She hadn't saved any money, which was unfortunate. 3. I don't know whether to buy the red dress or the blue one.
4. I have forgotten which road to take to get to the lake.
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5. We shall decide where to put all the new furniture.

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A Genera I English Course 210 Answer Key Answer Key 2 11 A Genera I EJ/Jglish Course

EXERSJSE4

1 .... the war between those two countries will end. ANSWER KEY: Section seven

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2 .... drug abuse can ruin one's health.
3 .... smoking can cause cancer.
4 .... god helps those that help themselves.
EXERCISE 1
5 ....he doesn't really try.

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1. are
EXERCISES 2.have
3. was

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1. That Mohammad Ali became a millionaire doesn't surprise 4. has
anyone. 5. is
2. That many companies use famous people to sell their products

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6. are
on TV is not unusual. 7. is
3. That he had a very successful boxing career can not be denied. 8. are
4. That he won 1nore than fifty fights is on record. 9. were

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5. That John passed the course surprised everybody. 10. are

EXERCISE 6 EXERCISE 2

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1. take 2. be named 3. not call 4. see
l. are
2. are
EXERCISE 7 3. has
ed 4. are
1. He said (that) he needed more time to get ready. 5. work
2. He said (that) he hadn't seen Diane recently. 6. live
3. He said (that) her sister had a baby.
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4. He said (that) he wanted to go to holiday ,but he could not
afford it.
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5. He said (that) he didn't know what Frank was doing.

6. He said (that) his car had been stolen a few days ago.
7. Pedro said (that) he would help me.
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8. Annie asked if I needed a pen. ·

9. Jennifer asked me what I wanted.
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10. Oscar asked what I was talk ing about.

A Genera I Englis/1 Course 212 Answer Key Ans,,er Key 213 A Geoera I English Course

EXERCISE 4

ANS"'-ER KEY: Section Eight 1. is opened

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2. will be painted
EXERCISE 1 3. was punished
4. has already been discussed.
1. The resu1ts will be received (by the students) to1norrow. 5. is painted
2. The student has been seen by the counselor.

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6. is being considereij
3. The mail had already been delivered (by the mail man). 7. will be reported
4. Many tall buildings are hit by lightning. 8. is being devoted

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5. The meeting is going to be held by the students.
6. The report is being written by Peter. EXERCISE 5
7. The matter will be discussed at their next meeting.

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8. The thief was caught by the police. 1. is sun·ounded
2. was hit
EXERCISE 2 3. was offered
4. is expected

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1. Com is grown in Iowa. 5. is produced
2. No change.
3. That book has been translated into many languages. EXERCISE 6

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4. That picture was drawn by Jim's daughter.
5. No change. I . can be seen
6. When are the results of the contest going to be announced? 2. must be manied
7. The winning goal was scored by Jackie. · 3. should not be given
8. No change
ed 4. 1nust/should be saved
9. The cup was dropped by Timmy. 5. must be kept
10 No change. 6. 1nay already have been offered
7. ought to have been divided
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EXERCISE 3

1. We will be given the guarantee in writing.

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2. Her husband was sent a telegram.

3. A pen was given to 1ne by the teacher.
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4. A table was found for us by the waiter.

5. Ann was handed a menu at the restaurant.
6. Reza has been awarded a scholarship by Indiana University .
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 A General English Cout se 214 Answer Key Answer Key 215 A Genera I English Course

5 ...painting the house.

6 ... playing the piano.
ANSllER KEY: Section Nine

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EXERCISE 5
EXERCISE 1 1. giving/having ·2. laughing 3. going 4. taking
1. respecting others.

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2. coming to class
3. Listening to the news 4. Living alone
5.washing the dirty dishes 6. Playing chess EXERCISE 6

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I. playing
EXERCISE2 2. doing

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3. taking
I. My asking the boss for a raise didn't do any good. 4. going
2. Her watering the plants every day made them grow faster. 5. making
3. His looking at me suspiciously n1ade 1ne feel uncon1fortable. 6. eating

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4. The thief's retu1ning the money surprised everyone. 7. doing-communicating w ith people
5. The boy's driving recklessly can cause an accident. 8. studying English.

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EXERCISE3 EXERCISE 7
l ... for lending me his book. l. feeling 2.leaving
2 ... for not wanting to go to the dentist.
3 ... of/about going to India next year.
ed 3. is 4.doing
5. smoking 6.work:ing
4 ... for taking care of ordering the paper for the copier. ?.hearing 8.swimming
5 ... to working in school office, she types 1nanuscripts for
graduate students.
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EXERCISE4
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1... having some trouble with them.

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2 ... talking about that subject.

3 ... acting the matter improperly.
4 . .. listening to the fairy tales.
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 T
A Gene1·a I English Course 216 Answer Key Answer Key 2 17 A General English Course

Exercise 4

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ANSWER KEY: UNIT TEN I. It is dangerous to ride a motorcycle without wearing a helmet.
2. lt is not easy to learn a foreign language.
3. It is always a pleasure to see you.
Exercise 1 4. It was clever of you to buy Microsoft stock when it was low.
5. It doesn't cost much money to go catnping.
1. to join 2. to get 3.to lend 4.opening

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·i.
5. not to touch 6.to deliver 7. to mail 8. to find
Exercise 5

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Exercise 2
1. It was a great tragedy for the1n to lose their only son.
1. I was permitted to leave early. (passive)

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2. It would require a great deal of money fOT him to open his
2. My advisor advised me to take Biology 109. (active) own restaurant.

3. When I went to traffic court , the judge ordered me to pay a 3. It is impossible to gro"v lime trees in a cold ~limate.

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fine.(active)
4. It "von't be easy to get him to come with us.
4. The children were told to be quiet. (passive)
5. It annoys him very much to be interrupted while he is writing.

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5. The pilot was forced to land the plane. (passive)
Exercise 6
Exercise 3
I. for 2. in order to 3 .in order to
ed 4. in order to 5.for 6. in order to
1. to harvest / harvesting
7. in order to 8.for
2. seeing
3. to meet
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4. to "vonder/v.ondering _Exercise 7
5. to go/going
6. to swim/swimming l. She is too intelligent to be deceived by such a lie.
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7. to tum 2. I don't have enough carbon paper to make five copies.

8. to give 3. The car is large enough to seat six people co1nfortably.
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4. They're too far ahead for us to catch up with the1n.

5. The professor spoke slowly enough for foTeign students to
understand hi1n.
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A Genera I English Com·se 218 Answer Key

6. He is too stingy to buy a good coat for his \Vife.

7. l have too 1nuch ho1ne'vvork to go to the movie with you.
8. That ring is too expensive for me to buy.

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Exercise 8

l . talking
Unit Eight

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2. going skiing
3. whistling .. .to concentrate
4. to quit ... look for
~~I

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5. to renew
6. not to wait
7. to bring

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the lowest part of something
bottom
T11e booi< wa.5 at the bottom ofmy bag.

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a th ing in which you can put other things
container Boxes, bottles and bags are all
containers.

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move freely
flow
Most rivers flow into the sea.
keep something in a certain way
hold
ed Hold your liead up.
join two people or things
link
The new tunnel li1Jks Britain to France.
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anything that is not a solid or a gas
liquid
Water, oil and milk are liquids.
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not tightly or firmly

Loosely
T11e rope was tied loosely round a tree.
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a combination of two or more things

mixture
Air is a mixture ofgases.
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A GeJJera I English Course 220 UJJit Eight U11it Eight 221 A General E11glish Course

not together or not joined

separate She cut the cake into eight separate

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pieces. Molecules
hard; not like a liquid or a gas
solid Everything is mad.e of tiny atotns, which are usually linked
Water becomes solid when it /i-eezes.
together in groups called molecules. Some molecules contain the

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open something completely so that you sa1ne kind of atorrit A molecule of oxygen gas contains two
spread can see all of it.
oxygen ato1ns. Other molecules contain a mixture of different
Spread out the map on tl1e table, please.

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atoms. The 1naterials made of these molecules are quite different
fro1n those made of separate atoms. Molecules of water contain
an atom of oxygen gas and two atoms of hydrogen (another gas).

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Liquid \Vater and ice are not at all like either of these!
I In solid materials, the molecules are held together very
tightly so that the material keeps its hard shape. In liquids like

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,vater, the 1nolecules are held much more loosely. They do not
have a fixed shape but flow to the bottom of their container.
Molecules in a gas are free to speed about all over the: place

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spreading out to fill the space they are in.

Look at the picture:

IReading Comprehension Exercises
ed
C

I. What are atoms?

2. What is the difference between molecules in liquids and
.s
solid materials?
3. How is the state of molecules in a gas?
4. How many atoms does a molecule of water have?
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1. What's it about?
5. How is the state of molecules in liquids?
2. Can you draw water's molecular structure?
3. How many atoms of oxygen does a molecule of water have?
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'
A General English Coui-se 222 Vnil Eighl Unit Eight 223 A Genern l English Course

I Vocabulary Exercises

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~1--- C_o_n_j_u_n_ct_i_o_n_ ___;]
A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the
list below. There are more options than needed.
A conjunction refers to words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
linked flows hold separate mixture

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Conjunctions hav~ different functions such as addition, contrast,
spread filled containers logical sequence, and result.
l. Radioactive 1naterials are stored in special.. .......... .... .. .. .

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2. This river .. ... ... .... . .. into the Caspian Sea. Listening to loud 1nusic is harmfi.11 for eai-s. Moreover, it 1nay
3. He ... ... ... . ... .. .. the tank with petrol. annoy others. (addition)

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4. Television stations around the world are ........... . Richard entei-ed univei-sity in 1986, then graduated in 1990.
by satellites. (logical sequence)
5. In 1ny school, the older children are kept .

.. ............. from the younger ones. Although he didn't feel well, he went to work (contrast)

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B. Match the words in column I with their appr~priate Activities
equivalents in column II. Insert a, b,. c, :·· 1n the

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parentheses provided. There are more options m column Complete the sentences with suitable con.junctions.
II than required. 1. There is very little rain in this region; ..... ........ , we often
have crop failure.
Column/ Colu1nnll
2. He seems very intelligible; .. .. .........., T don't think he is
~1. hold ( )
ed
a. a number of things mixed together suited for this particular job.
J-2. loosely ( ) b. hard 3. We must a ll eat proper food; .......... .... , we'll get sick.
3. spread ( ) c. not tightly or finn ly 4. Many people like to choose furniture fro1n a catalogue and
4. solid ( ) d. the lowest part of something order it; ... . .... , I prefer to buy a ready-1nade one.
.s
5. botto1n ( ) e. keep 5. The meeting was very important; ..... .. ... , not many people
f. open in all directions attended.
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g. move very quickly

Conjunctions can be listed as follow:
Moreover, in addition, and, besides, but, although, however,
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nevertheless, otherwise, then, after that, consequently, as a

result, therefore, so, ......
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A Genera I English Course 224 Unit Eight Unit Eight 225 A General E11g/ish Cow·se

om
The ~mazing Universe
q Think twice about something When 1nan beglln to search the skies with i1nproved

.c
telescopes, what he saw made h.i111 feel very small. Compared
To think very carefully before deciding to do something, because
with the universe, Ea1th seemed to be just a tiny bit of cosn1ic

ni
you know about the dangers or problems
dust.
A previous divorce can make you th.ink twice about getting Earth is only a sn1all planet perched on the edge of the

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married again. Milky Way. The Milley \Vay, our galaxy, has roughly thirty
billion stars like our sun. It is itself just one of about a hundred
c::> Food for thought
million galaxies in the known universe.

ija
Something that makes you think carefully Space is so vast, and distances are so great that there is a
problem in measuring thetn. Instead of writing down all the
The teacher's advice certainly gave me food for thought zeros, we describe these distances in light-years. A light-year is

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the distance which light, 1noving at 186,326 miles per se·cond,
travels in one year.
ed
Oral Practice
I. What did n1an feel ,vhen he looked through
.s
telescopes?
2. How many galaxies are there in the universe?
3. What does a Milky Way have?
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4. What is a light year?

5. What did you get fro1n this article?
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6. Explain the passage to your friend.

7. Ask your friend some questions.based on the passage.
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A Genera I 5nglish Course 226 Unit Eight Unit Eight 227 A Genera I English Gourse

Answer these questions.

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1. What was the first armouncen1ent about?
2. Did Dave move their car after listening to the
second am1oupcement?
3. Could they hear the third announce111ent?

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4. What was ~ue's suggestion?
5. What is the best title for this passage?

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Joke

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Poison

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A man was injected with a deadly poison, but it did not kill
ti
him. Why?
!)

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AI1swer: He was already dead!
Dave and Sue were listening to the Minneapolis weather
report at breakfast. The announcer said, "There will be three to
five inches of snow today, and a snow emergency has been
ed
declared. You must park your car on the odd-numbered side of
the street." Dave got up fro1n the breakfast table and went out to
move their car.
.s
T\VO days later they heard another radio report: "There will
be two to four inches ofsno\v today. You must park on the even-
numbered side of the street." Dave gru1nbled and went out to
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move their car. Three days later the weatherman announced,

"There will be ten to twelve inches of snow today and you must
park.... " just then the power went out and they didn't get the rest
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of the instructions. "Jeez," said Dave, "What am I going to do

now?" "Aw, Dave," Sue replied, "Just leave the car in the
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garage."
A General English Course 228 Unit Eight

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Laziness

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UlJitNine

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Lincoln admitted that he was not particularly energetic when
it came to real hard work.

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"lvly father," said he one day, "taught me how to work, but not to
love it. I never did like to work and I don't deny it. I'd rather
read, tell stories, crack jokes, talk, and laugh-anything but work."

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cause to happen
bring about The liberals wish to bring about
changes in electoral system.

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because of that; therefore
consequently He did.ti 't .do any work and
consequently-failed the exam.
become shorter, smaller, or less
ed decrease
The number of people in the village
has decreased Ji-om 200 to J00.
(n,v) (strong)wish; want very much
desire
.s
Her main desire lS to get into
u11iversity.
make or become less; decrease
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diminish
His strength bas diminished over the
years.
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because of; caused by

due to 111e accident was due to the bad
driving.
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A Genera I English Course 230 Umt Eight Unit Nine 231 A Ge11era I English Cnw·sc

do what you have planned or

promised to do
fulfill

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Jane ful.illed her dream oftraveJ/ing
around tlle world.

irregular
not regular; not happening regularly;
against the rules
}le is irregular in attending school.
~r----~
___.____~_waa_]

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'\,
happen; take place
occur 1. Do you like to live long? Why?
The a.ccidenl occurred this mort1ing.
2. When do you think you will feel old?

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the beginning of something (usually 3. What special plap. do you have for yow· old age?
onset bad)
stop happening or doing something

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prevent Her pareJJIS want to prevent ller from
getting married to him.
not mixed with anything else; clean
Growing Old
pure This shirt is pure cotton.

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Every man in this world wishes to live long, but nobody
amount measured ill relation to
wants to grow old. But this desire of man is not fulfilled.
another . Growing old is a process that begins with birth i~self and
rate The crime rate was lower in 1993 continues throughout life.

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than tllat in 1992.
When a child is born, all the parts of his body are tiny. All
a mark, shape or movement that has a
the biological processes continue with a fast speed. As man
sign special meaning
grows older, biological changes take place in the body. These
The sign said "no smoking".
ed changes cannot be prevented. Old age is the cu11nination of these
Happen biological changes.
take place We have discovered what took place Do you know which biological changes are brought about by
that uight. old age?
.s
very small With the advancement of age, biological processes slow down,
tiny
Ants are tiny insects. due to which the strength and sensitivity of man also diminish.
mass of cells forming the body of an This is because of the fact that the rate of production of proteins
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animal or a plant in the body decreases, With reduced physical activity, man starts
tissue The tissues have been destroyed and losing weight, his eyesight becomes weak and his hair goes gray.
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a scar has formed. All these are the signs of old age.
In old age, changes occur in all the cells and tissues of the
body. The cells of kidneys, liver and intestines become weak.
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 232 Unit Eigbt Voit Nine 233 A GencrnI English Course
A General English Course

Blood vessels become old, and consequently they are not able to 3. As the age advances, .................... .
carry blood and other nutrients adequately to all parts of the a. blood circulation becomes irregular
body. As a consequence, aging increases. As the age advances, b. the cells of kidneys and liver become weak

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eyes, ears, skin, teeth and digestion become weak. Blood c. eyes, ears, and digestion beco1ne weak
circulation becomes irregular. Finally life comes to an end. d. all of the above
The rate of growing old may be different for different people,
but old age spares none. However, the early onset of old age can 4. Which one is asign of old age?
a. Weakness i»,f the eyesight.

.c
be prevented by proper food and proper exercises.
b. Increase in the production of proteins in the body.
c. Fast biological processes.

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d. Hair turning black.
I Reading Comprehension Exercises
5. According to tl1e passage, ,vhich statetnent is not t1ue?

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A. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true and
a. Biological changes cannot be prevented in the body.
"F" for false statements.
b. In old age, body cells and tissues becon1e weak.
1. Everybody wishes to grow old. c. There is a direct relationship between the production
2. The growing old rate is similar in all people. rate of proteins and 1nan's strength.

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3. With the help of sport, the start of old age can be d. The process of growing old starts during lifetime.
postponed.
4. As the rate of production of proteins decreases, biological

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processes slow down. I Vocabulary Exercises
5. When blood vessels become old, they carry blood to all
A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the
parts of the body properly. ed list belo,v. There are more options than needed.
prevent culmination fulfill
B. Circle a, b, c, or d ,vhich best completes each of the
diminish take place tiny
following items. rat.e
occurred desire
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1. The rate of grow·ing old n1ay be....................for
different people. 1. Nothing could heir enthusiasm for the
a. the same b. siJnilar project.
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c. different d. alike
2. His death .. ........................ about n1idnight.
2. Growing old is a process which .................... .
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a. can be prevented b. can be postponed 3. He had pron,ised to ............. ............. his duties, but he
c. begins with death d . increases physical activities didn't.
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 U11itNi11c 235 A Genera I English Course
234 Unit Eight
.4 GenetaI English Coutse

r.
4. They had little ..... ... .. ........ .. ...... to get rich.

5. When does the ceremony ...................... ....? Dictionary task

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6. Nobody can ............... ... ........ them from getting married.
7. The birth ........................ .. "vas higher in 1998 than that in Complete the follo,ving chart using a dictionary.
1997.

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~

Noun Adjective Adverb Verb

B. Match the items in column I with their appropriate

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equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c, ... in the parentheses Thicken
provided. There are more options in column II than
Sufficiently

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required.
Coh11DJ1 l Column II Thought

1. consequently ( ) a. become sho1ter or less Illmninated

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2. bring about ( ) b. progress

3. take place ( ) c. very s1nall

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4. definite ( ) d. cause to happen

5. tiny ( ) e. wish; want very much

ed
6. decrease ( ) f. because of that ~ Be an old hand (at something)

7. culmination ( ) g. clear; certain To have a lot of experience of s01nething:

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h. the highest point I'm an old ha11d at this game.
i. occur
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 A Gei1era I English Course 236 Unit Eight
Unit Nine 237 A Genera I Englisb Course

Oral Practice
1. Ask your friend some questions based on the passage.

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l 2. Express your opinion about the passage. Do you
agree with the writer or not?
3. What are the main points of this passage?
1. Why do some people have good 1nemories?

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2. Are there any ways for strengthening our memory?
3. Can you recall your friends' telophone numbers?
aughte

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Memory

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If you do not use your arms or your legs for so1ne time, they Not surprisingly, one area in ·which children are often funny
become ,veak; when you start using them again, they slowly is in learning to speak. I remember one time I ·was talking to a
become strong again. Everybody knows this, and nobody ,vould

ija
think of questioning this fact. Yet there are many people who do friend on the phone while tny little sister seen1ed to be playing
not seem to know that the n1emory works in the same way. inattentively on the floor near me. After I hang up, she asked 1ne,
When someone says that he has a good memory, he really 1neans "Why is the teacher going to give Janet an old ton1ato?"

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that he keeps his memory in practice by exercising it regularly At first, I couldn' t figure out what she was talking about.
either consciously or unconsciously. When someone else says When I asked her what she 1neant, she said, "You said if Janet
that his 1nemory is poor, he really 1neans that he does not give it
doesn't bring her homework, the teacher is going to give her an
enough opportunity to become strong. The situation is exactly
ed
the same as that of two people, one of who1n exercises his arms old tomato." Finally I understood the word I had used \.Vas
and legs by playing tennis, while the other sits in a chair or a ultimatum!
motor car all day.
.s
Have you ever noticed that people who cannot read or write Answer these questions.
usually have better me1nories than those who can? Why is this?
Of course, because those who cannot read or write have to I. What will the teacher give Janet if she doesn't do
her homevvork completely?
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ren1ember things: they cannot write the1n down in a little

notebook. They have to remen1ber dates, times, prices, nan1es, 2. What aspect of children makes the1n funny?
songs and stories; so their n1emory all the tune is being exercised. 3. What is the best title for this passage?
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So if you ,vant a good memory, learn fro1n the poor and

humble; practice rc1nembering.
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 A General English Course 238 Unit Eight

Joke

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The Traffic Lights

What did the traffic Iig/Jts say to the car?

Unit Ten

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Answer. Don't look now. I'm. changing!

traffic (n): the cars, buses and trucks on the roads

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· traffic lights (n): a set of colored electric lights used for
controlling traffic

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to change (v): 1- to beco1ne different (traffic lights 'change'
color) 2- to put on different clothes

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public discussion
agitation
There was an agitatio11 for equal pay and
conditions.

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astronomy the study of the sun, moon, planet; and stars

Love ed devote
give a lot of time to something

A woman told her husband that she had read "The Art of She devoted her life to helping the poor.
Love" on purpose to be agreeable to him. empirical based on observations or experiments
"I would rather have the love without the art," he said.
start something new
establish
.s
T11is company 1W1S established in 1990.

science that deals with morals

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ethics
Ethics is a branch ofphilosophy
w

infmmation that proves something

evidence
111ere wasn't enough evidence to prove him
guilty
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A General English Course 240 Unit Ten Unit Ten 241 A General English Course

science of reasoning

om
logic You have to accept the logic of his
argument.
moving forward
onwards
The shop is open .ti-om lunchtime onwards.

.c
public speaking
oratory

ni
Some politicians are famous ibr their
powers oforatory
to create sth.

ha
originate W110 originated the concept of stereo
sound?

ija
a collection of poems
poetry
Wordsworth wrote beautitiJJ poetry
say that something is right or the best
Aristotle i

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support Everybody else said I was wro11g, but my
brother supported me.
state of being acceptable
validity
ed
He tested the validity ofthe decision.
confirm; check
.s
verify The computer verified that tl1e data oos I. Do you like to be a philosopher?
loaded correctly. 2. Do you know any Iranian philosopher?
3. What does a philosopher do?
w

move back or away

withdraw
The army withdrew from the town.
w
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 T
A Genern I EJJglisb Course 242 Unit Ten Unit TeJJ 243 A Ge11era I English Course

Aristotle IReading Comprehension Exercises

•

om
Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers of all times. A. Answer these questions.
He lived in the 4 th century B.C. in ancient Greece. He originated 1. Who was Aristotle?
many new philosophical ideas about the nature of life and 2. When was Aristotle born?
matter. 3. How many books did Aristotle wr ite?
Aristotle is said to have written about four hundred books on 4. Who was Aristotle's teacher?

.c
-astrono1ny, physics, poetry, zoology, oratory, biology, logic, 5. When did Aristotfe die?
politics, governn1ent and ethics. His books have been studied by

ni
people all over the world for hundreds of years. No other man
, has influenced the thinking of so many people for so long. B. Circle a, b, c, or d which best completes each of the
Aristotle was the first to make systen1atic reasoning as the following items.

ha
basis of science. This was i1nportant because it allo\ved scientists
to verify the validity of their ideas through observation. His I. Aristo~e ,vas one of the greatest. ..... ... ........... of all time~.
books on biology and zoology are considered landmarks in these a. philosophers c. astronauts
pa1iicular fields. He was the first person to classify animals on b. biologists d. poets

ija
the basis of their structures and behavior. He said that dolphins
are 1na1nmals and not fish.
This great man was born in 384 B.C. in Stagrira, Macedonia 2. Aristotle ,vas the first person to classify animals on the
basis of their ......... ........... .

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in Greece. As his father was a physician in the court of the king
of Macedonia, he became familiar with the Greek medicine and a reasoning c. structures
biology at an early age. Following the death of his father, he was b.heads d. appearance
sent to Athenian Academy of Plato in 367 B.C. He studied under
.
3. Aristotle's father was a ........... ...... .. .
ed
the great philosopher, Plato, for about 20 years. After the death
of Plato because of a widespread anti-Macedonian agitation in a. doctor c. chemist
Athens, Aristotle had to leave Athens. Then onwards he traveled b. poet d. politician
for 12 years establishing new academies at Assus and at
.s
Mytilene. 4. Pella is the capital of ....... ............ . .
Aristotle lived at Pella, the capital of Macedonia, for three a. Chalics c. Greece
years and taught Alexander the Great. On the death of Alexander b. Athens d. Macedonia
w

in 323 B.C., an anti-Macedonian agitation again broke out in

Athens, and Aristotle withdrew to Chalics, north of Athens 5. Aristotle died in ..... ............... .
w

a. Assus c. Chalics
where he died in 322 B.C.
b. i\,fytilene d. Macedonia
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A Genera I English Course 244 Unit Ten Unic Te11 245 A Genera I English Cow·se

IVocabulary Exercises Column I Column II

om
A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the I. logic ( ) a. public speaking
list below. There are n1ore options than needed. 2. agitation ( ) b. science that deals with morals
3. validity ( ) c. confirm
withdraw established validity
4. onwards ( ) d. public discussion
supported devoted allowed

.c
originated evidence verify 5. originate ( -~) e. have sth./sb. as a cause or
6. oratory ( ) begining
J., 1• Passengers are not ..................... .. to smoke. 7. empirical ( )

ni
f. science of reasoning
2. Please write to ......... ..... ... .... .. your reservation. g. moving forward
h. based on observation

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3. He ....................... all his efforts to his task.
i. state of being acceptable
4. The general refused to .......... ............. his soldiers.

ija
5. The directors "vere trying to get rid of her , but the staff all
.................. ..... her.

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6. His state1nent to the poJjce was used as ...................... .
against him.
7. This style of architecture ....... ......... ....... with the ancient c:::> Be out of the question
Greeks.
ed
If s01nething is out of the question, it is definitely not
B. Match the items in column I with their appropriate possible or not allowed
equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c, ... in the
.s
parentheses provided. There are more options in Thu can't go in that old shirt - it's out of the question.
coJumn Il than required.
w

c:> Give somebody a piece of your mind

w

To tell someone that you are very angry with them

w

After the game he gave the players a piece of his mind

 A Genera I English Course 246 Unit Teo Unit Ten 247 A General English Course

om
r.
f.L
be able to pay for
afford They walked because they couldn 'I afford a
taxi.

each of the periods of the game of polo
chukker
He scored a goa I i11 the first chukker.
say that something is true
.c
1. What is your favorite ?port?
2. Do you know any ancient games?
3. Which sport do you think is the most exciting?

ni
clahn Daniel claims that he did the work without
help.

ha
get from somewhere; originate
derive Thousands of English words derive fi:om
The Oldest Game of the World
Latin.
The gan,e of polo is the oldest game of the world. It was
bring or put in; to present sth. new played in Iran during the 1st century A.D. Some scholars even

ija
introduce
T11is Jaw was introduced in 1990. claim that it was invented by Persians around 2000 B.C.
t11ink of something for the first time However, Iran is generally regarded to be its originator. Fro1n
invent
\Mw invented the bicycle? Iran it was carried to Arabia and fron1 there to Tibet. In Tibet, it

gh
mallet wooden hammer used in polo
was called 'pulu' . In fact, the word 'polo' has been derived from
'pulu' which 1neans 'ball'.
originator a person who originates something
In India it was introduced by the Mohamtnedan conquerors
1
game in which players on horseback try to hit in the 13 b century. Fro1n India it was ca1Tied to England in 1860.
polo
ed
!he ball into a goal using wooden hammers
Nowadays, it is not only played in India, but also in Argentina,
The game of polo is not popular in Jra11 England, the U.S .A. and some other countries of the world.
nowadays.
Polo is played with a stick and a ball on horseback. Polo
one part of a game stick is called '1nallet' . It is an outdoor game. Its grass field is
round
.s
He -was knocked out in the tlifrd round. 274.32 tn(300 yds) long and 146.3 1n(l60 yds) wide. There are
the n umber of points or goals lightweight goal posts 7.3 tn(8 yds) apart at each end. A score is
score
w

The winner got a score of320. n1ade by hitting the ball through these goal posts. Two teams,
a long thin piece of wood each having four players, play the game. To be good at this
stick game, one has to be an expe1i horse-rider.
We found some stick~ and made a fire.
w

This gaine is played in six, seven or eight rounds. These are

called 'chukker'. The duration for one chukker is 7.5 minutes.
w

After every chukker some rest is given to the players. It is a very

A Gener11J Ellglisb Course 248 Uoil Te11 Unil Ten 249 A Genern I English Course

expensive game. Thus, only rich people can afford it. That's why
it is also called the "game of princes".
l Vocabulary Exercises

om
IReading Comprehension Exercises A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words fro1n the
list below. There are more options than needed.
A. Answer these questions.
I. What is the oldest gatne of the world? derive a{ford rounds originator

.c
2. Who invented polo? score claimed sticks introduce
3. What does the word "pulu" 111ean?

ni
4. What is a 1nallet? I. Collect dry ........................ to make a fire.
5. What are the rounds of polo called? 2. He 1nade a good ........................ of 50 points.

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3. He traveled by train because he couldn't .......... ........... .. .
B. Circle a, b, c, or d which best completes each of the an airplane.
following items. I
4. A boxing-match is played in ten ................. ....... . I

ija
1. From Tran polo was carried to ........................ . 5. After the war both sides ........................ victory. I
a. India b. Tibet c. Arabia d. England

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2. Polo is an/a ................ ........ game.
B. Match the items in column I ,vith their
a. outdoor b. cheap c. long d. five-player appropriate
3. Each chukker lasts ........................ . equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c, ... in the
parentheses provided. There is one more option in
a. 7.5 nunutes c. 7.3 minutes
ed
b. 400 seconds d. 73 seconds column II than required.
Column I Column II
4. In polo . ... .. ................. .
.s
a. each team has five players 1. derive ( ) a. person who originates something
b. the players should be expert horse-riders 2. 1nallet ( ) b. to make sth. that has not existed
c. the players aren't given any rest after the chukkers 3. introduce ( ) before
w

d. the players are poor 4. invent ( ) c. get from somewhere

5. From India, polo was taken to ........................ . 5. afford ( ) d. be able to pay for
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a. Argentina c. England e. bring or put sth. into use

b. Arabia d. Tibet f. wooden ham1ner
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A Genera I English Course 250 Uuit Ten Uuit Ten 251 A Genera I English Course

ughte Joke

om
"T"
Why is the letter 'T' like an island?

.c
Answer: "Qecau§e it is in the middle of \'Vater!
island (noun): a piece of land surrounded by water

ni
ha
r:

ija
An old gentleman, who had never attended a football game,
Ron and Nancy were discussing their daughter's upcoming allowed himself to be persuaded by a fan to accon1pany him.

gh
wedding with their friends. After Nancy described the dress she "Now then," said his friend, as the ga1ne wa; about to begin,
was planning to wear, her friend asked her what color shoes she "you're going to see more exciten1ent here for a couple of dollars
had to go with it. Nancy replied, "Silver." than you ever saw before," "I doubt it," said the old timer, "that's
ed
At that point, her husband Ron inten-upted her, "Silver to all I paid for my marriage license."
match her hair."
Shooting a look at Ron's bald spot, Nancy's friend said,
.s
"So, Ron, are you going barefoot?"
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Answer these questions.

I. What color was Nancy's dress?
w

2. Why did no shoes n1atch Ron's hair?

3. What is the best title for this passage?
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 r.

om
.c
UllitEleven

ni
ha
ija
feel responsible, concern or interest
care She reaJJy cares about otbe1· people and
their behavior.
eel

gh
long snake-like fish
not including; but not
except The two books are tl1e same except for the
fact that this one has an answer key at the
end.
ed 12:lide move smoothly and continuously
!1UID swallow hastily
be out of sight; prevent sb./sth./oneselffrom
hide being seen
.s
I-le hid the e-1m in his pocket.
move the tongue across
lick
T11e cat was licking its fiJr.
w

nest place made or chosen by an animal

net touch lovingly
w
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A Genera I English Course 254 U11it Eleven Unit Eleven 255 A Ge11eral English Co1u-se

Questions J'or you : The Eel and Its Partner

1. Do you like aniinals? Vv'hy?
2. Which aniJnals have an important role in our lives?
3. Have you seen two anilnals working with each other? Explain.
4. How does the following title help you guess the content of the
passage?
om
Animals often work together in nature. They 1nay work
together to build nests. They may work together to find food.
They may help each other keep clean. Now this is no surprise
when the animals are two of a kind. You n1ay have seen two cats

.c
licking each other clean, or two birds caring for their babies
together. That seems quite natural to us.

ni
But sometimes two entirely different animals work together.
S01netimes they are so different that you'd think they could

ha
never get along. The moray eel and the red-and-white shrimp are
a good exmnple.
Eels are fish that l0ok much like snakes. The moray eel is

ija
one of the lm·gest. It's about three and a half feet long. It has long
jaws, and teeth as sharp as needles. Like most eels, the 111oray
feeds on shrimps. And most shrimps are afraid of the moray eel.

gh
They slip away and hide when they see one coming. But not the
red-and-white shrimps.
~~if ed This shri1np isn't afraid of the moray eel at all. And it doesn't

~ =:::::::::::----~;;;?
C>o
try to hide from the eel. In fact, it wants the moray eel to see it. It
sits on a piece of coral and waits. When it sees a 1noray eel
coming, it waves its antennae, or feelers. Its movements 1nean
.s
that it wants the eel to co1ne close.
Now, an ordinary shrimp wouldn't last long if it did this. The
w

eel would eat it in one big gulp. After all, a shrimp is only about
three inches long, except for its long legs and long antennae.
1. Do you like ani1nals?
But when the moray eel sees the red-and-white shrimp
w

2. What kind of ani1nals do people keep as pets?

3. \.Vhy do ani1nals live in colonies in nature? 1noving its feelers, it swims up to the shri1np fast. To the eel, this
shrimp is not a quick, easy meal. lt's a useful partner.
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 A OeJ!eral English Course 256 Unit Eleven Unit Eleven 257 A General English Course

When the eel comes close to the shritnp, a smprising thing

B. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true and
happens. The shrimp reaches out and strokes the eel gently with "F" for false state~ents.

om
its feelers. And the eel lies back in the water, as though it wants
to be stroked. But the eel is not there to be petted. It is there to be 1. It is surprising to see different animals help each other in
nature.
cleaned.
2. The 1noray eel and the red-and-white shrimp cannot get
This cleaning is an important job to both partners. So the along.
-~

.c
shrimp does not keep its customer waiting. First it gets a good
3. Most shrimps hide when they see a tnoray eel.
bold on the eel's body with a pair of its long front legs. Then,
4. The red-and-white shrin1p conveys its intention by its
with a shorter pair of legs, it picks off tiny parasites. These are

ni
feelers.
tiny sea animals that live on the eel's body, in its gills, and in its
5. A shri1np is about three inches with its long legs.
mouth. The eel lies still while the shrimp cleans it. It seems to

ha
6. The shrimp uses its feelers to stroke the eel.
enjoy every minute of this. The shrimp must enjoy it too. It eats
7. There are some tiny parasit~s which help the eel.
each parasite it finds. It is a cleaning job for the eel and a good
meal for the shrimp. 8. Parasites are a good meal for the shrimp.

ija
When the shrimp has finished, it loosens its hold on the eel.
C. Circle a, b, c, or d which best completes each of the
The moray eel glides away. It feels cleaner. Then the shrimp foUowing items.
slips back to its coral station. It waits there for another custo1ner.

gh
1. According to the author ....
The sn1all shrimp has had a good meal, and the eel has been
a. eel and most shrimps are friends
cleaned. The shrimp and the eel need each other. And each lives b. eel and 1nost shrimps are partners
a better life because of its partner. c. the eel and most shrimps never see1n to get along
ed d. the eel slips away and hides when seeing a shrimp

l Reading Comprehension Exercises 2. The shrimp tnoves its antennae to ... .

a. show its feelers
.s
A. Answer these questions. b. ,varn the other slu·iinps
c. frighten the eel
d. inform the eel of its place
w

1. According to the passage, how many animals can

work with each other?
3. The eel moves to the red-and-white shrimp ....
2. How does the author describe the eel?
w

a. because it wants to be cleaned

3. For what purpose does a shrirnp use its antennae? b. because shrimps are afraid of the eel
4. What kind of help is a shrimp to an eel? c. to sit on a piece of coral and wait
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d. to eat it in one big gulp

A Geoera/ English Course 258 Un.it Eleven Unit Eleven 259 A General English Course

4. The shrimp begins its work .. . . B. Kno-wledge of suffixes helps you t1nderstand many
a. after it holds the parasites unfamiliar words: £!,(one who)
b. with its sho1ter legs

om
c. with its long front legs Helper ► one who helps
d. after it lies back in water player ► one who plays
5. The eel seems to enjoy while .... • Write five more words with the sa1ne suffix.
a. sea ani1nals live on its body ·~

.c
b. the parasites are eaten by the shrimp
c. it lies back in the water
C. Choose the most appropriate synonym for the underlined
,vord.

ni
d. it waits for a new customer
I. Children love Miss James. She teaches gently.
a. slowly c. hastily

ha
I Vocabulary Exercises b. kindly d. generously
2. You did the job entirely different fro1n the order.
a. co1upletely c. independently
A. Words may have different meanings in different contexts. b. violently d. carefully

ija
Look at each word, and decide about its meaning in the
passage.
3. The woman stroke the child's hair when he started crying
slip a. 1nove quietly and qttickly in the street.

gh
b. slide by 1nistake and fall a. washed c. brushed slowly
b. fastened d. rubbed gently
lick a. small amount of sth., esp. paint
b. move the tongue across 4. The dog loosened its chain and ran away.
ed a. pulled c. released
last a. continue to exist
b. be adequate or enough
b. sent d. shaped

loosen a. become free 5. It is natural for hin1 to be sad. His child failed the exa1n
.s
b. become too wide two ti1nes.
a. surprising c. relating to nature
glide a. tnove smoothly
w

b. no1n1al d. serious
b. fly with no engine
w
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A General English Course 260 Unit Eleve11 Unit Eleven 261 A General English Cow·se

om
( n) changing from a gas or a solid to a
. liquid
condensation
Small ch-ops of water are formed by

.c
·i
condensation ofsteam.
9 Eat like a horse (v) to change from one form to
another

ni
convert
Eat a lot TI2e room was converted from a
kitchen to a bathroom.

ha
She can eat like a horse and never put 011 weight. (v)get
. How did you obtain tl1is
obtain information?
. Vitamins are best obtained

ija
from natural food.
¢ A horse of a different color
quite the opposite; in contrast
Something that is completely different from another thing on the contrary It doesn't seem ugly to me; on the

gh
contrary, 1 think it is . rather
beautiful.
We should not be talking about that issue now. It is a horse (adv) usually
of a different color entirely. . Grdina rily, I find this job easy,
but today I am having
ed ordinarily
problems.
. I11e streets would have
ordinarilv been ti.ill ofpeople.
(a) an unusua l feattu-e, quality, etc.
.s
peculiarity Another peculiarity ofJoe was that
he was constantly munching hard
candy.
w

stop Sth. happening

- Nobody can prevent us from
w

prevent getting married.

- They should act quicldy to
prevent the spread of the
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disease.
A General English Course 262 Unit Eleven Unit Eleven 263 A General English Course

(v) to become or make sth. solid or

solidify hard

om
The paint had solidi.ied in the tin.
(v) to become bad; to tum sth.
spoil good to sth. useless
The bad news has spoiled my day.
to make sb./sth. experience or

.c
be affected by sth.
subje(.-t sb./sth. - The city was subjected to

ni
to sth. repeated bombardments.
- The prisoners we1·e subjected
to torture.

ha
transportation
(n) the activity of taking people or
things from one place to another
The baggage was being packed for
~ - :::::::::::::::.-=====---
--- -
tTansportation.

ija
in contrast to sth./sb; different from
- Unlike me, he likes to get up
early.
unlike

gh
- Unlike most of the other
children, she behaved very
well. 1. Do you know what dry ice is?
2. Where and when is it used?
ed
What Is Dry Ice?
.s
Generally when we speak of ice, we have only two kinds of
ice in our mind: one which is obtained by freezing water and
w

sold in the market, and the other, the snow that falls on
n1ountains during winter. Both of these are fonned by the
w

condensation of water. But there is also a third kind which is

called "d1y ice". Unlike ordinary ice, this ii.s not made fron1
·water. On the contrary, it is prepared from carbon dioxide.
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 A Geoeral Eoglish Course 264 Unit Eleven Unit Eleven 265 A General English Course

Dry ice is also called "solid carbon dioxide" . Ordinarily,

carbon dioxide is gas but when it is subjected to high pressures
IVocabulary Exercises

om
(about five tin1es the norn1al atinospheric pressure) at low
temperature, it gets converted into the solid state. This solidified A. Match the items in column I with their appropriate
fonn of carbon dioxide is called dry ice. This is extremely cold. equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c, ... in the
Its temperature is around - 78.s· C. The peculiarity of this ice is parentheses provided.

.c
that on melting, it does not beco1ne liquid, but it directly goes
Column 1 Column 11
into the gaseous state. 1n the solid state, it is like pieces of cake.
1. prevalent ( ) a. take and use(a n1ethod, suggestion, etc.)

ni
It is very heavy. The weight of 1000 cubic inches of dry ice is
2. planet ( ) b. deal with or handle
around 45 pounds. When we hold a piece of dry ice in our hand,
3. division ( ) c. time between events
it does not wet it.

ha
4. adopt ( ) d. common in a place or at a time
Dry ice is very useful. Scientists use it for producing low 5. treat ( ) e. have something as an origin
temperature for research work. In transportation of food stuff 6. trade ( ) f. separation
like meat and ice-cream to far-off places it is used in packing. It 7. interval ( ) g. large body in space that moves round a

ija
star
prevents them from getting spoiled in transit. It is also used to
· 8. derive ( ) h. business of buying, selling, or
cool roon1s. exchanging goods

gh
.IReading Comprehension Exercise B. FiU in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list
below. There are more options than needed.
• Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true
ed temperature converted spoiled melts
and "F" for false statements.
transportation extren1ely liquid solid
1. Dry ice is fonned by the condensation of water. condensation transit
2. Dry ice is gaseous.
.s
3. On melting, dry ice directly changes to a gas. l. Cheese is a ... .. ...... ......... ... , but m ilk is a • •• ••• •••• ••• ♦••• • ••••• •

4. The only difference between dry ice and ordinary ice is

2. Public ............. .. ........ is one of the major problems in
w

that dry ice is heavier.

5. Dry ice is only used in ti·ansportation of food. Tehran.
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3. Low .......... ............. is required for keeping fruits,

otherwise they will be ....................... .
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 A Genera I English Course 266 Unit Eleven Unit Eleven 267 A Genera I Snglis/J Coill'se

4. When you heat ice it .. ................ ..... .

5. I'1n ....... ............. ... against destroying nature.

om
6. He has recently ....................... to Islam.

No -News Is Good NeJ'fS

.c
This is like the proverb "Bad news travels fast". If we
ughter are waiting for news about someone, it's probably good

ni
if we hear nothing, because "bad news" would arrive
quickly.

ha
While traveling in France on business, I managed to order
lunch in French, relying on tny translation dictionary. The waiter
seemed unpressed, then smiled as he thumbed through a few
pages of n1y book. Later, when I paid 111y bill, I gave him a large

ija
banknote and signaled to him by hand to wait while I looked at
1ny guide quickly for a co1n1nent appropriate for the wonderful
meal.

gh
A widower in his great bereavement, expressed his
He leaned over and showed a certain French phrase. The
English translation was: "Keep the change." feelings by having engraved on the tombstone of his wife
the line, "My light has gone out."
ed
As he was about to marry again, he asked the advice of
Answer these questions.
Bishop Henry C.Potter as to whether or not he should have
1. Why had the writer gone to France? the inscription erased, as it seemed at variance with the oew
.s
2. How cleverly did the waiter act towards the 1nan?
3. Did the writer know English? conditions. "Oh, no, said the bishop, "I wouldn't have it
4. What is the best title for this passage?
w

taken off; just put underneath it, 'I have struck another
match.'"
w
w
 om
Unit Twelve

.c
ni
ha
complete; total
absolute I've never played chess before. I'm an

ija
absolute beginner.
like somebody or something a lot
be fond of
They are very fond oftheir wicle.

gh
cruelty; savagery
brutality Brutality of the war had a 11egative
effect upon the soldiers.
idea
concept
ed He ca11 't understand d1e basic
concepts ofmathematics.

constant unchanging; fixed

.s
two people who are married, living
together
couple
Three couples died in the bus accident
w

yesterday.
breakit1g or damaging completely
destruction 771e enemy made some decisions about
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the destruction ofthe city by bombs.

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 A ,Geoer.~l English Course 270 Unit Twelve Unit Twelve 271 A Ge11era I F.oglish Cour~e
I ,

systematic training
education T11e government spends a lot of money
I

om
on education.

equivalence state of being the same

very unusual or strange

extraordinary I had an extraordinary dream last

.c
night.
develop fully
flower

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71leir fi'iendship flowered while they
were at college.
,(
A very clever person
genius

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Einstein was a mathematical genius.
A thing used for a special job
instrument A telescope is an instrument used for
looking at things th.at are in space.

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having a strong interest; eager
keen My brother l'l-'8S keen to go out, but I
wanted to stay at home. l

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luminiferous producing or transmitting light

suddenly or very quickly

overnight
He became a famous person overnight.
A person with great knowledge of a
scholar
subject
ed
because
since Since it's your birthday, I'll buy you a
book l. Do you like to be a scientist?
.s
extra; free 2. Do you know any scientists?
spare 3. Do you think that you have any special talent?
He reads novels in his spare time.
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be or become different
vary 77iese pens vary in price .i·o1n 160 to
900 RJs.
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speed
velocity Molecules move with surpnsmg
velocity.
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A (ieneral English Course 272 Unit Twelve Unic Twelve 273 A General English Cow·se

The Greatest Scientist of the 20 th bodies. Velocity of light is the only physical quantity which
ren1ains constant. He also discarded the concept of all pervading
Century

om
lurniniferous ether medium, which was in existence for hundreds
of years.
Albert Einstein is called the father of 1nodem physics. He
In another paper, he established the equivalence between
was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Gerrnany. When he was
1natter and energy. The development of the aton1 bo1nb in 1945
only one year old, his fatnily 1uoved to Munich. Einstein spent

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was the result of this'!a1nous formula. In 1909 he was appointed
his boyhood there. He was shy and dreainy in his childhood.
professor at Zurich University. In 1916, he put forward the
Since his 1nother was fond of playing the piano, he also learnt it

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'General Theo1y of Relativity.' This theory was so complicated
fron1 her.
that only four scientists of the world at that time could
He was very sharp in mathe1natics, but just mediocre in other

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understand it fully. This theory n1ade Einstein the greatest
subjects. When he was fifteen, his frunily moved to Italy. From
scientist of the world. He was given the 'Nobel Prize' in 1921
there he was sent to the Zurich University of Switzerland. There
for his researches.
his genius began to flower. He turned out to be an extraordinary
In 1933 driven by the brutality of Hitler's regime, Einstein

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scholar in physics and mathematics.
left Germany. He was accorded a senior position in the Princeton
He completed his education in the year 1900. He ·wanted to
University of A111erica. In 1940 he beca1ne an American citizen.
become a teacher but could not get a teaching job of his choice.

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All his life he re1nained busy in solving the complicated
Finally, he joined the Swiss Patent Office in Berne as a clerk. lie
problems of mathematics and physics. He was tender-hearted
1narried a young Yugoslav science student, Mileva Maree. The
and peace-loving. He hated war. He always insisted that the
couple had two sons.
nuclear energy should be used for the welfare of mankind and
ed
In his spare ti1ne, Einstein continued his own scientific
not for its destruction. In 1955, this great genius died in sleep in
studies and tried to solve the complicated problems of physics.
a Princeton hospital.
In 1905 he published five research papers. Revolutionary ideas
.s
expressed in them shook the world of science. Almost overni~ht
I Reading Comprehension Exercises
Einstein became a famous scientist of the world. One of these
papers .vas related to the special "Theory of Relativity". In this A. Answer these questions.
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paper, he showed that absolute motion of the material bodies is a 1. When was Einstein born?
1neaningless concept. Only relative motion has some 1neaning . In 2. How many children did Einstein have?
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the same paper be showed that the physical quantities like mass, 3. How was Einstein's behavior in childhood?
length and time are not constaiit but vary with the velocity of 4. Where was his wife from?
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5. What was Einstein's attitude towards nuclear energy?

A Genera I English Course 274 Unit Twelve U11it Twelve 275 A Genera I English Course

B. Circle a, b, c, or d which best completes each of the I Vocabulary Exercises

following items.
A. FiU in the blanks ,vith the appropriate words from the

om
1. According to the passage, which sentence is true? list below. There are more options than needed.
a. Einstein's mother was a musician. keen scholar accord silence concept
b. When he was old, Einstein moved to Munich. spare discard fon_d of education extraordi11a1y
c. Einstein was interested in music. 1. Ali 1s .... ......... ............ pointing out other people's
d. Einstein spent his boyhood in America.

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1nistakes. ·~
2. We have no ......................... room for a table.
2. Tn Zurich University, Einstein turned out to be a 3. She's .. ....................... that we should go to the cinema.

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. ...... .. ... ...... ..... scholar in physics and mathematics.
a. mediocre c. dreamy 4. A child receives its early .... ..................... at home.
b. sharp d. shy 5. She seemed unfamiliar with the .. .......... ............. that

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eve1yone should have an equal opportw1ity.
3. According to the passage, ....................... . 6. It's ......................... weather for this time of the year.
a. Einstein's father was fond of playing the piano 7. There was an/a ............. ...... ...... in the room. No one

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b. in 1950 Einstein wrote five research papers dared to talk.
c. Einstein helped Hitler in World War Two
d. Einstein was a peace-loving person B. Match the items in co.umn I with their appropriate

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equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c, ... in the
4. The Nobel Prize ,:vas given to Einstein for his parentheses provided. There are more options in column
fl than required. ·
a. genius c. behavior Column I Column II
b. researches
ed
d. position in the µniversity
1. pervading ( ) a. fixed; unchanging
5. Einstein believed that .... ........ .. ........ . . · 2. constant ( ) b. because
a. nuclear energy should be used for the welfare of 3. mediocre ( ) c. idea
.s
1nankind 4. vary ( ) d. spreading
b. nuclear energy should be used for the destruction of
5. discard ( ) e. breaking completely
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1nankind
c. physics and mathematics are complicated 6. since ( ) f. cruelty; savagery
d. relative motion has no meaning 7. destruction ( ) g. become different
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h. not very good

i. throw away
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A General English Course 276 Unit Twelve
Unit Twelve 277 A General English Course

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ancient belonging to long ago; very old

Complete the foUowing chart using a dictionary. ·~

.c
bind cause to obey; to make it a duty or legal
obligation to do sth.
capture take or obtain by force

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T11e enemycavtiu-ed the town.
Noun Adjective . Adverb Verb form something by cutting away material
Difference carve from a piece of wood or stone
- The statue w.is carved out ofstone.

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.

Preventive - Michelangelo carved in marble.

conouer defeat; take a place by force
Depend faith confident trust; religious belief
I don't put much faith in this medicine.

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Preferably mural painting on a wall

rebellion violent resistance; the action of protesting

stronulv

gh
a substance used to give a special taste to
seasoning food by adding salt, pepper, ...
Salt and pepper are the two most common
seasoninPs in cooking.
ed spill pour out accidentally

Take something with a pinch/grain of salt spot particular place or area

quality by which a food or drink 1S
.s
do not completely believe what someone tells you, because taste recognized in the mouth
you know that they do not always tell the tn1th Sumu has a .sweet taste.
line or mark left behind by somebody or
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trail
something that has oassed by
Most ofwhat he says should be taken with a pinch of salt
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A Genera/ English Course 278 Unir Twelve Unit Twelve 279 A General Englisb Coune

Salt Was More Than

A Seasoning

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Salt is one of the commonest things in the world. It is so
common that most peopl~ don't know how interesting it is. This
simple seasoning has been the cause of war. It has been used as

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·i
money. Salt has been used as a good luck charm and as a sign of
good faith. It has been used to punish a conquered nation. The

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history of salt is a long one. No one knows when or where it was
first used. Salt was used long before 1nan knew how to write
about it.

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The Bible tells about salt. In biblical times, 1nen used it to
preserve food as well as to make it taste better.
In an ancient country called Phoenicia, one 1nan would give

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another a small bag of salt when 1naking a promise. This was
called "binding the promise with salt".

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Long ago in Rome, salt was used to pay soldiers. :rhe
Romans ' word for this salt payinent was "salarium". That's why,
even today, a man's paycheck is called hns salary. This old
Ro111an custom of paying v,ith salt also gave us the saying, "He's
ed
not worth his salt."
The Romans found a cruel use for salt. Once they were at
1. What do you think about salt? Is it itnportant or not? "var with Carthage, a state in North Africa. The Romans killed or
.s
2. What did ancient people think about salt? captured nearly all their enen1ics and burned the chief city. Then
3. How is salt obtained? they scattered salt on the ground so that nothing could grow
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there.
The early Greeks 1nade offerings of salt to their gods. And
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they thought that spilling salt at the table would bring bad luck.
But hundreds of years later, other people decided that salt
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brought good luck. They sprinkled rooms with it. They washed
 A Genera I /Joglisb Course 280 Unit T11-1Jlve Voit Twelve 281 A General English Com·se

babies with it. And they put small bags of salt around their
children's necks to keep the1n safe from hann.
IReading Comprehension Exercises
A. Answer these questions.

om
About a thousand years ago, a great salt mine was found in
Poland. Wars were fought over this salt supply. The mine had I. What does Bible tell about salt?
so111e sixty-five miles of huge, dark rooms. Many things were 2. What did "binding the pro1nise with salt" mean?
carved in the salt by the men who worked there. People from all 3. How did Romans make a c1uel use of salt?
4. How did salt oiuse the French Revolution?

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parts of the \.VOrld go there to see the carved chapels, statues, and
1nurals. 5. How did new Americans get help fro1n animals to find
salt?
Long ago the king of France would not let just anyone mine

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for salt. Only special people were allowed to do it. All people B. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true and
had to pay a high tax on salt. Poor people could not buy it. The "F" for false statements.

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salt tax was one of the things that brought on the war called the l. Salt was the cause of war in the past.
French Revolution. 2. Salt is a very common thing today, but very interesting to
Some four hundred years ago, the sai.ne thing took place in people.

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India. A tax was put on salt. This caused much hardship a1nong 3. Phoenicians made pro111ises by giving salt to their friends .
4. Soldiers were paid salt in Rom"e.
the poor. The tax led to a war called the Salt Rebellion.
5. With too much salt on the ground nothing could grow.
When America was a new land, salt was hard to find. Indians

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6. Long ago in France, only special people could mine for
needed salt so much that so111e of them gave furs, food, and land salt.
for it. 7. Salt Rebellion happened in a state in North Africa.
As settlers were moving to the west of America, they 8. Indians changed salt with furs, food and land.
ed
follo,1/ed salt trails. Animals, ,,vhich needed salt, found spots
where they could lick rock salt. The trails they made going to C. Circle a, b, c, or d which best completes each of the
following items.
these "salt licks" became roads that settlers took.
.s
It's not hard to get salt now. It's sold in any 1narket. How l. Long ago, in Rome, salt was used to ............ ............ .
strange it seenis that men once fought and died for it! a. preserve food c. worship gods
b. pay soldiers d. bring good luck ·
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2. Cruel soldiers scattered salt on the ground. This happened

ill .............. .. . ..... .
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a. India c. Phoenicia
b. West America d. North Africa
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A Genera I English Course 282 Unit Twelve
Unit 1\wlve 283 A Genera I English Course

3. French Revolution was partly due to .................... . .

a. fight over the salt supply The Greatest Scientist of the 20th Century

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b. high tax on salt
c. the custom of paying salary by salt Albert Einstein, the father of n1odem physics, was born in
d. binding the promise with salt 1897 in Ulm, Germany. He spent his boyhood in Munich,
Gennany and Italy: He was sent to the Zurich University of
4. People used salt to sprinkle the rooms because
Switzerland wher,t he turned out to be an extraordina1y scholar

.c
a. people made offerings of salt to gods in Physics and mathematics. He con1pleted his study in 1900. In
b. they wanted to keep children safe fro1n harm 1905 he published five research papers that shook the world of

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c. they believed salt would bring good luck science. One of his papers was related to the special "Theory of
d. it was cheap and not hard to find Relativity". He established the equivalence between 1natter and
5. In two countries, a tax on salt caused the people to

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energy in another paper. In 1946 he developed atom bomb which
a. stop buying salt was the result of his famous formulas. In 1909 he started to work
b. start a war at Zurich University as a professor. In 1916 he put forward the

ija
c. buy salt from other lands "General .Theo1y of Relativity". He was given the 'Nobel Prize'
d. watch salt 1niners at work in 1921. In 1933 he was forced to leave Germany. He went to
Atnerica and became an Atnerican citizen. He was against war.

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Eventually, in 1955, this tender-hearted and peace-loving genius
died in a Princeton hospital

lb~
ed
I Vocabulary Exercises
Tf a reading selection or a paragraph follows a simple outline,
you can summarize it easily. Just combine the imprtant details
.s
A. Guess the meaning of the underlined words.
with the main points in order, in as few sentences as possible.
common - Smith is a common name in England.
- He got a co1nn1on cold.
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Exercise: After reading the summary of the first reading of this

unit, try to swnmarize the second reading.
cruel - The Nazis did many cruel acts to the
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prisoners of war.
- I think it is cruel to keep anin1als in cages.
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A Oeoeral English Coul'se 284 U11it Twelve U11it Twelve 285 A Genera I English Course
•

huge - They live in a huge house; it has 1nany C. Determine which word is a synonym for the underlined
roo1ns. word.
- The government built a huge bridge over

om
the river. cruel complete, unkind, strange, effective
- The cat was licking its paws. sprinkle scatter, capture, destroy, finish
- Can I have a lick of your ice-cream?
huge very big, interesting, very difficult, ha1111

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'l
prese1ve - Parts of the town are new, but they have preserve claim, keep, observe, describe
preserved 1nany of the old buildings.
chapel marble, cave, church, stone

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- We have to preserve forests to have clean
air to breathe. faith trust, gathering, mine, freedom
punish

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-The children were punished for telling lies.
-The teacher punished five students for
cheating. C

- You should pay tax for the money you

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earn.
- There is a tax on i1nports in this country.
'--

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B. Refer back to the text and flnd synonyms for the
following definitions. ed Touching life story ... ... .
power to delight people A young man was getting ready to graduate from college.
- gifts given in worship For many months he had ad1nired a bea1.1tiful sports car in a
- state1nent of what one will do dealer's showroom, and knowing his fathe1· coui<l well afford it,
- resulted in
he told him that was all he wanted.
.s
- defeated; overcome by force
- place where coal or minerals are dug fro1n the ground As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited
signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally, on the
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morning of his graduation his father called him into his private
study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine
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son, and told run1 how 111uch he loved hin1. He handed his son a
beautiful wrapped gift box.
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A Gei1ern I English Course 286 Unit Twe]1,l;l Unit Twelve 287 A Genera I English Course

Curious, but somewhat disappointed the young man opened the

box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible. Angrily, he raised
aughte

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his voice at bis father and said, "With all your money you give
1ne a Bible?" and stonned out of the house, leaving the holy
book. Many years passed and the young 1nan was very Word Study
successful in business. He had a beautiful ho1ne and wonderful

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fa1nily, but realized his father was very old, and thought perhaps (v) btnd (one's head) forward and down,
he should go to hitn. He had not seen him since that graduation especially to show agreement or give a sign.
nod
- The teacher nodded in agreement.

ni
day. Before he could make arrangements, he received a telegram - l asked her ifshe wanted to come, and
telling hi1n his father had passed away, and willed all of his she nodded
possessions to his son. He needed to come home inunediately

ha
(v) push with a pointed object
and take care of things. \Vhen he arrived at his father's house, - They prodded the ani1nal tbJ·ough the
prod
sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. bars ofits cage.
He began to search his father's in1po1tant papers and saw the (v) cause to remember

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still new Bible, just as he had left it years ago. With tears, he - I reminded her how much the fare
remind was.
opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. As he read those
Remind n-1e to answer that letter ..
words, a car key dropped from an envelope taped behind the

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Bible. It had a tag with the dealer's name, the san1e dealer who
Questions for you :
had the sports car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his
l . Can you drive a car?
graduation, and the words ... .PAID IN FULL.
ed
How n1any times do we n1iss God's blessings because they are 2. Do you reme1nber your first driving experience? (Describe
it)
not packaged as we expected?
3. How did you feel?
.s
4. What do you think about driving in a crowded street?
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 A General English Course 288 Unir Twelve Unit Twelve 289 A General English Course

Answer these questions.

om
I. Who was teaching Jonathan how to drive?
2. \.Vhere did Jonathan's parents sit when he took thern for a
ride?
3. How did Jonathan respond when his 1nother warned hitn

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of a cross-streit?
4. Why did Jonathan ask his 1nother to sit in the back?

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5. What is the best title for the passage?

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Jonathan, 16, our hearing impaired son, was lean1ing to drive Proverbs
with his father each day after school. Finally he was ready to

ija
take me for a ride. I sat in the front seat, my husband took the
1) »bere There's A »ill There's A Way
back, and we were off.
If vve have determination to do something, we. can

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We hadn't gone far when my husband told me to sign to
Jonathan that there v.ras a cross-street coining up. I did and my always find the path or method to do it.
son sm.iled, nodded and told 1ne he knew. At the next coiner my
will (noun): strong determination; desire
husband said to remind Jonathan there was a four-'.vay stop. I
ed way (noun): path; method
did, and he nodded again. Next, my husband prodded 1ne to tell
Jonathan the light was red, so I did.
2) A fool and his money are soon parted:
Suddenly, Jonathan pulled over to the side of the road and
.s
signed to me, "Mom, please go and sit in the back. Dad never
A foolish p~rson quickly spends his or her money on
tells 1ne what to do!" worthless things.
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A Gcnel'a I E11glis/J Course 290 Unit T·welve

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Hiring and firing

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Unit Thirteen

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The Trish foreman on the construction job was new to his
post of dignity. One of his first acts was the discharge of one of
his erstwhile fellow-\vorkers. Asked why he had fired the man,

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he said "I fired hin1 not because I had anything against him, but
because I had the authority."

ija
Beverage Hot or cold drink

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Alcoholic beverages are not served in this restaurant..

Expert A person with special knowledge, skill

ed Tests should be administered by medical experts .
•
Schedule Plan, timetable
Tbe majority of flights depart and arrive on schedule.
.s
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A General English Course 292 Unit 111irtecn Unit Thirteen 293 A General English Course

I Getting to sleep

om
Most people need seven to eight hours of sleep a night. So1ne
people need less than this, son1e people need 1nore.
I . According to sleep expert Dr. Robert Schachter many
people have difficulty sleeping, but they do not know why.

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Most people know it is important not to drink coffee or tea
before they go to bed-both beverages have caffeine.

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Caffeine keeps people awake. I-Iowever, not every body
knows that some medicines, such as cold tablets, also have

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caffeine in them. Stress can cause insomnia, too. Busy
people with stressful jobs 1nay not be able to sleep at night.
2. Dr. Schachter suggests, "you shouldn't use your bedroom

ija
as a TV room or an exercise roon1. You should use it for
sleeping only. It's a good idea to have a regular sleeping
schedule. Get up and go to bed at the saine time every day.

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r. It's also inlportant not to eat before bedtime. Eating 1nay
keep you awake".
3. And if all doesn't work, try counting sheep!
ed
1. How many hours do you sleep every night? I. Comprehension Check
2. Do you ever have difficulty getting to sleep?
.s
3. Have you ever dreamed? A. Check True (T) or False (F).
l. Everyone needs eight hours of sleep a night. ---
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2. Caffeine helps you fall asleep. ---

3. Cold tablets can keep you awake.---
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4. Busy people may have trouble falling asleep.---

5. It is a good idea to have a TV near yourbed.---
6. You should have regular sleeping hours.---
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A Genera I Englisb Course 294 Unit Thirteen Unit Thirleen 295 A General English Course

B. Choose the best answer according to the text. II. Vocabulary practice.
A. Find words from the passage to match the

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I. I-low many hours does a person need to sleep a night?
meanings given. The paragraph numbers are
a. Five to six
b. Seven to eight
given in brackets.
c. Six to seven
d. Eight to nine I . something to make a sick11ess well (2)

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2. one with a 1ot of knowledge (2)
2. Dr. Schachter believed that many people have difficulty to 3. something ,vhich is s111aJl and round for eating (2)
sleep but .......... .. . ........ .

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4. something to drink (2)
a. they do not consider it
b. they are always busy 5. a plan for doing something (3)

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c. they do not know why 6. habitual inability to sleep (2)
d. they accept it

3. Why do beverages such as coffee and tea cause sleeplessness? B. Antonyms are words that have opposite

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Because ...... ... ............ ....... .
meanings. Match the words in the box with their
a. they have caffeine
b. they are energetic antonyms listed below.
c. they are useless

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d. they have water Awake Regular Expert Stress Complicated

4. Which of the following does not cause sleeplessness? I. Unusual

2. Co1nfort
a. Drinking coffee or tea
ed
b. Having a regular sleeping schedule 3. Unskillful
c. Having a TV in one's bedroon1 4. Asleep
d. Having a stressful job 5. Simple
.s
5. If all the ways for sleeping were useless, the last way is to
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a. listen to the radio

b. read a book
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c. try to s leep
d. count the sheep
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A Gener:1/ English Cour-.~e 296 Uni! 1hu·tee11 Unit Thirteen 297 A Genera I English Course

III. Scanning for information

~~ 2

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Five main reasons of not being able to sleep.
1. awake and able to th ink
conscious The patient 1,1,as conscious during the
operation.
2. claim; argue
contend I would co11te11d ilia t une111ployment is

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~
3. our serious socfal proble111
desire strong wish
4. You have acted against mv desires.

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the action of making known one's
expression feelings , ideas, etc.
5. . The poet's anger finds expression lfl

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the last verse oftlte voem.
making somebody feel afraid
frightening Tiwt was the mos t frightening film I
ha ve ever seen.

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means of letting something out
outlet Children need a.n outlet for their
enero-v.
fact or any happening th at is observed

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phenomenon by the senses
Sunrise or SUJJset 1S a common
c> Get in touch with someone pl1enome110n.
show that something is true
prove T will prove that he is not telling the
Talking or writing to someone, connect someone
ed truth.
a person who studies a lot about the
Can I have your phone number in case I need to get in psychologist mind and how it works
touch with you? His father is a famous psychologist.
.s
suppressed prevented from being expressed
a strong fee ling or desire that you want
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urge to do something
I had a sudden urge to laugh.
c learly; lively
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vividly T remember my tirst day at school

vividly,
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A Genera I English C.Ourse 298 Unit Tl1irteen Unit Thirteen 299 A GeneraI English Course

I Reading Comprehension Exercise

om
• Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for
true and "F" for false statements.
Dreams
\.Vhen we go to sleep, we get drea1ns. The scientists have 1. Scientists have woved that dreams can tell what vvill happen

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proved that almost everyone dreams about two to three times in the future.
each night. Those who clairn they don't dream, in fact, don't 2. Psychologists believe that dreams are expressions of wishes

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re1nember their dreams very vividly. Dreams can be pleasurable, that are not fulfilled.
uneventful or even frightening. 3. Electroencep~alogram ts the record of the speed of eye

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All of our dreams have something to do with our emotions, movements.
fears, desires, needs etc. If a person is hungry or thirsty, his
4. All people are able to dream and remember everything after
dreains could be related to these feelings. According to son1e
waking up.

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psychologists, our unfulfilled urges and interests are fulfilled in
5. The dreams 1nay be f1ightening, pleasurable, or eventful.
the dreains. Dreams provide an outlet for our suppressed desires.
When a person is dreaming, his eye movements become 6. During drea1ning, the eye moven1ents become fast, but the

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fast as if the eyes were following the action in the dream. These brain's wave patten1 does not change.
move1nents last for about 15 to 20 minutes. During the period, 7. All dreams can predict the future.
the brain's wave patten1 also changes. It is sometimes 8. Sometimes the dreams are related to our emotions.
ed
recorded for scientific observations. Its recording is called
electroencephalogram.
P.sychoanalysts believe that dreams are expressions of
.s
wishes that did not come true. Some psychologists contend that
during this activity the brain "clears its registers" to prepare for
the next day's conscious activities.
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Some people believed that dreams could tell what would

happen in the future. So far scientists have not been able to fully
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explain this phenomenon, but it is believed that they are good for
the health.
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·,
A Genera I English Course 300 Unit TT1irteen U11i1 771irtee11 301 A Genernl English Course

IVocabulary Exercises
ughter

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A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the
list below. There are more options than you ,vill need.
U11eventful expression proved urged
Suppressed conscious conte11ded outlet

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l. She ....................... that she was innocent.
2. Football was an ........... .. ............ for his high spirits. associate (11) pa1tner; colleague; companion

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He is consulting l1is associates in tl1e bank.
3. The work ............. ........... to be more difficult than
we'd thought.
message (n) information or news sent to sb.

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4. The school encourages free ......................... in art.
We 've had a message to say that your father is ill.
5. He was in a coma for several days, but now he's Tbe ship sent a radio message asking for help.
......................... again.

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plaintive (adj) sounding sad; sorrowful
When Twas walking in the street late at night,
B. Match the items in column I with their appropriate I heard a plaintive cry ofa girl.
equivalents in column II. Insert a, b, c, ... in the

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parentheses provided. There are more options in column
II than required.
Questions for you:
Column I Colu11111 ll
ed 1. What does 111isunderstanding mean?
1. suppress ( ) a. clearly; lively 2. Do we usually understand what people exactly n1ean?
2. vividly ( ) b. a strong feeling to do sth . 3. What is the difference between a false claim and
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3. contend ( ) c. awake and able to think
misunderstanding?
4. urge ( ) d. show that sornething is true
5. desire ( ) 4. Talk about your personal experiences.
e. prevent from being expressed
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f. clai1n; argue
g . strong wish
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A General English Course 302 Unit Thirteen Uni1 Tbfrteen 303 A Genera I English Cou,-se

Answer these questions.

1. What did the man want to do?

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2. Who answered the phone?
3. What did the man ,vant the child to do?
4. What was the father ~oing?
5. What was the 1nessage?

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6. What was the prol1lem?

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A Telephone Conversation The Best Advice Is Found On the Pillow
A 1nan had to call a business associate at home on a

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Saturday afternoon. A child answered the telephone. Ifwe have a problem, we may find the answer after a good
"Is your father there?" the man asked. night's sleep. People also often say: "I'll sleep on it"
''No," was the reply, "I-Ie's out playing golf."
"Well," said the caller, "Is your 1nother there?"

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advice (noun): opinion given by one person to others on
"She's in the bathroo1n taking a shower." how they should behave or act
"Oh! Listen, can you give your father a n1essage when he
comes home ?" pillow (noun): cushion that you rest your head on while
"Yes."
ed sleeping
"Can you write?"
''No. But I can print."
"All right. Have you got a pencil?"
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"Wait." A few mo1nents passed. Then: "OK."
"All set now? Write down 1ny name. My name 1s Riddle
Richardson. That's spelt R-i-c-h-a-r-d-s-o-n. Tell your daddy
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that Mr. Richardson called and wants him to call. Now let 1ne
give you the telephone number. Write this down. Ready?" What doesn't ask questions, but needs to be answered?
Answer: the telephone
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Long silence. Then a plaintive little voice asked. "How do

you make an R?"
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A Genera I English Course 304 Unit Tiiirtee11

r:

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Like 1nany tourists, Levvis Cotlow, president of the

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.Adventurers' Club, wondered why Mexican peasants always
ride on barrows while their wives walk along behind.
Unit Fourteen

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Finally he stopped a peasant and asked him the reason. The
Mexican, looking very surprised, replied, "But senior, my

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wife doesn ' t own a barrow."
~~ ✓

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a question to be decided in a court of law
case The case will be heard in the cow·t next
week

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to decide in a lawcourt that sb. is gui_lty of
acnme
convict
If the court convicts him, be will be
imprisoned for ii.ve years.
a place where trials or other law cases are
ed held
court
She had to appear m court to give
evidence.
detention the act of keeping sb. in prison
.s
.
taking part in or being part of sth.
involved 1¼ have considered the situation and
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talked to the people in volved.

judge one who has author ity to decide cases in a
lawcourt
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A Genera I Englis/J Course 306 U11it Fourteen Unit Fow·tee11 307 A Genera l English Coui·se

(n) a young person who is not yet adul t

juvenile

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(adj) of or related to a young person
(v) to reflect sth.
mirror 1J1e trees were mirrored in the still water
ofthe lake.
th e state of not being given enough care or

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neglect attention
The garden was in a. state oftotal neglect.

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on the bench being appo inted as a judge
understand; recognize
realize
I fully realize why you did that.

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to try hard to do sth. that is difficult
struggle
The team has been stn1ggling all season.
an act or the crime of stealing

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theft A number of thefts have been reported
recently. r.

bad behavior intended to hurt or kill sb.

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violence He said that too much violence w.is shown
on television.
of or related to preparation needed for a l. What does Juvenile delinquency mean?
particular job
2. What is a rehabilitation center?
vocational
ed
Vocational training is necessary for tl1e
3. Why do some adolescents commit c1ime?
students who are about to finish hi.gh
school.

Enough is Enough
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As a court judge who has experienced many cases during her

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24 years on the bench, I ca1ne to realize that these legal problems

1nirror what is wrong with our society, showing our distance
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from personal responsibility and old-fashioned discipline.

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A GeneraI English Course 308 U11ir FOUJ'Leen
Most of the kids I faced were involved in small thefts, but as
we entered the 80's, both the number and violence of juvenile
crime increased.
Many children who suffer from poverty, neglect, and even
abuse do not co1nmit crimes. Enjoying no support, they struggle
in their enviromnent. However, we should offer law-breakers
food, clothing and a bed, plus vocational and academic training.
The money saved by not displaying our detention facilities
should be spent on the good kids struggling just to stay alive.
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It is interesting to know that most lawbreaking by youngsters
occur when they should be at home. I suggest that if the parents
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of kids under 18 cannot or don't set limits, then society must do
it for them, for their protection and its own. As the mother of
five children, I know that parents have to be serious at the same
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time that they show love towards their children.
Another important point is that convicted juveniles like adult
law-breakers often gain an early and unfair release from prison.
gh
In my opinion, they should deserve an early release: juveniles
should qualify only if they co1npleted an academic or vocational
course of study. The rest should stay behind bars until the end of
their term.
ed
In fact, a clear future waits for the kids who are after
education. So we should keep children in school by the message
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that: "If you want to eat, you have to work. If you stay in school,
we'll support you. Otherwise, support yourself. No exceptions."
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Vair Fourteen 309 A General English Course
I Reading Comprehension Exercises
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A. Answer these questions.
1. How 1nany years has she worked as a judge?
2. What do our legal problems show?
3. What happened at the beginning of the 80's?
4. What do the poor; neglected and abused children do when
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they enjoy no support?
5. What should we provide for law-breakers?
6. How should we help the good kids attempting only to stay
alive?
7. Which organ 1nust set limits for the kids under 18 with
careless parents? Why?
8. How should parents act towards their children?
9. When do juveniles deserve an early release fro1n prison?
10. Which kids are successful in the future?
B. Read each statement carefully. Write "T" for true a~d
"F" for false statements.
1. We should search for the legal problems in the heatt of our
society.
2. Mostly, the kids are concerned with unimportant robberies.
3. Those children who experience poverty, neglect and abuse
always commit crimes.
4. Most often, youngsters break the law in their school hours.
5. Unlike adult lawbreakers, convicted juveniles are released
early fro1n prison.
6. Juveniles should remain in prison if they have not learned
anything.
7. There is a great support for the kids who leave school and start
working.
 '

A Genera I English Course 310 Unic Fourteen Unit Fourteen 311 A General English. Course

I Vocabulary Exercises

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A. Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the
following definitions.

- things or service needed for a particular purpose

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- people in general
- very young people
c> Have had enough (of something)

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- training aimed at producing obedience to rules Used to say you are tired or angry about a situation and
- wrong use of something want it to stop

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- out of date; not modern
- the state of being poor %en I got home !just sat doMJ and cried. I'd had enough.

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B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate ,vords from the
list below. There are more options than you will need.
~2
detention realized convict _judge

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vocational involved mirror tlleft
juvenile poverty society court

I. He knew about the robbery, but he wasn't himself

ed
····················· . 1. Before you read the text, look at the title.
2. There wasn't enough evidence to .. ... ..... ............ bi1n. What is the text about?
3. In the court, he was found guilty of ...... .. .............. . 2. Do you like to knov1 about strange things?
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3. Where can you find the information you need?
4. The ........... ...... has the right to see law-breakers punished.
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5. Yesterday I had to attend the .. ................ as a witness.

6. She ................... ... that his husband had been lying.
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7. The ..... ................. sentenced hitn to five years in prison.

8. His novels ...................... moden1 society.
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A Genen1 I English Course 3 12 Unit Foimeen Unit Fourteen 313 A General Hnglish Course

To Know, and it \¥as written by R. Cotter. He bought it and took

Everything You Want To Know it hmne.

In a city there once lived a woman who knew everything. Her
name was Mrs. Ford. She was the wife of Mr. Ford, a banker.
\Vhen any of her friends talked to her about anything, she
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"This is just the book that we want," said the other when he
saw it. "It has all kinds of things in it. Look here!" He showed
his friend lamps in old Greece, the smaller animals of Africa,
and Indian rivers.

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knew all about it. No one ever found anything that she did not "We ,nust find something better than those," said the man
know. who had bought it.

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One day two young 1nen came to live in the city, and they They looked again and found "The Eyes of a Fish". It told
met Mrs. Ford at a friend's house. They began to talk about old them everything about the eyes, and even about the inside pa1ts.

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Indian rings, but Mrs. Ford knew more about them than they did.
She told them all about old African rings too.
"That woman lmows a lot," said one of the young men
angrily when they were outside the house.
They read it through many ti1nes, and when they went to the
dinner, they knew all about the eyes of a fish.
At dinner, when the fish was brought to the table, the two
young men began to talk about the eyes of a fish. One of them

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On another day they met Mrs. Ford in the street, and the three asked Mrs. Ford a lot of questions about the inside parts of the
began to talk about Greece. Mrs. Ford knew all about Greece. eyes, some of which she couldn't answer.

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She told the other two about the people of Greece, about the
river Arta, and about tbe hills of the country. On another day she
told them a lot of things about newspapers. Once she showed Oral Practice
them some old Egyptian words, and she could read the1n. She
ed 1. Do you like books?
knew everything.
2. Why do we say books are beneficial to man? •
The two young men became very tired of Mrs. Ford, but they
3. Ask your classmates some questions based on the
often had to meet her and talk to her. One day they were asked to
.s
passage.
go to dinner at one of the houses in the city. Mrs. Ford was asked
4. Retell the story in your own \VOrds.
to go too.
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"Let us find so1nething \1/hich she doesn't know," said one of

the1n, ''We'll read about it, and then we'll talk about it at
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dinner."
On the next day, one of them was in a bookshop, and he
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found a big book. This book was called Everything You Want
A Ge11era I English Co11rsc 314 U11it Fourteen Unit Fourteen 3 15 A Genernl English Course:

ughter
I

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competition (n) contest

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- He came ifrst in the sport competition.

cop (u) policeman

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After the violence, there were a lot ofcops
in die street.
A $5000 Reward
guy (n) man
- He is a great guy.
A San Diego patrolman pulled over a driver and told him

ija
- Come on, you guys. Let's get going.
pull over (v) cause a vehicle to move to one side of the road
Pull yow· car over and let me pass!
that because he was wearing his seat belt, he had just won $5000
in a safety competition. "What are you going to do with the
1noney?" the officer asked.

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"I guess 1'11 go to a driving school and get n1y license,'' the
smart alee (n) a person who acts as if he/she is very clever or knows
man answered.
everything
She is a real smart alee! "Don't listen to him,'' said the woman in the passenger seat,
ed "He's a smart alee when he' s drunk."
This woke up the guy in the back seat; he saw the cop and
said, "I knew we wouldn't get far in a stolen car." Then there
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Questions for you: was a knock from the trunk and a voice asked in Spanish,
"Aren't we over the border yet?"
1. Can fully observation of laws be suspicious?
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2. Do some people pretend to be observing the laws as a Answer these questions.

protection to disobey them?
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3. Do you think that observation of laws should be appreciated? 1. Why did the patrolman stop the car?
2. Had the driver done anything wrong?
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A General e,iglish Course 316 Unit Fourteen

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Birds Of A Feather Flock Together
Alexander, L. G. (1965)-:;, AFirst Book in Comprehension Precis and

''Birds of a feather" means "birds of the same type". The
proverb means that people of the same type or s01t stay
together. They don't mix with people of another type.
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Composition. London: Longman Group Limited.
Alexander, L. G. (1967). Practice and Progress. London: Longman

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Group Lin1ited.
feather (noun): part of the soft, light covering of a

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bird's body Archer, M. & Nolan-Woods, E. (1977). Cambridge Certificate
English. UK: Nelson & Sons Ltd.
flock (verb): gather in a crowd
Barnard, H. (1972). Advanced English Vocabula1y Book(A& B).
Newbury House Publishers.

ija
Burridge, 5., (Ed.) (1981 ). Oxford Ele111enta1y Learner's Dictionary
ofEnglish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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"How this world is inclined to slander," said a maiden Cost, M. ,Crowdy, S. ,& McIntosh, F. (Eds.) (1992). Long111an
lady to an English nobleman. "Can you believe it, sir, some Handy Learner's Dictjonary. London: Longman.

of my malicious acquaintances reported that I had twins."
ed
"Madam, I tnake it a rule to believe only half of what I
hear!" replied his lordship.
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Watch your thoughts, they beco1ne your words.
Watch your words, they beco111e your actions.
Watch your actions, they become your habits.
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CrawJey, A. (Ed.) (1998). Oxford Ele1nentary LearneJ"'s Dictionary.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Damirieh, M. M. (1370). lntennediate Reading Cw 11prebension.
Tehran: Office of Islamic Cultural Development (Daftare
Nashre Farhange Eslami).
Dixon, R. J. (1943). Graded Exercises in English. New York:

Regents Publication.
Watch your habits, they become your character.
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Gupta, S. & Agrawal, N. (1993). Children's Knowledge Bank(l-6).

Delhi: Pustak Mahal.
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A General.English Course 318 Bibliogrn pity Bibliography 319 A Genera I English Course

Hawkins, J. M. & Alien, R. (Eds.) (1991 ). Oxford Encyclopedic Murphy, R. (1999). Grammar in Use for Intermediate Students of
English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. English. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.

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Heaton, J. 8. (1990). Writing -English Language Tests. London: Pollock, C. W. (1982). Communicate What You Mean. USA:
Longman Group Limited. Prentice - Hall, Inc.

Hornby, A. S. , Cowie, A. P. & Gimson, A . C. (1974). Oxford Schwarz, C.(Ed.)(1993). Chambers New Schoof Dictionary. New
Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Delhi: Allied Chambers Ltd.
-~

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Oxford University Press. .
Thomson, A. J. & Martinet, A. V. (1980). A Practical English
Hornby, A . S. (1982). Oxford Student's Dictionary of Current Grammar. Great Britain: Oxford University Press.

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English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thornly, G. C. (1968). Stories of Today. London: IL.ongman Inc.
Hornby, A. S. (1989), Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary.

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Oxford: Oxford University Press. Widdowson, H. G. (1990). Aspects of Language Teaching.
Oxford:
Hughes, R. & McCarthy, M.(1998). From sentence to discourse: Oxford University Press.
Discourse Grammar and English Language Teaching.

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TESOL Quarterly, 3212, 263-287. Wood, F. T. (1965). A Remedial English Grammar for Foreign
Students. London: Macmillan.
Manser, M. H. (Ed.) (1990). Chambers Dictionary of Synonyms
and Antonyms. UK: W & R Chambers Ltd.

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Munby, J. (1980). Communicative Syllabus Design. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. ed
Murphy, R. ( 1985). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

Murphy, R. (1997). Essential Grammar in Use. Great Britain:

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Cambridge University Press.

Murphy, R.(1999). Basic Grammar in Use. Great Britain:

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Cambridge University Press.

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Phonetic Symbols
Consonants
p pen /pen/ s so /sau/

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b bad /bred/ z zoo /zu:/
t tea /ti:/ J shoe /Ju:/
d did /chd/ 3 vision / v13n/
1

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k cat /kret/ h hat · /h.et/
g got /got/ m man Imam!
tJ chain /tfem/ n no /nau/

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d3 jam /d3rem/ IJ sing /sio/
f fall /fa:1/ l leg /leg/
V van /va?n/ r red /red/
e thin /&m/ j yes /jes/
0 this /<)15/ w wet /wet/

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Vowels and diphthongs
i: see

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/si:/ A cop /kAp/
I happy /'ha?pi/ 3; bird /b3:d/
T sit /sit/ a about /a'baut/
e ten /ten/ eI say · /sell
re cat /kret/ au go /gaol
a: father
D got
/ 'fa:Oa(r)/
ed
a1 five /fa1v/
/got/ au now /nau/
:>: saw /s:1:/ .' :>I boy /!Y.>r/
0 put /put/ 1a near /ma(r)/
u actual /'rektJual/ ea hair /hea(r)/
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u: too /tu:/ ua pure /pjua(r)/
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(r) indicates that British pronunciation will have /r/ only if a vowel
sound follows directly; otherwise it is omitted. In American
pronunciation, every 'r' of the ordinary spelling is retained. ·
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