CELL CYCLE AND CELL pe DIVISIONS By Emad Lasefr botany (UY interphase Re Life cycle of cells ZB oa cell Oipision 2 JrwOA NA Pah bP, te + The cell may be described as having two major periods in its life eycle: (INTERPHASE) wite/p a se es + CELL DIVISION “MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS”. ween waeiosis L amd wretesiy UT wv - a eet ince),\. 3.8 o=(INTERPHASE\ : at NT f Cu Gnbe/plas’ eos A % the period detween/twd successive cont ia) sugar cane cro o6ss {iene oy L Ce CAM \asep 2{Siphase) sace Lents nies ee 3. jase } A ‘ cach * cathus" wo (ona Synions sine apped (inter phage bape Wolore. Motor eat wee De 4 i ao * Occurs just after th » & Yolu) £ BDyeytokinesis av (Ce. division SS P c pe NL HP eshos\ ALP «: * In this ie the dat cel G@2s\ 8 Store energy for mitosig OD cx? me > Synthesi¢ RNA f& protein}for mitosis a eto w \O Pa* Kinds of chromosomes in C.D : #>Qchromosomes:Gneyhromatid ‘ 42(D)chromosomes ow sister chromatids gis ter get youd in Cento mere 0 s 4hrpKaryokinesis:the division ofabgigaeld in mitosis or meiosis lsF + @ytokinesis: division of the cell@ytoplasm) sexunl cto sascmal (Pw) CELL DIVISION Fp |b csentual reproduction, n phe somatic (body) cells anisms mitosis forms the each cell have 2n “2 genomes” S-chromosomes? 2Qy prometaphase) G etaphase ) japhas Mytosis “ ‘ An 2) Gielophasey \ Mitosis > + mitosis plays a role in cell replacement healing and tumour formation (Prophase ) + Chromosomesthicken and shorten .es organise the production of micro! that that constitute thy’mitotic spin t, woundms po ie eo) ae ROR ie Pro-Metaphase centromeres. Fads. 2£ cell le fiber lnk fo comtremer™: . Chromosomes arrange at metaphase plate led by etaphase platef plane in the equatorial region of the spindle in dividing cells - )\.%. q) The Gnd a, Gord arse ge ers ———— 3 + The chromosomes continue to conden: Metaphase @ Ve ss + The chromosomes alignthemselves a “dis the metaphase plate of the spindle Apparatus. se. see ttn + Tha'ghortest stage Se poration + Spindle fibers contract pulling sister chromatids to the opposite poles of the cell * The separated sister chromatids are now referred to a€daughter chromosome’4" Spindle fibers cuieg ie > cid =Ddis appere y+ Nuclear membrane forms =p appere . er [Cell divides + ¥ x J) me ingciel Wyse! \Cytokinesis) _ Af The inal stage + In plants a cell plate forms along the line of the metaphase plate + in animals there is aonstriction of the cytoplasm ‘ PPerent between (anivwadlisasd \ Meiosis + Consist tow special division: cried oA G —= Pandey Be i >(alleless are pairs or series — on “roa ‘yep anti omosome that determine the heredit hereditary (aye sian Ze Pabie 2 bination ofBO a P 6 nse NE 4 des / » lose som io) 2 chromosome one from@nom other fro LOA SO ret jdenbic et arsGot ential) OS ar oy —¥ kK MEIOSIS | + Occurs after jpyerphase . faratesithe fairs of homologous ‘A Ta eee pe Mies, |s - MES eth Pin tee Mb AIo b+ Ciefosis Dis a reduction division reduces the cell from ‘diploid tohhaploid “Ln —o \w + (the cells haye 46 d-chromosomcs wy? ¥ four Coss sna, Overs. b = OWOALEW Ps chromatids & tebvads- ctween onanslistemeromebidwarabiialet + The homologous chromosomes pair and _exchange DNA to form recombinant chromosomes. 5 ~~ as a» NWA chronfscmmes start to eondensdX pasorie visiIO=D [) $5 one 2 *Ls QI “ote logous chromosomes be associat to form(pairs of chr: consisting 8 Pach: chromosomes 10% + Diplotene: homologous rr remain attached by chiasmata. sxchange(genes)pet' n Zhomologous chromosome sees + Diakinesis; homologous chromosomes continue to@eparaté>, and chiasmata move to the en —" masome reach maximal c¢ ndensation ¢ Nucleolus> oe =a oo sae {Nuclear membr: Prophase | me closely. (bivalenis)—> XK f homologous iasma). mosomes start to separate but s of the chromosomes. disintegrate Be Mue Leo us and Nuclear mem =p disa Ppears Meiosis, crossing over iy Crossover and chiasma sister chromatids (maternal) (paternal) HOW ‘contromeres| += chiasmaPro-Metaphase + Chromosomes arrange at metaphase plate led by centromeres + metaphase plate? plane in the equatorial region of the spindle in dividing cells + The spindle fibers bind to kinetochore in centromere AX Homologous chromosom: Kok * The chromosomes continue to condense. oF aK Metaphase | + Homologous Chromosomes arranged fan 3 + This random arrangement is a source of genetic variation K x x @x GE 5 § ieee Qu ie ay HF+ Spindle fibers contract pulling Homologous chromosomes to the opposite poles of the cell. es | Se + each chromosomes still consist of 2 chromatids ugeall 4 Telophase | + Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell. + Nuclear membrane forms .MEIOSIS II Occurs after MEIOSIS T oh s Ads cpt chromosome into two The events of Meiosis II are analogous to those mitotic division, although the number of chromosomes involved has been halved. ofa contain 23 s-chromosome - + After meiosis Each cellProphase II + mitotic spindle is formed. + 23 d-chromosome attached to spindle. Metaphase II + 23 d-chromosome arrange at equator of cell tone tee reunaepne os yeahAnaphase II Sagara ion + D-chromosome splite to 2 chromatides + Spindle fibers contract pulling chromatids to the opposite poles of the cell. TJelophase II reach opposite poles of ‘the cell.Meiosis * Meiosis generates genetic diversity through: }the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I }the random dlignment of maternal and_ paternal chromosomes in Meiosis | >the random alignment of the sister chromatids at Meiosis Il Fovmek bape apn, ro