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    History Notes 6.2

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    SYED MOHAMMED FARAZ

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    i CHaPTER- i rT INDUS CIVILIZATION je indus civilization 1s one of the ancient elvilizations of the world , a contemporary civilizalion of Egypt, Mesopotamia and China. 356. while laying the railway lines (tracks) in Sindh, some seals bricks were discovered. The Department of Archaeological Survey established in 1861, Again in 1862, General Cunningham ered a few more seals. In 1920's Sir John Marshall, the then or General of Archaeological Department and his colleagues Eovered a NEW civilization. That is the Indus civilization. In 1921 Dr payaram Sahant discovered Harappan site in the Montgomery district West Punjab which is now in Pakistan. This is situated on the banks yhe river Ravi. In 1922 Dr. R.D Banerjee took up excavation in the mhan district of Sindh and discovered Mohenjodaro. Mohenjodaro js the ‘Mound of the dead’ in Sindhi language. Numerous excavations taken place in the last century at various sites uncovering a lot Fin{ormation about Indus civilization. With the partition of the niinent @ number of major sites are now in Pakistan. Important sites belonging to Indus period o.| Place of Discovery | Country/state OV Name of Archacologists Y.D.Sharma Rupar Punjab Lothal Cambay-Gujarath | Dr.S.R.Rao Kalibangan Rajasthan B.K.Thappar Dholvira Kuch -Gujarath | Dr R.S.Bisht Chanhudaro Sindh -Pakistan | N.G. Muzumdar Alamgirpur Uttar Pradesh Y.D.Sharma Surkotada Gujarath J.P. Joshi Rangpur Gujarath N.G.Muzumdar Kotdiji Pakistan F.A. Khan Banawali Haryana R.N. Bisht Indian Ocean cai Te ~y are of the opinion 1S wv Macke olrs like Sir John M tial aver ) : we ‘eivillzation belongs to 3000 BCE, on the basis ¢ a ¥ ta of the Indus civilization and Sumerian “ as. ie ant alley civilization, vovers fren Punjab in the West |p ese A ea te in the North ni¢ en stra indus ¥ Ittar Pradesh in the East and from Jammu tan) to U aint A) ¥ ada in the South. Historians have expre gsed differe nt views aged on the skeletons ~y Narn ) Proto-Australoide, pains the € kulls found yaneany, his civilization, Bi it they belonged t« ace of the people of t 1, it is believed tha Mongolian and Alpines er planning. own planning is the unique feature of Indus civilization. town Planning proves that they lived @ highly civilized life, Indus people were the first to build planned The Indus cities were built’ on in nature. A few cities 1e east developed with scientific drainage system. niferm plan. Town planning was amazing citadels to the West built on a higher p! ich is the hub of residential area. Both of them massive brick wall. The cities without citadel are latform and to tt are surrounded found on high nds. and cut each other at right angles. They to 34 feet wide and were well lined. The streets and roads led the city into rectangular blocks. Archaeologists have dis wered jamp posts at intervals. This suggests the existence of street lights. tbins were also provided on the streets. These prove the presence ood municipal administration. streets were straight yatem One of the most remarkable features of this civilization is that city was provided with an excellent closed drainage system. Each i had its own drainage and soak pit which was connected to the ic drainage. Brick laid channels flowed through every street. They covered and had manholes at intervals for cleaning and clearing ses. Large brick culverts with corbelled roofs were constructed a ater. Thus Indus peo No other contempora to carry excess Wi i system. drainage Sy ttention to cleanliness. rts of the city e skit on the out round had a perfect under ne civilization gave 5a muec ha he Great Bath. ‘ “me most striking feature in Mohenjodaro is the Great Bath I] consists of a large quadrangle In the | centre is a great | swimming pool with the remains of galleries and rooms on all four sides. There were arrangements for ui zi hot water bath in some “yo ™ , rooms. In the centre is Maes a great swimming pool es us of 39ft long, 23ft wide _ ye and 8ft deep. [t has a 7 a flight of steps at either end and is fed by a well, situated in one of the adjoining rooms. The water was discharged b a huge drain with corbelled roof more than G6ft in depth. The Gre bath had 8ft thick outer walls. This solid construction has successful withstood the natural ravages for 5000 years. s s i Great Bath Granaries; The largest building in Mohen i \jodaro is a lang and 15.23 mtrs wide. In Harappa there a : entities the base for two rows of 6 granaries each. |; ~angan brick platforms have also been found. tiene ui - These gr: € safely stored the gr; ; e ains, : Store houses to . which were Probably collected as revenue granary which is 45.7 lmt be used in emergencies, ry They built terraced houses of burnt bricks. Every house had more rooms. There were also more than one storied houses. houses were designed around an inner court yard and contained rd halls, bath rooms, paved floors. kitchen, well, ete. Besides ential quarters, claborate structures have also been found. One e buildings has got the biggest hall measuring 80ft long and wide. It might have been a palace, or temple or hall for holding Ungs. The workmen quarters are also found. There was an excellent n of water supply. There were public wells by the side of ets. Every big house had its own well. They also built a dockyard Lothal. ical Condition: here are no written records. So it is very difficult to assert the of administration that existed during this period. Historians have ssed the existence of a strong administration with uniform and strict based on the accurate and systematic town planning. There was iformity in town planning, drainage, water supply, and maintenance reets. Dr. S.R Rao is claimed to have deciphered the writing on ¢ seals and he opines that these ancient cities had administrators rious grades. It proves the existence of well established administration. cial Condition. ‘ith the help of the excavations some historians have come to the lusion that there was a fourfold division of the society based on tupations. They were probably, the Learned class, Warriors, Traders d Workers. The learned class included priests, astrologers and ‘icians. Wheat was their principal food. Barley, rice, fruits, vegetables, dates, , etc. were used. Fish, beef, pork, poultry, flesh of tortoise, ete. also used, ey used cotton and wollen clothes. Their dress was simple. Both and women wore upper garment (shawl) and lower garment (dhoti). Indus women were fond of ornaments. Ornaments were worn by women and men. Girdles, nose studs, earrings and anklets were only by women. There was variety in the shape and the design qudlan History FUC feat 8 te of | : cl mac silver and pre t Ornaments were made of iol ey Wer ivory CO aments 2 were of the oma en knew variety of hair styles ane ial pottery eta Dis ticks and collyrh ars made of ivor Face pain ps stones. Wome Shd bronze mirror cn have been discovered also used ‘the people had great love for indoor and ou ee bull fighting, cock fighting. fishing. clay mn oe ar of amusements. They knew the art of dar Toilet J at Harappa. tdoor games. Dice, hunt nd chess id music. were wheel have arthern vessels made ot ae a f eartherr syed or painted. vessels ol cop ; “ + wy's toys such as ¢ e, silver and porcelain were used. C hildren’s vend chair wi men, women, wheeled carts 4 like the axes, Spe weapons 2 ere made of copper potte A rich variety 0! discovered and they were either gl: bronz| models of birds, animals, common. We also come across many daggers, maces, slings. bow and arrows. They W' bronze. They disposed their dead by containing human bones and ashes ground has been unearthed at Harappa. Economic Condition. Agriculture was the main occupation followed by cattle rearing dairy farming. They knew the art of irrigation. They grew wheat, barl peas, sesame and cotton abundantly. They reared fine breed of cat bs for milk and meat purpose. They domesticated animals like uffaloe, bull, sheep, goat, dog, pig, elephant, camel and fowl. cremation or burial. Many u have been found and a large bu wean Indus civilization a number of handicrafts like spin: . dyeing, pottery, carpentry, metal industry, etc. existed [ he people new the use of weights and measures. A sh Sas ee prone scale at Harappa have been di 7 ieee sete igeo decimal system. Indus People h; ievel Surkotada and Chanhudare wer sr2PP®: Lothal Kalibangan, Ruy on thelr trading « maida Were the main centers f libangan, Rup: ty through barter system, | dus sare’ & - Indus seals, art m and their article - S have b lesopotam een di Potamia. A dockyard at Lothal genet, i West Asia, Egypt ed on external trade through ships. Internally they had trade links south India, Rajasthan, and Gujarat etc. They exported tvory, wold, timber and other goods and imported precious stones, copper tin. Bullock carts, donkeys, Elephants and Camels were used for , wansportation, igious Condition: ceals, terracotta figurines: images of stones narrate religious life of Indus Mother Goddess was chief deity. They shipped Shiva in the form pashupatt and Linga, They x) WOE shipped trees, animals, serpents and feared ds ynions t and Sculpture: Dancing girl Bearded Man | indus people had cultivated - tastes. The seals, figurines, amulets, pottery and the bronze fo] of a dancing girl, a statue of bearded man, figures of Pashupati, tractive designs on pottery, terracotta toys and jewellery are examples artistic skill. als and Scripts: More than 3000 seals made of terracotta, ivory, stone or steatite e found. Most of them are square or rectangular in shape and small size, On most of them, there are finely engraved figures of various mimals like bull, unicorn, elephant, antelope, human and other ictographic writing. All of them contain pictorial writing which has jot been deciphered to the acceptance of all. But it seems that the irection of the writing was right to left. In some cases it was from ight to left in the first line and left to right in the second line. he End of the Indus Civilization: : Historians have attributed so many reasons for the decline and end this civilization. The rivers must have changed their course and ruined cities The drifting of the river away from the cities might have rendered ave to the ero » place unfertile. Continuous floods might have jee ‘and ; the he edi and destruction of life, Over exploitation have wiped-out™ have ned it barren. Spread of epidemics must the land into desedl opulation. The decreased rainfall must have ae invaders puttif The wealth of the Indus might have attracted bar ° the inhabitants to their swords. civilizatio Recent researches have shown that the decline of the oie defen : was not sudden but gradual, may be on account of tage tmabelanee. 7 leading to frequent floods and consequent ecologica Ary: invasion also seems to be a plausible reason. Activity Compare Indus civilization with other civilizations of the Questions he Department of Archaeological Survey - In which year was ¢ of India established ? - What does the word Whi ere is the Greatba Where was the di Mohenjodaro mean? th of Indus Valley Civilization located lockyard of Indus Valley Civilization discover, Mention the important diety of Indus People, iswer the following in two Words or two Sentences eac’ N 0 discovered Harappa and Mohejodaro? ame any two cities discovereq in Indu, 2 . Mention the Methods of disposal Of the de sd pation two imports of Indus People Men two exports of Indus People, a ny two Causes which brane. I an. I. PAPO — ap wLD THE RISE OF NEW RELIGIONS the ex! India in sixth century BCE witnessed a protest against OC in religion and social system. There was a movement aga s injustice and rigid practices. The need of the time We at by and spiritual order, which were fulfilled to a great exte? and Buddha. Factors responsible for the rise of new ee oe Vedic religion a) Complications in Vedic religion: In the besi™ Later. due to the was very simple without any complexities. 10" 15 religion. influence of priests, a number of rigidities creP) TT which they People got dissatisfied and they wanted a Ch found in new religions. : ablished their b) Supremacy of the priestly class: Brahamanas a the people supremacy over other castes. It became impossible enjoyed a to perform yajnas without priests The Brahamanas See erior number of special privileges and regarded themselves as SUP! to all. c) Animal Sacrifices: Animal sacrifices formed a part of rituals, which were very costly to practice. So the people lost faith in the existing religion. Rites and rituals of the Rigvedic period became complex in the later vedic period. For worldly attainments like getting children, victory in the war, cure from diseases and also for getting salvation, yagas and rituals were recommended . Rationalists regarded them as waste. d) Chanting of Mantras (Sanskrit Shlokas): Vedic literature was in Sanskrit, which was mastered by the priestly class. It was not possible for the common people to understand them. In the absence of clear understanding, the people lost fait h anting of mantras. th in. e) Caste System: Social system was rigid. was among the different castes. Dralmanas cogerca oe rae people became discontented due to in a Status. The Shudras had to suffer untold equality in the miseries. society, Rianne Ares : ‘were unlanalt Whe Meat Pet palities, name Mrey preached simple Principia, ¥ Prcople. The slmple Pa tiracted the comm, Birth of Great Personalities: and discontented, there arose Mahavira and Gautama Buddha. T 0 of life in the language of the comme 1 i to salvation preached by the new ygson® * people towards the new faith. JAINISM. a Jainism is one of the oldest renigions /0 Saale ‘The Jains believe that there were ? thurtnakars 1 Thirthanke ra W gard ane and Rishabhanatha was the first unded Jainism, Parshvanatha was the “ast ra was the 24 of the ‘Thirthankaras- Swee bol of Jainism. ed suprel hed four sre fo Mahavi is the holy sym Parsvanatha attain fe of 30. He preac (teachings) 1. Ahimsa 2. Satya ~ truth 3, Astheya - not (0 steal 4, Aparigraba — non possession of property more oe oi 4 jainism. These teachings formed the fundament@ oO 99 - 527 BCE) Vardhamana Mahaveera (5 a“ 599 Bi Vardhamana was born in were Siddhartha and Queen Trishalad ood aed ofa shatrtya clan. Vardhamana Princess Yashodha at the age of 18. He had a daughter by name Anojja or Priyadarshini, Due to the sudden death of his parents. V: ana renounced worl rts including clothes. He of truth of life. For 13 years Vardhamana live editation. faishaka, Vardhamana attained tenment at Jrimb! in Bihar. He attained the highest, edge called ‘Kaivalya’ and became Kevalin (omniscent) ;queror who had subdued his passions). There | or a Jina (the con! — non-violence CE at Kundagrama near Vaishali, i evi, Siddhartha ‘Chapter 4- Ancient Period - 4.2 The Rise of New Religions vardhamana came to be known as Mahavira’. For the next 30 years he travelled preaching the principles of Jainism in Kosala, fagadha.Videha and Angay He attained Nirvana at Pava near Rajagruha In south Bihar at the age of 72 in 527 BCE. Mahavira was the contemporary of Gautama Buddha. But, they never met each other. He established a religious order, which was open to foth men and women. He accepted the teachings of Parshvanatha as the basis of Jainism. Teachings of Mahavira. Mahavira preached five vows (Panchasheela) and three Jewels for the attainment of salvation Five Great vows 1. Sathya - Truth 2. Ahimsa - Non-violence 3. Astheya - Non-stealing 4. Aparigraha — Non possession of property more than required 5. Brahmacharya ~ Chastity Three Jewels or Triratnas. 1. Right knowledge 2. Right Faith 3. Right conduct Mahavira did not believe in the existence of God but believed in the existence of Soul. He condemned the caste system and sacrificial rituals. He laid stress on non-violence and believed that even animals, plants, stones, mud, water, fire, etc too have life and hence no injury is to be inflicted on any life forms. He advocated severe ascetism and extreme penance for the attainment of Salvation (Nirvana). He had eleven disciples or apostles known as Ganadharas. Spread of Jainism. In the beginning, Jainism was confined to the kingdoms of Kosala, Magadha, Videha and Anga. The patronage of Kings Ajathashatru, Bimbisara and Chandragupta Maurya led to the spread of Jainism all over India. During the last years of Chandragupta Maurya a famine broke out in North India. Chandragupta along with Bhadrabahu migrated Indian History - 11 PUC Tex, ragiri hills and died by Chalukyas and the d to other parts of Indj, Utag 3 lhe to Shravanabelagola. He settled at Ch Sallekana. The Kadambas. the Gangas, the patronized Jainism. Henee. Jainism sprea Karnataka, Gujarat and Rajasthan also. Jaina Councils Two Jaina Councils we! 1. The First Council ¥ at collecting and reviving the knowledge of sacred Jaina texts 2. The Second ‘Council was held at vallabhi in Gujarat in abou, 512 CE. Here sacred texts were collected and written systematically. re organized held at Pataliputa in 300 BCE. It aim, Sects of Jainism wers of Jainism led to the Differences of opinion split of the religion into 1, The Shwetambaras~ clothes. 2. The Digambaras - Followers of Mahavira. who do not wear any clothes, among the follo’ two sects - Followers of parshvanatha, who wear white Jaina Literature Agama Siddhanta is the holy text of Jains. It contains 45 to 50 volumes. The ‘Purvas’ containing the original doctrines of Mahavira are incorporated in 14 texts. Both the Shwetambaras and the Digambaras agree in calling 12 ‘Angas’ as the first and foremost religious work. lar works were written by Jaina Scholars. Kannada Religious as well as secu! literature was also enriched by them. Contributions of Jainism to ert and architecture. the growth of art and architecture. Jains built caves Jainism helped ks (Bhikshu grihas). Some of their important for the residence of their mon contributions are; 1. Tiger cave at Udayagiri 2. Indra Sabha cave at Ellora 3. Hathigumpa cave in Orissa etc. ! The world famous statue of Gomm: ranabi . C ateshwara at Shara thousand pillared Basadi ‘at Mudabidre are ‘ i oa ena noteworthy Jaina . ‘ a Chapter 4 Anclent Period - 4.2 The Rise of New Religions (eS puDDHISM GAUTAMA BUDDHA - (563 to 483 BCE) Gautam Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. He was born at | Garden (now in Nepal) in 563 BCE, tls carly name was rents were King Shuddhodhana anc Queen Mayadevi. the chief of Shakya clan of Kaptivastu, Mayadevi was a child of seven days, So he was brought prajapall Gautam Siddhartha was brought up tn He married lo Princess Yashodhara at the age of 16. born to them, who was named Rahula. According to a Jataka evening Siddhartha wandered out of the palace and he saw sick 1 funeral procession and a sage. Siddhartha rows and sufferings In the first three scenes and found in the fourth i.e. a sage who had renounced the worldly life of young Siddhartha. Lumbin Siddhartha His p Shuddhodhana w died when Siddhi up by his aunt Mal great uxey Ason wa story. one an old man, saw only § happiness fe, These four sights profoundly affected the So he decided to renounce the worldly life. He renounced his wife, child, parents and the kingdom to find out the root cause for all the sorrows. This event is known as ‘The Great Renunciation’ Siddartha spent the life of a wandering ascetic. He kept himself away from sensual desires and realized that, mere penance will not bring enlightenment. He attained enlightenment under a pipal tree at Gaya at the age of 35. He then onwards came to be known as ‘Buddha’ meaning -the enlightened one. He was also called, ‘Thathagatha, meaning- one who has realized the truth. The religion he founded, came to be called Buddhism. Buddha dedicated the rest of his life for the good of the people. He proceeded to the Deer park near Saranath in the neighbourhood of Benaras and delivered his first sermon. This was called the ‘Dharma Chakra Pravarthana’ or ‘Turning of the wheel of Dharma. ‘Dharma Chakra’ {s the symbol of Buddhism. For forty five years Gautama Buddha roamed around teaching his principles. His personality and simplicity attracted the Dharmachakra oS) people towards Buddhism. Buddha attained Parinirvana at Kushin,, in U.P. at the age of eighty. Edwin Amold calls him The light of ine It is interesting to note that Buddha's birth, enlightenment and qe! were all on the full moon day (Poornima). His birthday 1s famou,’" ‘Buddha Poornima’. Teachings of Buddha. Buddha preached his followers four basic principles such as ty, (truthfulness) Ahimsa (Non-Violence). Astheya (Non-stealing) aj, Brahmacharya (chastity). He also preached four Noble Truths (Arya satyay Ww. 2) Desire is the root cayy They are, 1) Worldly Life is full of sorro for sorrow, 3) When desire ceases, rebirth ceases. 4) Desire can be overcony by following ‘Asthangamarga’. Asthangamarga consists of: 1) Right faith 2) Right thought 3) Right speech 4 Right conduct 5) Right effort 6) Right meditation 8) Right mindfulness 7) Right livelihood Buddha gave importance to conduct and not to rituals and sacrifices He opposed caste system and advocated equality. He gave importance to Ahimsa. He didn’t refer to God. Buddha admitted men and women of all castes into the Sangha. Spread of Buddhism Buddhism spread far and wide in India. It crossed the boundaries of India and spread to China, Tibet, Myanmar, Ceylon, Central Asia and South East Asia. Causes for the spread. 1. Simple Teachings: The teachings of Buddha were simple and easy to follow. So it was accepted by the masses, 2. Vernacular language: Buddha preached in Pali and Prakrit, the of the common people which was easily understood by language all and many people accepted Buddhism. 3. The principle of Equality: Buddha posed preached social and gender equality. a og een 4. Personality of Buddha: Lord Buddha amic was a m: Personality. His effective way of preaching chimugh pk Se pe atories was UNIQUE Love, sympathy and compassion made the religion popular 5, Role of Buddhist Sanghas: The Buddhist monks and nuns undertook Jong and arduous journeys to far away countries and rendered yeoman service In spreading the message Of Buddha, Sanghas became the preaching centres of Buddlaisit, 6. Royal Patronage: Great Emperors like Ashoka, Kanishka and Harshavardhana patronized Buddhism and popularized the teachings of Buddha. Councils: 1. The First Buddhist Counetl was held tn about 483 BCE at Rajagruha. 1 compiled the sayings of Buddha. Q. The Second Buddhist Council was held at Vaishali in 383 BCE. it tried to remove the differences between Buddhist monks. 3. The Third Buddhist Council was held at Pataliputra in 250 BCE. 4. The Fourth Buddhist Council was held at Kundalavana (Kashmir- Shrinagar) in 102 CE. It tried to settle the differences among the monks. But the religion itself came to be divided into two sects namely Hinayana and Mahayana. Literature: The teachings of Buddha are collected in Tripitakas (three baskets). They are ~ 1. Vinaya Pitaka 2, Sutta Pitaka 3. Abhidamma Pitaka. These are the most important sacred books of Buddhism. Contributions. Buddhism also contributed to the development of art and architecture. Buddha's disciples built Stupas, Viharas and Chaityalayas at various places. The statues of Buddha at Amaravati, Nagarjunkonda and Ajanta are famous. The Stupas at Sanchi, Amaravathi, Nagarjunakonda etc., are famous. Viharas and Chaityalayas can be seen at Kanheri, Karle and Nasik. Gandhara art also developed. Maaryas [324 180 BCE] re of India. Under their The Maury an empire was the first great empt a number of small kingdoms were united and prought under rule. India achieved politica! only fiberated north western part of also prought uniform administration. Chandragupta Maurya was pital. Dharmachakra was their tra (modern Patna.) was their Cal - are many theories the origin of Chandragupta : akadatta’s Mudrarakshasa calls Chandragupta Maurya as 2. The Jain literature says that he | 5 | belonged to a Poshakas or Peacock tamers The word ‘Maurya’ is derived from Et ‘Mura’ supposed to be the concubine of Nanda king of Magadha. According to the Buddhist literature Mahavamsha, he was of i Kshathriya clan known as loriya’, which ruled at fi4| Avanti | Avanti aini Pear. Many isto av [15 | Ganaafara | Testa accepted this opinion. Taxashila 3. rees. | oe portant sources which help us to know a The 1m the Maury? Arthashastr Indica of Megast as are. of Kautilya hanes of 1 5 Mudrarakshasa of Vishakadatta. 4. Ashokan edicts 5, Monuments 6. Ceylonese chronicles Deepavamsha and Mahavamsh@ re Maurya. S24-300 BCE evel very aurya is the founder of this dynasty. HOW" way by Chandragupta M litle is known about him, Chanakya. a Brahmin of education. He helped Chandragupt Mauryan Empire. Conquest of Punjab and Magadha. Chandragupta built a strong army under the guidance of Chanakya, He defeated the petty rulers of Punjab and captured it. Thereafter he marched against Magadha. He killed Dhanananda, the last ruler of Nandas and ended his oppressive rule and laid the foundation for the Mauryan Empire. War with Seleucus. Alexander had established his suzerneity ove Parts ee and had nominated his reece mle oe ch cmpee ee ae defeated them and annexed the territori te iene om ‘ er Alexander's death Seleucus became the aaa i 7 ‘eevee Me oer Central Asia. In 305 BCE, he crossed the I ae defenieattan He er's Indian possessions. Chandragupta M: mak Accordingly he ee had to conclude a treaty with h included baie re handragupta Maurya a large territory oe: fave his dae Mghanisthan, Kandahar and Baluchisthan. He ct Chandragupts ae in marriage to Chandragupta Maurya. In aise worfare Seon ‘urya presented him with 500 elephants trainee Megasthanes maintained friendly relations with Mauryas ns as ambassador to Pataliputra. and sent le had lost his father, was take?) * essary ‘akshashila who gave him the 1 a Maurya in the establishme ny other military ave a clear po of all Such conquest plete demarcated according to the Jain tradition, in the last days of his sei Chandragupta abdicated the throne and embraced Jainism nae eat fluence of Jain scholar Bhadrabahu. He spent his las\ ay’ 7 Shravanabelagola in Karnataka and died by performing ‘Sallekhana’ in 300 BCE. The hill on which he stayed is known, as Chandragiri and ine temple built by him as Chandragupta Basadi. tilya (Chanakya). eye was a famous statesman of ancient India. He was also oe by other names-Chanakya and Vishnugupta. He played an Pit a role in the dethronement of Nandas and the establishment 2 et empire. He was also largely responsible for setting up of a well icy 7s administrative system. Kautilya wrote Arthashasthra in Sanskrit. Dr. Shamashastri, the Librarian of Oriental Research Institute, Mysore discovered the text in 1905 and published its English version in 1909. Its contents can be divided into three main parts. ‘The first part deals with the King, his Council and the Government. 2, The second part deals with Civil and Criminal law. 3. The third part deals with Interstate Law, Diplomacy and War. Arthashasthra outlines the seven limbs of the state (Sapthanga), namely - Raja(Kingship), Manthri (Council), Janapada (Population and Land), Durga (Fort), Kosha (Treasury), Bala (Army) and Mithra (Allies). The successor of Chandragupta was his son Bindusara. He ruled 300 to 273 BCE. Nothing much is known about Bindusara. His Ashoka became the King after Bindusara. oka the great. [273- 232 BCE] Ashoka was the greatest ruler of the Mauryas and one of the renowned of the world. He is mentioned in his edicts as ‘Devanampriya ‘Priyadarshi’. They indicate his great personality. lebrat, came to powe! ronation was cel 273 BCE, but his C01 Sarl i 7m ‘The nee from 273-269 BCE is not clear. i “bile eae ee during this period there was 4 struggle for success! een) Ashoka and his hundred brothers. The Kalinga war: 261 el During the reign of Ashoka. Kalinga was wanted to teiend his imperialism over Kalinga. So he mé Kalinga. A fierce battle was fought between them. XIII Rock Edict giv us details about the conquest of Kalinga and its results. It tells u about 1.00,000 soldiers were killed and 1.50,000 were captured prisoners of war. Ashoka was so filled with sorrow at the sight of bloodsh that. this became his last war as he decided not to wage wars in fut Ashoka changed his foreign policy. Instead of ‘Digvijaya’ (milit conquests). he adopted the policy of ‘Dharmavijaya’ (winning the hea of the people). Thus, the war of Kalinga became a turning point the life of Ashoka. He embraced Buddhism under the influence of U Gupta. a Buddhist saint. Ashokan Empire extended from Kashmir and Afghanisthan i | < regior in the North to Kamataka (Suvarnagiri) in the South, and from Deal in the East to Sindh and Baluchisthan in the West. Edicts of Ashoka Ashoka was the first to issue edicts in India. Th . They have been fe ol the net and breadth of the empire. The edicts hele de ideals and outlook besides throwing light on the eee a administration of the Mauryas. The of a Prakrit, Pali and Greek and the script used is Brahmi we Brahmi script, which was a riddle for a longtime was a James Frineep tn 1837. The edicts are classified into major edicts, minor edicts, pillar inscriptions and cave inscriptions, Edicts in Karnataka A number of Ashokan edicts They have been f 7 have been discovered in Karnataka 1. Maski in Raichur district 2. Gavimatha and Palkigonda in Koppala district. —— Arabian Sea 4- Anclent Period - 4.3 TST MAURYAN EMPIRE UNDER ASHOKA Pataliputré Ujjain ° ° Sarnath e Sanchi deyiin ~=§ ——--_ Extent of the Empire Indian Ocean ' in Chitrady, 3. Brahmagiri, Siddapura and Jatingarameshwara rg, district. ' 4, Nittur and Udayagollam in Bellary distric 5. Sannathi in Kalaburagi district, The edicts referred to the King as ‘Devanampriya’ or pryadarshy, which created doubts among the historians regarding the ig Who issued them. The Maski edict, along with Calcutta edict refers to king as ‘Devanampriya Ashokasa’. This confirmed that Devanmpriya and Priyadarshi Raja was none other than Ashoka himself, Religion Ashoka made a great contribution to religion. According to him the law of piety consisted of the following virtues, - Parents must be obeyed and teachers must be respected, » Everyone should speak the truth, . Servants, Youngsters and dependents must be treated with love, - No injury should be caused to men and animals, One must suppress anger, cruelty and extravagance, FPoOne Measures adopted for the Spread of Buddhism Ashoka was responsible for the Spread of Buddhi s isi India but also outside India. He took many measures, for the tact of Buddhism, They are, ed 1. He visited the Buddhist hol y places gs Kapilavastu, Gay. th, p uch as Lumbini Garden, and Ki on religion, ushinagar and arranged discourses and to spread Dharma among the people. He also 8PPoin, Sthree Adhyaksha ag ae ane ae we ene religious awareness among them. Shapeet : ee d the third Buddhist Council at Pataliputhra in 250 de 5. BCE to settle the internal differences among the monks. ashoka sent missionaries (o preach Buddhism In Afghanisthan, 6. Asia. Stilanka, and Europe. He sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamithra to Srilanka with a Bodhi sapling as a symbol ‘of peace: took many welfare activities. He dug wells, built rest houses, fruit bearing trees along road sides, constructed hospitals for men and animals and established schools. He made arrangement to feed the poor and physically unfit people. He was like a father to his subjects. His motto was ‘Service and sacrifice’. 7, He unde anted Ashoka established a large empire in India. He is the only king in the history of the world to renounce war even after victory. The effects of Kalinga war moved him to such an extent that he gave up Digvijaya and adopted Dharmavijaya and dedicated his entire life for the peace and welfare of his subjects. H.G. Wells states that “Amidst the tens of thousands of names of monarchs that crowd the columns of history, eir majesties and royal highness and the like, the name of Ashoka ‘es and shines almost alone like a star”. tributions Mauryan Administration. The Mauryans established an efficient system of administration. They were the first to establish an uniform administrative system throughout their empire. Arthashastra played an important role in the administration of the Mauryas. Central Government. King: The king was the head of the state. He was the chief source legislative, executive, judicial and military powers. The King was bound the Dharma. The main duty of the king was to work for the welfare the people. Manthri Parishad: There was a council of ministers called ‘Manthri d’ to assist the king in the administration. The ministers were i id ability we the merits an les, Th rin nside! 2. Each minister was in ch; m 4 tol atters were considered and discug’® sede the advice of th iS ing after” d by the Kine ed fro! 2p of ministers varied 1 ae er jepartments- uld super: of one or oparishad- The King ©o' in Mant! ishad. Mantripari: Administrative matters of the central government nents, each under a superintendent, They q, . ch as irrigation, market, education, famine reir lef Secretariat divided into 30 depart with activities of state Su etc. ,dministration of justice: In the Mauryan Empire, the kin the highest court of appeal. The Mauryan empire had two types of 'S Wag called - Dharmastheyas which dealt with civil cases and Kantaka Courts which dealt with criminal cases. These courts existed in all t ‘Shodang cities. Village assemblies and its headmen were responsibl pti fl in their areas. Megasthanes observed that punishments le for Justicg which included beheading and amputation of limbs. wer © severe were collected both in cash and kind. Th . wel Taxes were also levied on professions, houses ete me products and sales tax, etc. eae Provincial government Maui 3 ryan E} Provinces with their capitals at Gimnar, Takshashie. , ean oe . » Tosali and cal officers, livestock, forest. City administration: + The Greek ambassador Megasthan very em Gescription about the administration of Patalipune 2 n of the city was entrusted to a committee of thirty members divided into six boards of five each. ‘They looked after roads, markets hospitals, temples, schools, water supply, etc. ; Military administration: The military administration of Chandragy, was very efficient and well organized. The king personally led the arme laws Aes od oes @uring wars, The army of Chandragupta consisted of 6.00,000 infantry, 90,000 cavalry and 9,000 elephants. The war office was administered by six boards. each consisting of Nve members. They were 1. Navy, 2 Transport. 3. Infantry 4 Cavalty, 5. Chartots and 6. Elephant force 2. artand Architecture. Mauryas — built various buildings. s and palace monuments. The buildings prior to Ashoka were built of wood. Ashoka gave up the use of wood and brick and started using stone. Stupes: The Stupas dome like mounds brick or stone, built a honor of Buddha or ver the relics of tiddha. It is believed |— ‘Ashoka built about 84,000 Stupas all over his empire. They have shed in course of time. The only surviving stupa ts at Sanchi in adyapradesh. It is the biggest stupa. Palaces: Chandragupta Maurya’s palace at Pataliputra was famous. Chinese piligrim Fahien who came to India gives us a vivid description the foundation of the palace. He exclaimed that it was created by _ Caves: Ashoka and his grandson Dasharatha built caves for meditation ‘the Buddhist monks. The caves in Barabur mountains near Gaya Pillars: The stone pillars in various designs were built during the in of Ashoka. It is believed that Ashoka built more than 30 pillars. stone pillar weighs 50 tons and measures 30 feet in height. The important. among them is the pillar at Saranath. It consists of an inverted lotus, the Dharmac tonal embble seated back to back. The Capital of Saranath pillar Is the natlo tH of India, SHATAVAHANAS, After the decline of the Mauryas the Shatavahanas, WhO Were the feudatories of Mauryas, declared independence. Their kingdom lasteg for about 400 years. It is very difficult to determine the exact date of the establishment of the Sathavana kingdom Simukha was the founder of this dynasty. Prathisthana (modern Paithan in Maharastra) was the capital of the § ahanas, Some of the important rulers of Sathavahana kingdom were- Hala, Gautamiputra, Satakarni, Vashistiputra Pulamayi and Yajnashri, The seventeenth king of Sathavahana dynasty was Hala. He himself was a great scholar and he wrote ‘Gathasapthashatt’ in Prakrit language. Gautamiputra Sathakarni - 106 -130 CE The Sathavahana power received a set back at the hands of the weak successors of Hala. Gautamiputra Sathakarni re-established the power and prestige of the Shatavahanas. He is described as the destroyer of Saka, Yavana and Pahalvas. He defeated Saka king Nahapana and restruck the silver coins with his emblem. His achievements are recorded by his mother Gautami Balashri in the Nasik cave inscription. She claims Gautamiputra Sathakarni to have performed ‘Ashwameda’, His important titles were ‘Tri samudra toya peetha vahana’ and ‘Shaka-Yavana-Pahlava Nisudhana’. The contribution of Shatavahanas in the field of Art and architecture was enormous. They constructed several Buddhist Stupas, Viharag and Chaityas. These are found in Amaravathi, Nagarjunakonda, Karle, y, ; Kanheri, etc. a — _ CHAPTER 4.5 —_————— GUPTAS (300-600cE) After the fall of the Mauryan En authority in North India for nearly a eeniuty "The whe cp Political was divided into petty principalities. There wee aoe oF North india Kingdoms such as the Vakatakas, the N Maukharis ne Onee, ‘There were also a few Republican states like Lichchavis. Yaudheyes Malvas. etc. They were engaged in mutual struggle until the Gurtes ‘emerged as a strong state around 300 CE. Guptas were the powerful ‘monarchs. They ruled a large part of India and achieved political unity for the second time after the Mauryas. There was tremendous progress in the fields of religion, literature, science, art and architecture. The Gupta age is known as the ‘Golden age’ in the history of India. Some important sources which help us to study the Gupta history Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudra Gupta. Works of Kalidasa. Mudrarakshasa and DevichandraGuptam of Vishakadatta. Kavyamimamse of Rajashekara. Writings of Fa-hien and Itsing. oP ON Political history: Sri Gupta was the founder of this dynasty. His son was Gatotkacha Gupta. ‘Gupta Era’ commenced with the accession of ChandraGupte |, who- ruled from 320 to 335 CE. He was the first important kin; of the Gupta dynasty. Pataliputra was his capital. He strengthned hi position by marrying Princess Kumaradevi of the Lichchavi clan. H was succeeded by his son Samudragupta. ‘Samudragupta:- 335 to 375CE Samudragupta was the greatest king of the Gupta dynasty who rul 40 years. He was an ambitious ruler and wanted to be a ‘Chakravart! peror). \ He had to Wage He followed @ Policy military conde ast empire. Conquests: Samudragupl many wars in ord! of expansion and aggression. The Allahaba samudragupta’s inscription V the army of Samudragupta. divided into four groups. 1, North Indian campaign. kingdoms. ais known for his er to establish a V d pillar inseription is source to know about conquest and great qualities. The composer of this 1 commander in chief of as Harisena, the court poet anc le The conquest of Samudra Gupta may be a reliable 2. Conquest of for 3. South Indian campaign. 4, Conquest on Border States. 1. North Indian Campaign: The e years of h 5 years is regime w i subduine the provinces of Gangetic plain called “Aryavartha’ ‘Accor ig to the Allahabad inscription he defeated 9 kin; sts _ em campaign and annexed them into his empire. - poe i Ss a gvijaya’. The nine kings of Aryavarth: ae scaled mudragupta were Nandin, Balavarman Ghibelertn by , ravarman, Nagadatta, Na; Rudradeva, gasena, Ganapathinaga, Achutha, Mathila and 2, Conquest of Forest Kingdoms: Samudragupta conquered the fi orest kingdoms of Jabbaly ipura, Reva, Vindhya region (central a eee and Bhaghelkhand in the 3. South Indian Campaign: in the north, Sam : After firmly consolidatin; and he \aunchied an oo pta turned his attention tonards Geen 3,000 miles. Sainuace Be and his army travelled f south India. But they were Gupta defeated the Twelve for about an became his Vesela a in their respetive eae: Soutt led this as — AShamiatheyes accepted to pay tributes. - Twelve Sout 1. Mahendra a Kings defeated by Samud: ; 3. Mantharaja of Kowrala a eo: Mahakan: i GUPTA EMPIRE UNDER SAMUDRAGUPTA Allahabade “Una eT Ujjain w a y / ~ Arabian Sea ——Extent of the Empire ->-->->---Route of Southern ® Indian Ocean Campaign of Ww Samudragupta a of Yarandapall Daman Hasthivarman of Vengi | Ugrasena of Palakkad phananjay@ of Kustalapury boundary states conquered by am, Samatata in Bengal, 5. Swamydatta of Kottura 6 Vishnugopa of Kanchi 8 Neelaraja of Avamuktha 10. Kubera of Devarasthra 12. ler States: The -¢ Kamarupa in Ass% Rohilkhand. Conquests of Bord: Samudragupta wer" Karthripura in Punjab and After these conquests. Samudragupta performed ‘Ashwamedha sacrifice’ to commemorate his victory. He took the title ‘Ashwameda Parakrama’ He issued gold coins with the figure of horse on them. They were one among the eight types of gold coins issued by him. His empire extended | from Kashmir in the North | to Tamilnadu in the South and Punjab in the west to Bengal in the E a musician, poet, scholar and a patro only a conqueror but also literature. He had the title ‘Kaviraja’. Harisena was a his court poet. Chandragupta ChandraGupta II ascen' Coins of Samudragupta ast. Samudragupta was not n of great scholar and Il 375-415 CE ded the throne after the death of Samudragupta. The notable achievement of Chandragupta II was that he defeated the Shaka ruler Rudrasena and annexed his kingdom, He strengthened his empire by matrimonial alliance with Nagas anq Vakatakas. He was also known as Vikramaditya. He was a great patron of scholars and poets. Nine great scholors (Navarathnas) adorned hig court. Ujjain became the second capital during his regime. on | Fahien's visit 399-414 CE Fahien was a Chinese traveller. He visited India during the reign of Chandragupta HI. He came to India to study Buddhism, in the land of its birth. He has recorded his observations in his book- ‘Gho-ko- ki’. The book throws light on religious, economic and soctal conditions of those times. Golden Age Gupta period has a unique position in the history of India. Due to the all-round development in this age, the European writers have compared it with the age of Pericles of Greece, Augustus Caesar of Rome and queen Elizabeth of England. The achievements in the fields of Religion. Education, Literature, Art and Architecture, Science and Technology were extra-ordinary. Revival of Hinduism: Revival of Hinduism is one of the outstanding features of the Gupta age. The Gupta emperors were the followers of Hinduism. Yet, they were tolerant towards other religions like Buddhism and Jainism. ‘The Hindu religion received great encouragement. It became the State Religion of Guptas. The worship of Vishnu. Shiva and Durga became very popular. The Gupta rulers performed vedic rites and sacrifices. The vedic rituals like Ashwameda, Vajapeya and Rajasuya yagas were performed with all splendor. Many Vishnu temples were also constructed during the Gupta age. They assumed the tille- ‘Paramabhagavatha’ which indicates their devotion to Lord Vishnu. Shaiva and Shakthi cult were also popular. Education: Education greatly flourished under the Guptas. The kings ‘themselves were great scholors and educationalists. They paid special attention to education. There were a number of universities during the Gupta age. The universities attracted not only Indians but also foreign _students. Takshashila, Nalanda, Ajantha and Saranatha were well known Gupta universities. Pataliputra and Vallabhi were great centres of education. The important subjects taught were Puranas, Literature, Philosophy, Arithmatic, Astrology and Science. ; Literature: Religious literature, including the Vedas which were in the form of hymns were brought into writing during the Gupta period. The Gupta age is called ‘The Golden age of Sanskrit literature’. - oo (OE 5 ing among Poets in Aj ~) trage ited musician and a great Scholor ahs Samudrag rc He wats sin the court of ChandraGupta {y inscription: re ‘Navarathnas ere Wel Vedas, There he greatest Poet and Dramatist of Ancient them, Kalidasa w ‘ran as like Malavikagnimithra, Vikramorvashy ous drama He wrote famous Eptes Uke Raghuvamsha and Kumarasambhaya a Shakunthala. geet Meghaduta and Rithusamhara, ay lyrical poems like } _ "Names and works of Navarathnas 1. Kalidasa ~ Shakunthala 2. Varahamihira = - Brihathsamhithe 3. Ghatakarpara - Gatakarparakavya 4. Vararuchi - Vyakarana 5. Amarasimha ~ Amarakosha 6. Dhanvanthri ~ Ayurvedha Nighantu 7. Shanku - Shilpashasthra 8. Kshapanaka - Jyothishyashasthra 9. Vethalabhatta - Manthrashasthra Important Scholors and their works 1. Shudraka - Mrichakatika 2 a | hae : ~ Svyadarsha and Dash: & Vishakadatta _ yay and Dee hee anarithe 5, ishnusharma - Panchatantra piam, 6. Bhavabuthi tt acharithe 7. araka Charakasamhithe 8, Shushrutha - Sushruthasamhithe 9. Shanku ~ Shilpashasthra 10. Amarasimha Amarakosha >) prahmagupta was another Mathemat of zero. Varahamihira was one of the greatst scientists of this age. He wrote- ‘Panchasiddanthika’, ‘Brihat Jataka’ and ‘Brihat Samhite’ He was Mn authority on Astronomy, Botany, Mathematics and Geography. ‘prihathsamhithe’ deals with the movements of heavenly bodies. In the field of medicine. Charaka and Sushrutha wrote ‘Samhithes’, Dhanwanthri was regarded as the ‘Father of Indian medicine’ (Ayurvedha). Vaghbhata wrote ‘Asthangasangraha’, The Mcharauli Iron pillar discovered near Delhi is an outstanding example of their metallurgical skill. It is a miracle that even after being exposed to sun and rain for centuries, the iron pillar has not rusted or lost its strength. n. He showed the importar art and Architecture: The basic structural features of Indian temple architecture were developed during the Guptas. Mathura, Benaras, Patna, Udayagiri. Devgarh, etc. were the centers of their artistic activity. Dashavatara temple of Devagarh was the first temple of the Gupta period. Shiva Temple of Bhumara and Brick temple of Bittirgaon were the other temples of the Guptas. A number of statues of Lord Buddha were also erected. The fine Sulthanganj Buddha statue of 7 feet height ts now preserved in the museum of Birmingham. The Guptas gave special encouragement to painting. The finest examples of Gupta paintings are on the walls of Bagh near Gwalior. Gupta rulers built many cave temples in Ajantha. The Gupta painters ted the scences from the life of Buddha. The painting of ‘Mother ‘and child’ in cave XVII is quite realistic and beautiful among the Ajantha Paintings. I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each. 1. Who was the founder of the Gupta dynasty? 2. When did the Gupta Era commence? 3. Who composed the Allahabad pillar inscription? 4. Which inscription of Samudragupta reveals his expeditions? 5. Who is the author of Kavyamimamse? ine ant les CHAPTER - 7.3 t Of British Rule On Economy nd Edug, Impac Ati h ruled India for more yes aie They Ploeg The Brits economically and socially. The British rule had 4 Bret India Port lian economy and education, impacto! . mic Impact ; 1. Eeono venue was the major source of income to the ove ven icinenered huge expenditure on administration, mainten, The Britis! ye army and waging many wars. This burden of expenditure Was pasect onto che indian Ryots. Along with the old revenue systen exter, Finds they introduced new system of revenue collection in differen; provinces from time to time. They are as follows: Permanent Revenue Settlement or Zamindari System-1793 Lord Cornwallis introduced this system in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar Orissa and Northern UP, According to this system, the East India Compan, entered into an agreement with the Zamindars, Initially it was introduced for 10 years. Later on it was made Permanent. Hence it was called Permanent settlement system, The Zamindars were given Permanent ownership of land, which they cultivated with the help of tenants. Out of the total revenue collected the Zamindars had to Pay 89% to the government and retain the remaining 11%, [t brought regular income to the government, Ryotwarj System: y This System was introduced in Bombay and Madras Presidencies. Inder this System, the East India company made direct settlement with © Ryot or Cultivators. The ownership of land was given to Ryots on © Condition that they had to pay a fixed revenue of 50 % regularly. — LL ny And as revised every 20 to 30 Years. Under this e ‘d bY the government, The revenu, . plow’ 1e officials. Many a times fi revew the produce was totally dest gown lost the ownership of land due me ‘ fa art system: i tem was introduced in North-Weste. sys Stery a, Ge his sy of Central India. The East Indi ome oan parts with Estate or Mahal. Mahal was ent The farmers within the Mahal wi village ors of the land and were the a of land revenue. The rey pe Yee jodically revised. The hea: va they were reduced to ers © PONsible fe enue was fixed at 50 ni Vy taxes beca: on the absolute Poverty, ain of Wealth or Drain Theory: Dr itish were not much interested in the develo The Br They were interested only in the Procurement of raw Materials cult ries in England and to safeguard their commercial interests their a Indian farmers to produce commercial crops like Cotton, a Tea, Indigo, ete which were in a . great demand in the European od American markets. PMent of Indian itish deliberately did not start i ne . a into a source for raw material: oc Indian handicrafts could not compete with machine made ee Artisans and craftsmen had tured into tenants or agricultural vere to work at starving wages. Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems = ed the way for Zamindars, as the new revenue systems eed by the British were pro-money lenders and a Hence stability and development of Indian villages suffered. industries in India. They 's and markets for finished The flow of Indian Wealth and resources to England whos one qual economic and materiel profit or benefit is . von Mfrs ana ‘h’. A lot of wealth flowed to England in _ profits by British re ons of civil and military officers, interest = aah of italists and expenditure on a a ed eas so drained due to excess taxes on Ini f imports from England ea e 238 Ol sess on pritish ont Hilt ine drain theory in his e undertook a campatgr s nd press: Naoroji declared that dy, " and fundamental evil of Bri Ara, used the drain theory ang & Sh Nu io awaken the masses Against hy rk tr ey na a, Later - india Me aot tot ation DY British as exploit rule Bee e Hindu pathashalas any sate saw ts ora Scat besneopte. A nw ‘be Annie, did Not she! sre educé ng the people. A ni A te Bag Was mag.” any interest 1813 with the passing of Charter ct by British Pag : us Act provid ed for annual expenditure of Rs.1,00,000 for i. This Act provi education in india, But the company did iy : : development 0 7 for many years, because of the ae = the entire amoun d Anglicists. Orientalists argued that the mon t penton development of Indian languages and learning like Arabi, Persian and Vernacular languages, whereas Anglicists thoy, that ‘Development of Education in India’, means the development «i English language and learning and the said money be Spent on jy, weapon ts), On Education: Y Shouig | Macaulay's Minute - 1835: The dispute between Orientalists and Anglicists continued till 1 P' 835, Lord William Bentinck, the then Governor General appointed Macaulay to settle the dispute. Macaulay favoured the views of Anglicists in his famous Minutes of 1835. He advocated the development of Western system 7 aan ® India and English as medium of education. He aimed at creat “a class of Indians in bl habits and intellect" ood and colour but English in tastes, wf he ds ng ed Mauls opinion and di People to Christianity ith ely. This Act was also aimed at convert for East India Company, ough education and no ated ay omit fi Modern Period-7.3 Iinpact of Britiah a > a chapter 7 1 Rule On Rene > any Bad Bs Macaulay was a hardcore Anglicist. He argued that, ori a . eT completely inferior to European learning. He said al learning was + PODCE “ 2 a sl on ood guropean library was worth the whole native mee shelf ahia" ve literature india ‘and Arabla ure of sod Despatch 1854 The next step in the development of education in India was ‘Wood's pespateh’ of 1854, prepared by Sir Charles Wood. ‘It is a comprehensive report which made the following important recommendations. 1. Company should start primary schools in villages, high-schools in towns and colleges at district level. 9. Primary education should be in vernacular languages and English medium for higher education. 3. To provide Grant-in-aid to private educational institutions. 4. Company should set up the the ‘Department of Public Instruction’ to supervise the education in all the provinces. 5. To establish Universities at Bombay, Madras and Calcutta on the model of London university. 6. To open Teachers Training Colleges. . To established vocational education and technical schools and colleges. 8. Stress for female education. Alm« The ideas of Che emmenaations of this despacth were implemented. This despacth is Jes Wood influenced Indian education for many years: India, known as ‘Magna -Carta of English Education’ = 1 Period-7.6- Indian National Movement CHAPTER 7.6 | INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT und: India was subjected to many foreig r een Grecks, Saks, Kushanan, Tks, Ans cic. AN such invaders anatclty settled in Ind ‘and adopted Indian culture and in tum grat buted to Indian culture. In contrast, the British never wistica th nn Ind and make India their motherland. They followed Gifferent sees Ig military strategies and gradually established political WMover India. The Indians awoke from their slumber acy ihe British occupation, which is called as the Indian National resi ent. The term ‘Indian National Movement’ includes in it a wide emeMolitical, social and religious movements The answer to the ree to when exactly did the Indian National Movement begin matter of debate. It can be said that it began as and when the h started to establish their empire in India, but in a strict sense Briteted with the establishment of the Indian National Congre: a t Factors for the growth of Indian Nationalism . The British considered India to be only a colony which provided cheap raw materials and market to their finished goods: The economic policy destroyed the economic structure that existed and the nation became poorer. The Indian village industries, petty trade and peasantry suffered severely. Unemployment began to grow. The economic backwardness of India was attributed to the British mule 2. The British provided a uniform system of administration and judicial system by establishing Political unity for a substantive period. 8. The Western system of education in English introduced by the British broke the monopoly of the traditional educational systems practiced in Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic by the Hindus and the Muslims. The enlightened Indians began to compare their existing conditions to that of Europe. For e.g. the politically disunited Indian conditions were similar to the conditions that existed in Germany and Italy before their Unifications. Their success against foreign dominance Indian History ~ a united and independent x ent of ation and establishmer in Nationalists the hy considered themselves 0 be racially super, Foe rine dliseriminated and degraded the Indiang. The [2 the eee ded the Indians as ‘Kutthe’ (dogs) and ‘Suwvars: (Py “tig, often wee administration, judiciary and legislature Were All 1 offices in é high h, The Queen's proclamation in 1858 promiseq to in th the bau vis into the military and administration but the ude Indians important offices was made dificult. The Brig My of India spicious of the India afler the First war of | ere ee ence. The Indian culture and heritage were lookeg lan Indep ihe British and they considered themselves ac ede thine uncivilized Indians and reformers of the socially and Cults more backward Indians. ‘The British waged a series of wars and followed reaction; . like Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse to establish poli supremacy over India. The rulers and officers who lost their Power and prestige and also the supporters of such regimes turned again the British. The ill treatment of the allies by the British like the ruler of Oudh further enraged the Indians. 5. 6. The Indian Press and literature in the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries inspired nationalism among the Indians, The plight of the people due to the impact of the administrative policies and the lapses of the British government were Published, Many articles and poems inspiring nationalism were Published both in English and vernacular languages. Scholars like R.G. Bhandarkar, R.L.Mitra, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekananda, MaxMuller, Monier Williams, etc. conducted research and brought to light the glorious cultural past of India. The cultural heritage of India filled the nationalists with pride and self confidence, During this period, the Europeans, including the British through various theories began claiming descendency to the Aryans and stated that the Aryans were the most civilized race of the ancient world. The fact that the Aryans were the originators of the Indian culture further boosted the pride of the Nationalists. Political associatio: portant 'o] MSs established before 1ggs pe Banga Basha Prakshika Sabha - 1836 The zamindari Association (Land holders Soci ti ‘s et The 7 rakanath Tagore-1 838. y) by pwa The The merger of Zamindari Association & Bengal British + india Society brought about the existence of the British Indian Association in 1851. Bengal British India Society - 1843 The East India Association was started by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866. Shishirkumar Ghosh established Indian League in 1875. The Indian Association of Calcutta established by S.N.Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose in 1876. g, The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha established by M.G.Ranade | and others-1870s. g. The Madras Mahajan Sabha was established by ViraRaghavachari, Subhramanya Aiyyar and Anandacharlu in 1884. 10. The Bombay Presidency Association established by Badruddin Tyabji, Pheroz Shah Mehta and K.T.Telang in 1885. blishment of the Indian National Congress 1885 The Political Organizations before the foundation of the Indian tional congress were working in different provinces and were less tive, A British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume conceived a National of all political leaders. He inspired the leaders to establish the Bintie at Or aoion mya subsequently the Indian National i lian 5 on 27-12-1885. Womesh Chandra Banerjee a Fe ie pemioutta was elected as the President, 72 delegates from different wis of India attend | it and four of them were from Karnataka. Inauan muswry A PUG, heory? Some Historians claim ¢ er ro 4 ne spu ne Viceroy of india conspired that nablish the 7 the 7 2 eory Si Df te congress. The theory says thi ildting Indian Nai he anger and tension , to release (Ne ainst the British regime by providing q ians ag eje Coe a The theory has been rejected Py most of the platform. Historians. tional congress we; he objectives of the Indian Na ie) Te Tl courage and consolidate the national unity, en a 7 . ; a remove prejudices of Religion, Caste, Province, ete > To promote intimacy and friendship among Indians, 1. To politically educate the Indian masses and formulate Opinion. a Pub 5, To pressurize the British to favorably enact upon the Publi 6. To include more Indians in the Councils and Civil © Opinio, dian Nati Services, Various Stages of Indian National Movement I Stage (the period of the Moderates ~ 1885-1905): From 1885 to 1905 the Indian National Co: ‘ Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, Badruddin Surendranath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Garey oss, Anandacha; loyalty to the British and believe hy —gafety valve 7 tern attitud Congress as q ‘Fe ae a . and ‘Disloyal Baba, of Sedition’ and the leaders as ‘Seditious Brahmin The first the political ctaee though did not bring about any drastic change ! ‘enario it Tepresented the progressive forces of the tit sether. It was a time of National awak ake tog! ning with a comma on e Moderates exposed the exploit: 0 olicies of the British. ‘They werd able at of the colonial the government was to consider the intere iar that the Jishment of the Indian National Congress es of the Indians. Moderate leadership laid the foundation ae ascend: against the colonial rule of the British. emergen ¢ (the period of the Extremists - 1905-1920): tween 1905 and 1920 is ki e eriod be! ; nown as the peri g ‘deh The Extremists were radical and militant in ‘thei od of the ae Moderates. Hence th ir approach contrast to the Mo . ice they were called ‘Extremists’ or ‘radical Nationalists”. They considered the British to be ‘Foreign Invaders’ be driven away by any means possible. The important leaders mists were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and 4 Rai. The Trio were popular as Lal-Bal-Pal. ancy ce of Lala Lajpat Roy Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bipin Chandra Pal Important causes for the rise of Extremism: ts through their 1, The Moderates failed to achieve any resul constitutional methods of - Prayers, Petitions and Protests. This angered the Extremists and the Moderates themselves were disillusioned by the British attitude. The approach of the Moderates with a foreign invader was termed by the extremists as ‘Political Mendicancy’, g the famines 2) The | lethargy of the British Government in handlin; ono sands 0} of 1896. ‘98 and 1899-1901 resulted in the deaths of thou! ~ eSist sea PUGTES

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