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 www.aktutor.in
Page No.
Momar Managtn t t
Date

Meno Managm ent iu tha proceA oCordsum

omd codimahina Computn mum imnimg ahers Caled
blou vaninus w m gnams o tpdimiz e oveel systum

Mumo manaament maimu Cemceuned wh na

allatatiem o main memm a auusting ote No 0dan
cetain omeunt memoy located te
Wa An buse a o

ahe
ive Yequirtmerts o memm manaaument
Relocatien:
Rdocakon a fmd a way e map unh a lodel rehs
mdephysio oddxt
load d a n m a u nmunmtSihte hexe
utem a pdctb
irtwuhtu insideA h e errocs
s hae addres s Me
a e SaL
o xdocataba adde
dire intruN inside he
cenuatd intp autua ddsos loda in Sea
whdh ans

2Shauna lexibik
eteion
medhanim ma hae
P
auces h e S a e .
Seuaprotuses te
A alou
mumar

3 Pgteuh'en

allotatd te t .
Utceima muman t a t haj ngt blen
prstut agasmt nwayctsd nty u n a b y
Eu adtesShaalo.
ths oced

4 Legcal ganigatisn ne-dumenstmal

0domnd a Lman a
mimaT
mima xwds.

eSeutme o b t u
hat cermdetse
Spare
 www.aktutor.in Page No.
Dalte T
eLemday mummy st ik hysital l w s Sîmilal4
oganigdinte maduules
d . Mt ha pragaams a

5 Physital Oganigatien
he Cempuutu wman 0rganzAd as mdln miraon-
orrod Sc.cerda muma m a i s mumor poisls obsta u s

Haueatha seterdas mumon a k o a ubut san Adad f

Amg tkam SAbragwth lang lasauay

Addrs bimdig
Addru binding R the oC s mapping h atngas
Aogatak Nstal oddrea pendimg phusitalsmaun.
mLma oddusea
Adkimbinoing paroCatia mem manaqunet
d s piaorOd b e eptakmo tum n behale e
plelitdSea that nad a u s mtmo
nstuhmard dat to mem- O0dsis am

olon n ullauung waysi

Copde tm:
uhen t naun at cple Ame swhuu cs
ww KaideLrmpale khme bindina ued tgentate
nate he
abseute code
Lod tere:
n it no Eran at Cmpile bome h he
poc | u , rAide i n mumon hun eabidenunuatu
suocadble Coole
Cachen iei
the
eots can be. mved duiq i xeutin fem
6r mumany stnd anatho thm bindrg muat be dilayd .
be don
 www.aktutor.in
Page No.
Date

Dynamic loading
Bupamin loadina e mabpin on xeutable
Bna AS apCUA mumon altu ' haß stated n dpnamic

b na mgam.
mamic l0adinq maku btta muman spaceuiganm
ARd Mimu aN nw Joadsd Ok _s u m-
Jana ou Codaau hudsd o handde intreutntly
OCCuiaCas

make 1Linking
Linkin h poc Calleina ard Cobimng
Ja ousmacdulA Code ard data inde a exeatabe pde hat Can
b laaded in mtm and exeutd. 0S Canink sust em lu
lubranitte argka
load. tmethe k g
hun it CAmbinus the bmiu at
and Linkicq dene at the
Atallastadu Linkmg t e n thi

Ovlaa
Oyalays
aVem hme whn athua.
nd data that a heedis_ at an
dhuy aM oadtd ihte Space rat uas
hat uns
huded,
INtxuuh'ens auu
uhednganesdad.
mtrucS'®rsnat
-0cupisd reuios

Swaig it ble p m totul s i a l addsea

Swdping mak fphysial mamay
Space all ocus k kLed me r l
he Sutum-
Aasustim
 PageNo.
www.aktutor.in
Date|

Logital VS Phyaital AddrusSpace

Lagital addrus Aace A S o all Lagtal addrs
unatd mglamfhugital addre space ua Sut a
pstal_addsuna careaesmdimg t hese Aagal addnss
Loataaddrm A qatnatod b ceu fhusiak aldrs
aadsd.rth main ma nd it Loadd inder ha
main um m addrusr ta.

QCoraid e a lagta adldrtsace a uight fagu o lo

d azh maeed ma a phypical um o 32 famas eni
Ha oany t a n dogtal adda
Hoemany ta inthpial addr2
Sal e Jegital addxa split inte Aue fparti
h adldr and h nS t
Paau adldses 3 aalodrs utA
oFfSet loy= 2 = l e add rus bita.
Tata B addrus bt
phaita
hsial addxos uspuik inde AuC paut:-
he f e r addres ard fhn ofset
a n ecoldrua= 32 2 - S addros bita
=lo oddrus btA
sek lo24
Tatal =_lS aold us bit

Hola inMUm fatihnimg

he os kee a tablee inditatmqushithpart mum
ae auailable and shih ae ocupid. usialeall mim
availatlekc pocuuard. s caidud sr a back
aailabl mem Enam h a l e . whun a patomumgy
A ocupid a t nd let 1ut s e mumy a
noun ai hale A holaan be rutdushn a pec»
Coltd and aaues he mon
 www.aktutor.in
Page No..
Date

here
hee a Aug Mana umnt technigues Ceytiguae and
NOm Cond quLasA
Sn Comdiguas tuhnigu exeutmg o a muE

JaadsanYuy maim -mumer Contbiguas Techmp

be duida inte
xdStadic ahdenim
2 Vaiable/ dipais eantikusn8-

fxed stahic anshienug

ino a Set nen-velaphurg
mmc
Pantitm mo
pautihon. fxed pashAo can be e
muma Ttarisu cald
LALa untual Siyts.

Poram
Pronam
hole
foqam3
Prropo 2
oqaom2
rognam 1
hol
frgamno oS
OS

P a h onung
2) Vaiable Bumama andpaahhend a hads
RAM mpty
Iritiall e t e s 's hud
iNtead
un-ime akording
dusina, e a barnditra Sine
ttm toiguY
arss'enemg dusimg
Ka aSen Sha
testa
in thming he
u be e4ual
he a t A AG had
ke h NLLd ovcrt.
Vani actordm avádaol
avddiad A9 tuare
Ao r u
hagmintaki en- Can
n b
be
itnal
URiaadhn q RAM.
ut
 www.aktutor.in
Page No.
Date L
DynamicMLman Altabons teshnugue
akk. bat jk ard u l t p t an the ha
ommem trakeai ta Ad kor sdet a fu halu fom
*hest o avaidable hedu.
fat
n hu
pYst_ fE apoah i allasate thuat
u putNm _ty hole lane maigh uhudh_can atmedate

panhim
26 6t
Tha btuk f* deals with alo cahmg tha smalleut
fre patitm hith meh guirennt o th rguaty-
dorota i algaithan ixakStauhes h sntir iat ofru
anbKema ond cmaiduy smallut hale hat Aadeguuate.
* tiu amd a hole ushith u dee touuual s

sig udd

foee btm se a t tme poiien att wi be bige nogh

Omtcuna fameataben
BE Sahog rdatu te id Sig baathihimamgTeAtum-

*haninh Small loc a. egired ths progaam Hou

movenn unon A adocated S d m u thami heded btha-
proc hchtAtmAal Oult n excus memdy qmgwaata
 www.aktutor.in
Page No.
Date

extenal ngmntat'en
h e main memon omahedubctuweunipo0 Aior alotocted
M a t 4 kre Small e holdQm
men07 hat Adaords
Mero aoCes
oSaaotadem algarttna wkn Lamtiqueu blotka
Wmuseod
Apace mat S a hu YLuut beause na Sp 0ks
a ue Smalu aa mam0r aplslitahi en need
Sime
tuum, ha nm cenioeLs loces CxLoake
m o n Tu mq in rustd sttn hat ana utaide
h a aLocated raien manumq it annat b d alema w

nd up inq iielated ard Canmot beitetally

Uminatd frem th memanyspae Th ald exturoal
aqmemctatiem. 2t an b UmavedbCempathien uhuch Shuy
Comtnt tha memanp do place all ra muma h-

vm Mumen bankhen oo K Sook 2o0 k 300

Ond 60 k in du. Ha wodd tash e afrat pkz

but tt and. woat pt algonthim pace erot
u k 12 t and y26 K 2 outh alaonthon mau
mot utt e mum -
Mumom
212k
41

26 K

Stats tuna
TAmdben
Papief

S6 K f
200 K
3 K fre
Go P 163 K
odtuatailale. 100k Tonl sed941 k
 www.aktutor.in Page No.
Date T

mPa Proc Mumor 9,nttna

DAUmbe. RRgmustd tog mantnten

41 83K
uL
Poo k 12k 6u
300 K 212k
Soo K fy 26 K
Tota auoila.ble1200 Toca sed 1|6)k
wWorat St
Mimam muman Sahus tunma
Nba Ragpautd
loo k
uu 3k

6 00K P

Tota auailale ! no0 Tota ediE4 k

Buk * alaontha akes mAt uut ise a
uen be.couimts a lu ocusea a alaatd
with im a indinalfagmatat on

Poai
PaninaA
mimomt managuntntSthume that
Jmimatu he_heud o Coni quaus allotahen o Aphupital mumony
ha suhuna pumib the phaital odd.rs space oa roces
b_nem- Contigueus fagina avads xtuuna faqmintahen
amd dhe need ur e a m.
Logital addro An addce onated bu bhe Ceu.
Logial ald-con apceTe Stt o allAogital oddrtst
umdated. b a pogam.
Psital addes: ooldrus o ctallaNeuale on memy-
Mnt
hpital addre» spae Ne sut o allphysital oddra
Corperdirg r * lagital aoldroses.
 www.aktutor.in
Page No.
Date

Phyaital
addko5
frame
Ceu

ehysita MUm
Page able

The mapping f e m vixtuas ke physial aadreau u

u t uhich is a hardua
da ye mmon mamaqument
n i mapeng. saum aspagiss thngne
otce ad
addruApace conceptmally diuided
fhiysical
inde a umbu ehxd-sigu blocka called hamu.
addxus ace alse splitd inte
eqital
pxsd- Siz lotks Caleoeag-

laq, eTMT
Pag fasult n_a prgnam TGUUA
An intembB hat OC s
dao
amd L t a d itint_RAM An invalid pag4
withaa meman
OS Conmotprd
ha dataan A l a i memm -
faultocna n an accs A_apaga
A pao
bun_ brmght _main mumomy taks SaLL.
thak
hakhas no
 www.aktutor.in
Page No.

Date

Sttps m handlimg. þaae. fault bp ouatinq &uti

bating SJove2

o O a t q Euuttm

)BmAY
R Pagt sing
able
wta

Samentad'en,
Seqmentahon s amuman manaqiennt Scheme h t
Suea h pePanero viue mmmyA Lagitas aodro
sace a calle.uhon Sqmints &ath se4mbitiha a
name amd a tntn
k eaddstsSpeu both thu Smet hamu ad ha
sawihin u Stgaant h erbgaamm huxejase peupta
Lath addrt Aue uaaddu Smnt rame and.an

TOrSimliud o implomtnhitn Stqntna a humbud

Onda xeerrd kr Stqmt hunbe Sumint nunde
indexe a. t o Amnttasle. Lach n t im Stgmunt able
a aStapmen base ad Stpmuot Lmut. Sepmnd base
Conan h phgsitas addrus shua sqmut rsidu in
 www.aktutor.in
Page No.
Date

S ntaden s a memo m0nagmnt tchnirÁA

nuh the mimonL diu'dsd inde vaiable. sg pat
Cauh pat a kaaana Stoment shih canbe allataked
T detaiisabateachSAqrnt an Stored
aro.
n asle calld spant table.
S *
ale |spokrg

Sgr
Sget 2
GPU-
Seqd 3
Leqtal
add ros

Phyital Addrus
aee
No

na aolalerts

S ntodin Paging
D_Progam divided mte
Vaniable Sigu S n t n t .
se 1up l
duiding
i pogom int Sm dividing -

oninatuintthnal
9 t aat dorats intumal
agemiontadon.
antah'tn
an imngutu eXttmal
tant ininatu Xtnal
apmntadem.
ementabiom. it f
a
0S nantains a ut s fseD OS maltains
ama
naduan mmont
 www.aktutor.in
Page No.
Date

irhal Mm
_Cmputu canaddrusmaa mum.y than the
otuthyitally inBalltd m_th syttm TR eXta.
a.ctalu Lald virtal meman ond Aa.
Selhie a had duss h a s set as A tnulate the
Comautuws KAm
m o i n 0datag a schume that
Ptna Can b anan ahan phaiil mma Uinhal
mmm Seaans_we purpabea xAt it allauss ttrd
xhe use phpita m udna disk Sacendit
alaa Ms A haie md rAte.ch anbeaR Rach-
addcis t0dated aphypital addr
Vixtual mumm O munny mamaquatmt Cababidihy
m 0S that uu handuana and saltwar. ollo a_

ut*oCampussat o phsita memmy shentag.by-

tuparaniu taexnrg data fem RAM A dusr aturcqu.

vi(Amal Addres Phpital Addrus

A
C

E 8
16k 16K
20k
24k A

SeCerdo Memmy
 www.aktutor.in
Page No. -

Date

&umand Pagin4
poge inte mamon an
he

dumad wndmeHA a4L auule ocws kEnaun a dim ad

pagng
u
-

Pyoc cPU tries oreya a saqu tnat 1

man m t a n 9ntnatean
m auajlable o he
os
inurmpt dmditatima m a m a n arLess tault
MteTntrdpotd i a blakimg.
Steate. fos fha exeuson-
tmmg th rguirtd
pag i t e

hereguise d
adores Space
fromdaptasadglvusSpace

Pa will be bought
ppitaL addrus skaca Thu faa table wu pdated
ta he ceu
T Sigmalwil be stat
autematical placs
exeuKn ad it wu
e_cennue kha magAam
roc ba ine ready stake.
he

Sunp oG
A

Poanan SUuain

Secerda Ctraa
 www.aktutor.in PageNo.
Date

Pag Re lazement Algoerithom

r A an fut Out CFiFo)
A FLEO rpoument algithm asaciats wth ach
a u ameuhm that paquwa brouaht inte memory
whn a m u t be ploced he oldut paqLAheltm
cam cxtate a ffo gue held all paga suma
th hAAd atha u s h na
boght mte meman, ,we insut a t he tail a

Qophmal Replaceriat Algonthm

p t n a l 4&l sdet j r replactment that ag..
r ukith he tme e tha h t rtunte s thelsngut
p o 1tplaatnent algorihm hai tha Aauut
page
Aapimml
a l algorthma. TK algonthm s inpale
aut
ault rate
w o l d Ttguixethe puatng yatsm
n p l m i t becaue
h a u e puct noldq
utt n

3
U pag Teplactmet
as
we sethe TecLt at
hanot
uture hn o o Teplace the paau a t
u
he
he nean
hean
theAnguk penod s me
bLin
bLum ed Ja sed LAU) algo
h the l a t restntly
 www.aktutor.in
Page No
Date
Cenido th nuina
2,3 tenua t n
4,S, 62, 23 2, 6, 3,21,2,3,
DLV
agaTeplaumeut alermm
o namu in ach ase ad
famu aaikallu uty
So EIFo

3 3 3

3
Po Fault 1
ams

s s
2
3

afaults=1
 www.aktutor.in
Page No.
Date

LRu -pagareplatemnt algithm

3d m
3

3
6
2
3 3

Pag fauls- I S

3 3 3
3

2 3 3

faa tault= 10
 www.aktutor.in
Page No.

Date
oahin
Thiaahuna OGLAna hun a yaten Apends more hma.
n atebmg aqjauty aina h a nexuuting inruuhon

hnashina aCoapastn attiuih that maka Lte

0 USuall ma napptm due e onited raancas a
xhaaken minor a i s s shem a paa faukt ocu
Paaault asuse mmma CL uiszUal mimm-
pace ats nat ap e Cntiat RAMn.

CPu be Cemesidle..
2 Decseaing-
Deceaina h uiligatiem incxtats e alegmaa emulbaam

eanea ultprOgawn

Apc hnashing4 Stndung maeme

in agkna haexeudien ThndhUma- diste phtunmnamn
Thrain4 bu Sappmya4 amdmd. oat r dama me
 Unut-S
www.aktutor.in
Bage No.
T/o Mamagumment Dik Shedulin
Dak

I/o dwicea an he callechon inteapaces that dilrnt

CoMmumak Awih auh amen

npt a u si9cals eceived the unit _and
0uttputs ane h esipoals d t t f m t l o deuicedi au usid
by n e Cemmumitate wit a Cmput

Cakegeia 1 o duics ai
DAwman readablei
3 Suihble tor Commumicatmg wth n eComputu
x - fintus kuyboard

Mauhin Readable
Suitable Commmumitatim, nth otrenic

e kond abe dave, Atnboa,.

Cemmuunitanon
Suitas t tommnitarg. uh imate.

dwi X Mal driuus mademu

Jachndpus rganegabion o /o tundhen

D Fragrammed T/O
nqnammaa Tlo takes placeundtn dixect contrel
CPU CPu i>ues Cemmano nbuhal
pbC I l o module. CPU thn wuds ok ha
areaacerdrg
spuatim de be Capleted

ntempt dven I/o

dn hu cPu u a mmand enhal o
on o maduule the 1/ointndom
pxoc next
nm blodemg ceN Conhnuu e execute
inhyotden fem he Same emc
 www.aktutor.in
Page No. -
Date

the loinruthbn otkim Os daku oU

Suspdthe u r t pocbamd. asig CN A8_anshu

3Divett enmony AcA (bmA:

DmA module Cenhs exthanaa daabehw sn
um ad an Llomodude CPU Stnd a tmust e
ran n a lock datu h a DmA madule and -

indemuad sn at hu nde bleckhas bun transdexxed

A bu a a Tpsr mumy Aad . mpma

ndd data shide i t humq meved tem r a place e

amethen
A buA memm aa.ea that stru dat buim_
ransered bekueen hue devica _o bttJun adeuica and
aeitadhon. Buing i doma te cop witha
aprd

adth beA un th mou and coum s a olata

Sream
peideadaptaaers ordwi thathave
BAuN
dinat da r a n a j siguA

Lo bueung techigutA
Singte butwg
a buh in heSyakempoifen o main memy-
thopenaen.
The fuhni gue con all ou4:
be bed as

nput dronaiN a u made to tha Syttm u

bluk-
wh t h u enJth A_Commplte ha pr0tt mova he
Ta i Cald
in u spaa d iguut msthu blouk
 www.aktutor.in Page No.
Date D
aduma ahtad i t dena nhe expeitachen hak
h blok wilL be heedkol Sometme in utxe
T apardah 09un.uall ovida a Spted up
Conpaned he lack o Stem bufiiq h 0
mtKeep atk the airmint o tha tum
bu u a procue.
OS Usea pygtas
Tlo deuice Tn Move

2 Double b im
A aammuma tethmiqme that usuAue
e s h u e d u p a cmputa that ton ovelop Llo
uh oceima Data ih e u a bting a a d d
L me nex t o dataii s Tad ine he efhe

S Use rOceM

Tlo On Move
deuice

3 run buhing
hen_mareham_Awe buny a Lsed ha Cellechon_

bu itsy callo irculan b n with ach

nt h a ixulan bu
b u n ung
oma

Move
 o sps4 Page No.
www.aktutor.in
Date

Seuicesxovidud n Kumel o Subayuttn

DTlo scheduln
&ing
Camg
Sporelug
Eror hentlumg

Nueus 8h disk Schduk algonthms

1ECESsche.dulng ChiatCorm ixat Stu
2SSTE Sdhteduulumg hstut S u kTiore hirat)
3SCAN sheduu
AA he name uaautsdhis alanthm scans all Ha
induu disk batk and osth Head stats tremn
Gm rd a he disk and move uwands ha othan n d
Svium a _ e 1tguus
Saviumq, in buboten. AtuTahm
ne eth end had ruers i disechen and mve
wads he Stansng
end Suuiung all the vequuts
n bhuem ha Sama rocep r a t
alue alld a uatos Alanthm.

CSCAN Schedubrq Crlar -SCAN)

an impoved vusim SGAN alaundhm. Htad
Staatskrem m d he disk ard move oudards tha
othe te suuiug a h guuts in butwun At
YAAchma otnu tnd hud weei direthen. 4t then
vdnaethe Stanbmatrd withautt Suviurg a
Teguet n buum. Sa pocerata.
SLOoK Scheduq
Head S Aats trem ha IAt veguat at s rd
he disk and maua danda ha lak Ttaut at me shuL
 www.aktutor.in
Page No.
Js Date

endSAUiumgile tauut in berwzunHtu Rahm

hela TequLta at t hex end
hadrevei IRs
disciom.t anTtums A the kiatixeguu at
fha Stanima nd suuiug o hi reguutA un beuwaun
SameSame proce xepat

Numui as
fcFS Schedubng

Suppose ae moNg hud dusk wh 200 ratka a

CuntlySeavmg a requto Arack 43 and ha just

ASkt im Eifo orda 36143 199y iS. ushat

AsAetalhradmNmeat dha qalLuting sthedug
FCPS
1 1Hq9 ISo
36, 14
madstaat = Y3
93 So
36

(Y2-86) + (1y24) +
Totl diasance =(43-86)+
(9-9) +(122-44)+CISo-2)
39
 www.aktutor.in Page No.
otsd Date

had o movimg dusk s cLsintly

Suppebehe
Suviuma a regust at Aratk 62 dea proca
Coruide
Tuubng tuYtad fmt allung trat -

66 65, 32120 12 92
Gue 66L6S 3 2 0 12 142
Se
head atart = 62

32 62 66 2 42 6S
1

Tutal mtad. movemmt-(66-62)+6S-66)*C6S-32)+

(2o-32+Cl20-)+ 2H
S62 --

SS TE Schedubmg

Gbtaua dhe etal Mumbea a head movementsheedede

SGANSaiay ha jolang Scqutnce hak rgu tah
SGAN

the_hue poluu 27121U0186, 14 4 1o 642o

Amums hat dit head init'alk poaidensd oVta tatkloa
amd moumg n_diredben decxeasmg4 TacknumbA
Se head Chot= 1o
L =2 12, 10, 186, 143 , 10, 64, 120
21 C (2 14 86
 www.aktutor.in
PageNo.
Date

Toal htad mavumd= (100-6) +(CYD+1-27)+ 27-19

+0-+(lo-0)+l20 -11o) +(21-2)

= 286.

AP the movmghud diat wth 200 hatk u

Sanimga equut tak 3 aasol oA t
L-SCAN
pnimd _a requu.
u A ki in FiFo odu B6 4 91129, 11
hat t t u hradmevement er SSE Shedulumg
So hLad staat =193
muL 86, 14+, 1 194, 94, So

2S 43 4 S

(IS0-4+19-1So)+
terta had movemunt=(13 - 143)+
7- (26-0) t @1-$) + 1-1)
30S

S u p a e the heed amevng htad

dis Usmtly.
a equu* at tatk 6 (eruiclu a4foces Tegttrg
Savitng
hem the jollowng aks 66, 1S, 32, 120 12142
9 ad
h S S T E._

So hud stat =_c2

12142.
QML 56 6S, 32 ho
 www.aktutor.in

Page No.
sts3 Date
62 66 42 S
32 120

tsnl ad movemmt= 66-62)+66-32) +(32-12)+(20-12)+

42-120) +(16S-142)
21

3 ScAN Scheduurg
 www.aktutor.in
otsa PageNo..
Date

a i e Suutum tguista Son&inrmatom shla hactb.

d i a k dividd inde numbe a paaiders the
oeuatngSttum Ststd in ha pxAt pah m.
he dar dunk_does noet _Contaio an 0S
his block co be mpy A calzd baretblak-

Bit Vutos
YA Space Lat i2 implmtnted ds a1bt me
orik ve Ldtor .ach blouk pAtmtd y b u t 4
he block aS tre the it A4he bdock_u

allotatdthe t so
o ex Consdur a disk uShana blotk 23 4s,8 i
o,1)1213,12 8 25, 26and 22 a ft ond 1ut

n a blacse alocatd
The fse-space t map wuld be
_oo 1 ) )o o LLLLo o o o oo ao oll|6o

LinkedUt
Anethea apooadh e fru Spacemanag t 0 Jmk
tegutha all he treedust locks keepna a o t 20 dha_
IAt tre loc i n a staual lotoen on he diuk ad
Cothingit i n mamony pat bloukCentni a patn
9 t h e nxt ree disk_ blocks and se

free-a
 Page No.
www.aktutor.in
Date

Sreupingmediotatien o Lst appovach s t s he

A-
addreta o n fte blocks n hafrst blatk. h
iu h u blatks u a u a l u fu e daut
bosk Contains ha addxta s mohu n fra blotk and
Se en.he addrusu oa lan94humba o free black

Camnos be eund gtk*

RALP
RALD ands oRadundant Any n cxpunave dissa
Suhien ua latta inder xetd Rdumdant Aray
ndpndent Dista u technelag, nos Aseo m a l m e t al
he 11_Oxqartunaden Aoo Fna o data rudundaney amd bttn.
pomance * Comiht mulsle avaloble dia int 1
or mloqital dive ard ves yauuthe abilty de uuuive.
n m r e daiva taulunes detndianq u e n the RAid dwel

th dha inutasima dumand m_ha Stuage. ad daa

wosdd wids me pmme Cenctnm s m a ovganzadenA mam
uands Ma Ssuuty h i xd a n : M e tum scumh das
seund tom Vulmuable attacks athu than
Bem hard disk a i m e r d any Suh dwant audn uehih
Can Aead ke dutucdn data.

DRAID 0
Th Luel Stnp tha data inde mulhple avalable
drivsuaty qiing vy gh Tead ana wnte sarmarek
u u i n g m a u t oltance orTedundanu This luel
d not pr0uudeso he KAIDatos OndCamnot be
Cesidud in am orqonagaheNlos Emq tur urdane inatsad
it paend uhuu hgh kamamce gixs
 www.aktutor.in PegeNo. .

RAID O Date

A A
A3 Ay
As A
An As
RA 1
h Lu posmu mimma a daian_dauve
Adnuk2 10oy. idurdasaa ana
Cohnu s 0 wn uthendiuk dadsSo_
Oqaiatim loetna jer bttn ndundanC t
h s S udmut Colt can beur acr
RAD 1

A
A
Ar Az-
A3
Ay Au

RAID 2,
R Awel AAses bit- luwel data stipng 2amenh a n .

block lwel,__Te be able Ae RAID 2 make Sue.

dusk
en_chcibina mehanNAm_ 0
disk sele,.dd ha ne se
e r diteshien
h s Jul uu ,tma Hamin Coda ex
T is ene me ra m RAID A nat in he exiattnce
in TtalII w d met o e disks d t h u e da
u an exta disk -
COme wih sel eror deechen
u

Shn a_ha pamhy amahen

 www.aktutor.in
RAILD 9
altng wih
Thu dwel uubyte luel stnppmg
dnve A t d Asthse ha pamt-
e0a &ne dedicatro.
and i n cale dave ailnatha pam
inlaimah'en cau the
ainq a 1extyadnve. But n
A a t d
pamt_dnvuCyashe en a edundenu getaketd
drganaddru.
qdin Ae hot_ muth Coideed
RAID 3

Aa Ae
Ay Apl3
As

B3-

sRAID Y
trem
Ihi Auwe uVUy siula ke RAID 3apart
h eatuxe shee RA D s lockluel Sne a
ath han bute luuel
KAID 44

A A Ar
B
Ce
D D De
DiAK 2 Disk 3
6RAID 5
d Mock Je shiping and.wh thu Aul-
dinibuted panh Concet cameinde he bthuiedeama
bekind xhe. boduhioral dudicatedparid ud in BA1D3 d
KAID Pamb inosmaien uwntn a diyreak_dar in.
tre anan chskipen_Ca oinale dusr tailune
 Page Ho.
www.aktutor.in
Date

daa Cam bbe Cavad with the hu4 distnbut

nd atha rtad
par ithat aehrg thaspuakon
wite puatio
RA ID S5

A A2 Ar
3
B
C C3
Ce
D3
De D
DAL 2 Disk 3

DRAD G
a a mhanLim tnd vousn eKAIB S
Auel
usU
oddum
ddumacXba btmaht e dual pamut This
bloukaAw stripingwith DUAL diatrbutd pasy
So nas L COm t cxta seoundany
RAID 6

A A2 AP AP2
B C
C2
C
D DP D
L Pr
Dsk 3 DA
Dik

RAID 0t|
Ths lwel uu RAID Oand AA D epovidung

dundana Stnpbirg data s posm brjore itonrg

nthis lwelAhe oval Capaui dnve
sadedv
ducrd aCopantd e th RAID Jwtls..
 www.aktutor.in
Page No
Data
RAID a +)
RAID

R D d
RAID Oo

A A2 A A
A Ay A3
As Ac As As
An As A Ag

RAID t o
Th ueA pubm misvng daa
hch makes mose eiu ard vedund and as Copad-
RAID 0+) Jwel Can Suvemutpla simuutontau
dive aiura.
RAIDt0
RAD O
RAID 1
RAID 1

A AL Az
As A3 Au A
As As
An A As As

File Sutems
fle syutum p m t LiA Ctatud data colle ch eru.

Calldhlu wh duinde trspentiu:

1ng ttm exnttnce
6s ae Stored n dak or thah Secandam

Strage and d hot disaeea shun a. er eg

 www.aktutor.in
olf sgs Peg
Date

2Shaable

Hla aue nemes and Cam haue Obouated ams

pLAmibiem hat pumit coellu shag-

3Structuxe
Dtndungn l e S y t m a ple cam haue on.
intnalStrutdre ACen Vennt Jo fpaiula iaptaaisn.
ha

a lehem a data citatd bu

AuC 2 duidtu
n
a meaMs Astose d a t a Omanizud a hle as
uw a
OCallehon o untom h t be pus me mpde

x
Gpenabiens po med. enipla Syutu
CTeate
2 Delte
3 Ge-

sReod
6 wte

atibtu
hle Centiuns Yambus
Name othe ple
2 denbptt
3

LOCahien
sSi
Pretckern
 www.aktutor.in Page No.
9tsd
Date
Hl ganigntio Muheds
Hleo
qaaaion e the uadaa A stord
im_ople bde
organiatien v impestant be.lause 1t
dituminu he methods Le, útnuy eaib iLt
amolstmaqe dwi c use.
hexe au ous mitheds oga m
Scqutmtial A gangation
Recads aod a e sthxed and aAed in a paÁular
Sostid lxda Amg a Kupheld. Retmwa TeuKu seauchg
Stmi.ally maaugh thetnhse plaLcOrd Lcand 9 ha
Lmd

2: Rand.om ile Oqamigahen

Recods ane stored randtm buk auud duvey
Ta ace a ple ushih Stxed ademly a ecod ky a -
ALLede detamina sh
a e o d isstored m the stUraq4
media.

Serua Rle Oqaniphon

Racds a p l e
hle au stored end aec.uud one
a l t t an sthea

ndexed- Sequdndial hile Oganigatien

Sim dan StgMenhal ethad u hat an ibde-
lusd to unale he cmpta Jocate ihdi uidual
3Ldsn meStorag mdia:

Auos_Medhanusms
:Seqm.embal Aces

2 Dixe Acc
3 ndexAccos
 www.aktutor.in
Poge
Date
Dixetto
ndisc an be viid a a pmb takle that
mlatu ple nome iA thi directo
ntna
WL canLu hat the ditery itA Cam be02gazid
he ganizaher mmuat be alleusd te
IMSUr_entms dedete untnu te Sauh 4s a namac

nechn mplmntad in we ways

nea lst
a inean list hle namu with pontes ee
th data blouks. unA i t uua unlar Such t pnd
abiudan entry Sinple ar nanomi but tone
COrunm exe t e

2: Hash dabe
Ma tble e deestob he disect Statuh bme.
rahen and delehion ane ase Staightmuand Hah ~able
takuha vaue. Cpte tvem ha le name Thea it rtutms.
a i t te l namein the ntan kist Mosh tle

ateru puosmd n a dise try aei

F|Seanchimg aple
2 Ceate a le
31 Ddete a hle
RinaReman aple
SLit ddrecdy-