GEE 140: GENERAL SURVEYING 3.

Construction survey – at construction sites

4. Forestry survey – in forest lands
5. Hydrographic survey – in bodies of water
Text: Elementary Surveying, 3 ed, 6. Industrial survey – in construction of big
By Juny La Putt machineries such as ship, aircraft, etc.
7. Mine survey – for underground or surface
TOPICS: excavation
1. Uses and types of survey, instruments, survey 8. Photogrammetric survey – using photographs taken
team from airplane
2. Errors, accuracy, precision 9. Route survey – for highways and railways
3. Distance by Pacing, taping on even and sloping 10. Topographic survey – determine shape of ground
ground, errors and corrections in taping including elevation
4. Leveling types, errors and corrections,
curvature and refraction SURVEYING MEASUREMENTS:
5. Angles and Directions, magnetic declination, 1. Direct measurement – compares the measured
compass quantity with a standard measuring unit such as
6. Engineers Transit, Vernier, angles, lines and a tape
directions 2. Indirect measurement – used when direct
7. Open and Close Traverse, layout, errors and measurement is not possible, ex. Obstructed
corrections distance
8. Latitudes and departures, Balancing a survey
9. Area computations, omitted measurements SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS (old to new):
10. Surveying application to Mining Engineering Astrolabe, Telescope, Engineers Transit,
Semicircumferentor, Dioptra, Plane Table, Roman
FINAL GRADE = 40% Quiz + 20% Assign/Project + Groma, Libella, Vernier, Diopter, Compass, Gunter’s
30% Laboratory/Oral Report + chain, Chorobates, Merchet
10% Intermission No./ Attendance
Passing Score = 60% FIELD SURVEY PARTY:
Cumulative Rating System (for ONLINE CLASS) Chief of Party, Instrumentman, Recorder, Head
tapeman, Rear tapeman, Flagman, Rodman, Axeman,
SURVEYING – the art and science of determining Utilityman
angular and linear measurements to establish the
relative position of points, lines and areas on or near GEE Class Field Survey Team:
the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial Leader, Instrumentman, 2 Tapemen, Rodman, Flagman,
bodies through applied mathematics and the use of Recorder, Utilitymen
specialized equipment and techniques.
GEE Class Field Notebook FORMAT:
2 General Classifications: ● Reserve the first 3 blank pages of the big, thick
1. Plane Surveying – the earth is considered as a
notebook for the Table of Contents
flat surface
2. Geodetic Surveying – considers the spheroidal
Lab Ex. No. __ : TITLE
shape of the earth; apply principle of geodesy
Date/Time
with high precision applied to very large areas
Weather:
Name of Members Absent:
COMMON TYPES OF SURVEYS:
Equipment/Accessories:
1. Cadastral survey – property lines and boundaries of
Procedure: (use present tense; numbered sequentially)
municipalities or province
Data and Computations:
2. City survey – for planning or expansion within the
Sketch:
city
Theory and Application/s:
UNITS:
English Metric SI Rule 2: for values < 1, zeroes immediately to the right of
the decimal are not significant
Mass Slug Kg kg
Ex: 3 significant figures: 0.00325; 0.000468; 0.0230
Force Lb Kg N
Rule 3: zeroes placed at the end of decimal numbers are
Pressure or psi, psf Kg/m2 N/m2 = Pa significant
stress Ex: 5 significant figures: 169.30; 366.00; 11.000
length Inch, ft M m
ERRORS versus MISTAKES:
Error – difference between true value and measured
Conversion Prefixes (n) ; 10n value of a quantity; inherent in all measurements but
can be minimized
1 lb = 4.448 N Giga – G n = 9; 109

1 kg = 2.2 lb Mega – M 6 Mistake – large difference of error (inaccuracy) due to

carelessness or improper execution or procedure
1 kip = 1000 lb Kilo – k 3

1 m = 3.28 ft Centi – c -2 TYPES OF ERRORS:

1. Systematic errors – always with same sign and
1 mile = 5280 ft Milli – m -3 magnitude as long as field condition is constant;
1 yard = 3 ft Micro - μ -6 errors can be computed and corrected; occur
due to instrumental, natural, or human errors.
1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa 2. Accidental Errors – beyond the control of the
surveyor; plus or minus error; minor and
compensating error

1 lb = 4.448 N SOURCES OF ERRORS:

1 kg = 2.2 lb 1. Instrumental errors – due to imperfections of
1 kip = 1000 lb the instrument used either from construction or
1 m = 3.28 ft adjustment
1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa 2. Natural errors – caused by variations in the
phenomena of nature, such as temperature,
wind, magnetic declination, etc.
ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS: 3. Personal errors – due to human error
1. If < 5 , cancel the number;
Ex: 24.254 = 24.25 ACCURACY AND PRECISION
2. If > 5, increase by 1 Accuracy – how close a given measurement to the true
Ex: 226.38 = 226.4 value
3. If = 5, use nearest even number Precision – the degree of refinement and consistency
Ex: 26.175 = 26.18 ; 6.285 = 6.28 with which any measurement is made; closeness of
each measurement to one another

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES – include the number of Certain

digits + one Uncertain digit (estimated)
Ex: 3.65 - 3 & 6 are certain and 5 is uncertain

Rule 1: zeroes between other significant figures are

significant
Ex: 4 significant figures: 12.03; 35.06; 4009
VIDEOS FOR LECTURE 1 (Youtube):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=mztBoz7jgEE&list=PLQctRCEprJbeRVHXv99hnAPu0AN
6Jh_if&index=2
2. Principles of surveying l GATE 2021 lectures in
English l Civil Engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=J9VlWInlWBc&list=PLQctRCEprJbeRVHXv99hnA
Pu0AN6Jh_if&index=3
3. TYPES OF SURVEYING l GATE 2021 LECTURES
l ENGLISH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=tHsmIWpp2Xg&list=PLQctRCEprJbeRVHXv99hnA
Pu0AN6Jh_if&index=6
6. ERRORS IN SURVEYING l GATE 2021
LECTURES IN ENGLISH l CIVIL ENGINEERING l
GATE l SURVEYING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=urmUILx1qtc&t=15s
Principles of Surveying // Fundamental Principles of
Surveying // Surveying Basics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsMaFmrvAHQ
Classification of Survey | Surveying | Simplified
Learning