Professional Documents
Culture Documents
“Translate Readings”
Student ID : 21033099
Lecturer:
DEPARTEMENT OF PHYSICS
2023
TRANSLATE READINGS
EXERCISE 1
Research so far indicates that COVID-19 spreads more easily and has a higher
death rate than the flu. Research so far indicates that COVID-19 spreads more
easily and has a higher death rate than the flu.
The measure scientists use to determine how easily a virus spreads is known
as the "basic reproduction number," or R0 (pronounced R-nought). This is an
estimate of theaverage number of people who catch the virus from a single
infected person, Live science previously reported. The flu has an R0 value of
about 1.3, according to The New York Times.
Some studies suggest COVID-19 has an even higher R0 value. For example, a
study published April 7 in the journal Emerging Infectious Disease used
mathematicalmodeling to calculate an R0 of nearly 6 in China. It's important
to note that R0 is not a constant number. Estimates can vary by location,
depending on such factors as how often people come into contact with each
other and the efforts taken to reduce viral spread, Live Science previously
reported.
Pandemics
Seasonal flu, which causes outbreaks every year, should not be confused with
pandemicflu, or a global outbreak of a new flu virus that is very different
from the strains that typically circulate. This happened in 2009 with the swine
flu pandemic, which is estimated to have infected up to 1.4 billion people and
killed between 151,000 and 575,000 people worldwide, according to the CDC.
There is no flu pandemic happening currently. On March 11, the WHO
officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic. This is the first time
the WHO has declared a pandemic for a coronavirus.
No Vocabulary(inggris)
1. Spreads
2. Coronavirus
3. Illnesses
4. Crown
5. Underappreciated
6. Deaths
7. Flu season
8. Estimates
9. Hospitalizations
10. Symptoms
11. Scientists
12. Understanding
13. Information
15. Infected
16. Science
17. Researchers
20. Published
21. Contact
23. Outbreaks
24. Pandemics
25. Strains
26. Worldwide
27. easily
Translation ( Terjemahan )
Penularan Virus
Pandemi
Black Holes
Don't let the name fool you: a black hole is anything but empty space.
Rather, itis a great amount of matter packed into a very small area - think of a
star ten times more massive than the Sun squeezed into a sphere
approximately the diameter of New York City. The result is a gravitational
field so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.In recent years, NASA
instruments have painted a new picture of these strange objectsthat are, to
many, the most fascinating objects in space.
The idea of an object in space so massive and dense that light could not
escape it has been around for centuries. Most famously, black holes were
predicted byEinstein's theory of general relativity, which showed that when
a massive star dies, it leaves behind a small, dense remnant core. If the core's
mass is more than about three times the mass of the Sun, the equations
showed, the force of gravity overwhelms all other forces and produces a black
hole.
Scientists can't directly observe black holes with telescopes that detect
x-rays, light, or other forms of electromagnetic radiation. We can, however,
infer the presenceof black holes and study them by detecting their effect on
other matter nearby. If a black hole passes through a cloud of interstellar
matter, for example, it will draw matter inward in a process known as
accretion. A similar process can occur if a normal star passes close to a black
hole. In this case, the black hole can tear the star apart as it pullsit toward itself.
As the attracted matter accelerates and heats up, it emits x-rays that radiate
into space. Recent discoveries offer some tantalizing evidence that black holes
have a dramatic influence on the neighborhoods around them - emitting
powerful gamma ray bursts, devouring nearby stars, and spurring the growth
of new stars in someareas while stalling it in others.
Lubang hitam
Gagasan tentang suatu objek di ruang angkasa yang begitu masif dan
padat sehingga cahaya tidak dapat lepas darinya telah ada selama berabad-
abad. Yang paling terkenal adalah lubang hitam diprediksi oleh teori relativitas
umum Einstein, yang menunjukkan bahwa ketika sebuah bintang masif mati,
ia akan meninggalkan sisa inti yang kecil dan padat. Jika massa inti lebih dari
tiga kali massa Matahari, persamaan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa gaya
gravitasi mengalahkan semua gaya lainnya dan menghasilkan lubang hitam.
Lubang hitam yang lebih besar pun bisa terjadi akibat tabrakan bintang.
Segera setelah peluncurannya pada bulan Desember 2004, teleskop Swift milik
NASA mengamati kilatan cahaya yang kuat dan sekilas yang dikenal sebagai
semburan sinar gamma. Chandra dan Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble NASA
kemudian mengumpulkan data dari peristiwa "pijaran sisa" tersebut, dan
bersama-sama pengamatan tersebut mengarahkan para astronom untuk
menyimpulkan bahwa ledakan dahsyat dapat terjadi ketika lubang hitam dan
bintang neutron bertabrakan, menghasilkan lubang hitam lain.
Secara historis, para astronom telah lama percaya bahwa tidak ada
lubang hitam berukuran sedang. Namun, bukti terbaru dari Chandra, XMM-
Newton dan Hubble memperkuat dugaan bahwa lubang hitam berukuran
sedang memang ada. Salah satu kemungkinan mekanisme pembentukan
lubang hitam supermasif melibatkan reaksi berantai tumbukan bintang-
bintang dalam gugus bintang kompak yang menghasilkan penumpukan
bintang-bintang yang sangat masif, yang kemudian runtuh membentuk lubang
hitam bermassa menengah. Gugus bintang kemudian tenggelam ke pusat
galaksi, tempat munculnya lubang hitam bermassa menengah.
Translation (Terjemahan)