Untitled Document

Q1
What is the average salary at Company A?

nbllll
(1) The average salary at Company A and Company B combined is $88,000.

(2) The average salary at Company B is $80,000.
A. If Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. If Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. If BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement
ALONE is sufficient.
D. If EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. If Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are not sufficient.
Q2
For nonnegative integers a, b, and c, what is the value of the product abc?
(1) ab=bc
(2) a≠c
Q3
Solution X, which is 10% alcohol is combined with solution Y, which is 18%
alcohol to form a new solution that is 12% alcohol. How many litres of solution
Y are in the new combined solution?
1. Solution X comprises 3/4 of the combined solution

2. The combined solution is 16 litres.
A If Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
.
D If EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
.
Q4
If a child flips a coin five times in a row, what is the probability that she will
receive at least one head and one tail?
A. 3/4
B. 11/12
C. 15/16
D. 31/32
E. 63/64
Q5
Which of the following inequalities is equivalent to x > –4?
A. −5x+3 < 15−2x

B. 1.75x−4 < 0.25x−10
C. −2x+2 < 2(x−2)−2x−2
D. 4(x−4) < 10(4−x)
E. None of the above
Q6
For positive integers x and y, x/y = 94.35. Which of the following could not be
the remainder when x is divided by y?
A. 14
B. 15
C. 35
D. 70
E. 105
Q7
100 residents of a city were surveyed and each one read at least one of the town's
two newspapers, the Times and the Post. How many residents read the Post?
(1) The number of residents who read no newspapers is zero.

(2) The number of residents who read only the Times was 46.
.
.
Q8
Brian takes a weekend trip to visit a friend. What is his average rate for the
there-and-back trip?
(1) Brian took the same route for both segments.

(2) Brian averaged 80 mph for the first segment and 50 mph for the second
segment.
Q9
Is a an integer?
(1) a3 is an integer.
(2) The cube root of a is an integer.
Q10
Bill and Ted split an excellent pizza with a 20-inch diameter. Bill ate 2/5 of the
pizza; Ted ate 1/4. If there are 3 and a half slices left over, what was the area, in
square inches, of each individual slice?
A 2π
.
B. 5π
C. 10π
D 20π
.
E. 40π
Q11
A plane travelled k miles in its first 96 minutes of flight time. If it completed the
remaining 300 miles of the trip in t minutes, what was its average speed, in miles
per hour, for the entire trip?
A 60(k+300)/(96+t)
.
B. (kt+96(300))/96t
C. (k+300)/60(96+t)
D 5k/8 + 60(300)/t
.
E. 5k/8 + 5t
Q12
Solution A is 20% salt and Solution B is 80% salt. If you have 30 ounces of
solution A and 60 ounces of solution B, in what ratio could you mix Solution A
with Solution B to produce 50 ounces of a 50% salt solution?
A 6:4
.
B. 6:14
C. 4:4
D 4:6
.
E. 3:7
Q13
Is f(n)>f(n−1)?
(1) n=8
(2) f(n) = n-1
Q14
Is x > 0?
(1) x6 > x7
(2) x7 > x8
Q15
999,9992−1 equals:
A. (96)(116)
B. (106)(105−2)
C. (106)(106−2)
D. (105)2
E. (106)2
Q16
Four workers from an international charity were selling shirts at a local event
yesterday. Did one of the workers sell at least three shirts yesterday at the event?
(1) Together they sold 8 shirts yesterday at the event.

(2) No two workers sold the same number of shirts.
.
.
Q17
The least common multiple of positive integers p and q is 72. What is the
greatest common factor of p and q?
(1) pq is a perfect square

(2) pq is a perfect fourth power
Q18
Is x2 > 15?
(1) x > -4
(2) x3 < 0
Q19
What is the area inscribed by the lines y =1, x = 1, y = 6-x on an xy-coordinate
plane?
A. 8
B. 10
C. 12
D. 14
E. 18
Q20
A girl scout was selling boxes of cookies. In a month, she sold both boxes of
chocolate chip cookies ($1.25 each) and boxes of plain cookies ($0.75 each).
Altogether, she sold 1,585 boxes for a combined value of $1,588.75. How many
boxes of plain cookies did she sell?
A 0
.
B. 233
C. 500
D 695
.
E. 785
Q21
If two sides of a triangle are 6 and 12, respectively, which of the following could
NOT be the area of this triangle?
A. 1
B. 6
C. 17
D. 29
E. 38
Q22
If |12x − 3| = |3x + 15|, what is the value of x?
(1) x > 0
(2) x is an integer
Q23
If |a + 5| = |b + 5| what is the value of a + b?
(1) b > 5 and a < 5

(2) b = 10
Q24
If z is an odd integer, is 300z > 1500?
(1) 0 < √ z < 8

(2) 1 < z2 < 45
Q25
What is the smallest positive integer n for which n!/188 is an integer?
A. 33
B. 36
C. 48
D. 72
E. 144
Q26
A number when divided successively by 4 and 5 leaves remainders 1 and 4
respectively. What will be the remainder when this number is divided by 20?
A 0
.
B. 3
C. 4
D 9
.
E. 17
Q27
It takes 7 high school students, working at identical constant individual rates, 10
hours to paint a certain house. At what time will the house be fully painted if 7
students start painting at 9 AM and one student, working at the same rate, is
added per hour starting at 1 PM?
A 3:00 PM
.
B. 4:30 PM
C. 5:00 PM
D 5:20 PM
.
E. 6:20 PM
Q28
During a three-year period, the profits of company X changed by what percent
from the second year to the third year?
(1) The increase in profits of company X from the first year to the second year
was the same as the increase form the first year to the third year.
(2) For company X, the profits for the first year were $13,800 and the profits for
the third year were $15,900
.
.
Q29
For integers b and c, what is the sum of all unique solutions to the equation
x2−bx+c=10?
(1) c = 59
(2) b = 14
Q30
The ratio of flour to water to sugar in a recipe is 7:4:1. The ratio in a new recipe
calls for a doubling of the ratio of flour to water from the original recipe and a
halving of the ratio of flour to sugar. If the new recipe calls for 8 cups of water,
how much sugar is required?
A 4 cups
.
B. 6 cups
C. 8 cups
D 12 cups
.
E. 16 cups
Q31
A group of Republicans and Democrats was surveyed and each member was
asked whether they liked apple pies or éclairs. 80% of the Republicans liked
apple pie, 55% of the Democrats liked eclairs, and 20% of the Republicans who
liked apple pie also liked eclairs. If the number of Republicans who liked both
desserts is equal to the number of Democrats who liked éclairs, what is one
possible value for the number of members of the group?
A 81
.
B. 88
C. 160
D 550
.
E. 710
Q32
Scientists used to think that pepper plants had the ability to produce an unlimited
number of peppers. So long as the plant was properly fertilized and pollinated,
and temperature, water and sunlight controlled, they believed pepper plants
would continue to produce indefinitely. However, scientists have now learned
that a pepper plant will not produce more than 200 peppers in its lifetime. If a
pepper plant goes dormant due to a deficiency of light or water, for example,
when reinvigorated, it will start producing peppers where it left off. But a normal
pepper plant will produce no more than 200 peppers.
Assume the information in the passage is true, and assume that a pepper plant has
been discovered that has produced 225 peppers and is still producing. If so, the
still-producing pepper plant CANNOT fit which one of the following categories?
A An abnormal pepper plant flourishing under ideal temperature, humidity, water

. and light conditions.
B. A normal pepper plant that went into a dormancy stage and then was revived.
C. An abnormal pepper plant grown organically.
D A normal pepper plant grown from the seed of an abnormal pepper plant.
.
E. A abnormal pepper plant grown in the lab without soil.
Q33
Anders: The physical structure of the brain plays an important role in thinking.
So researchers developing “thinking machines”—computers that can make
decisions based on both common sense and factual knowledge—should closely
model those machines on the structure of the brain.
Yang: Important does not mean essential. After all, no flying machine closely
modelled on birds has worked; workable aircraft are structurally very different
from birds. So thinking machines closely modelled on the brain are also likely to
fail. In developing a workable thinking machine, researchers would therefore
increase their chances of success if they focus on the brain’s function and simply
ignore its physical structure.
In evaluating Yang’s argument it would be most helpful to know whether
A studies of the physical structure of birds provided information crucial to the

. development of workable aircraft
B. researchers currently working on thinking machines take all thinking to involve
both common sense and factual knowledge
C. as much time has been spent trying to develop a workable thinking machine as
had been spent in developing the first workable aircraft
D researchers who specialize in the structure of the brain are among those who are
. trying to develop thinking machines
E. some flying machines that were not closely modelled on birds failed to work
Q34
Astorga’s campaign promises are apparently just an attempt to please voters.
What she says she will do if elected mayor is simply what she has learned from
opinion polls that voters want the new mayor to do. Therefore, voters are not
being told what Astorga actually intends to do if she becomes mayor.
Which of the following is a questionable assumption on which the argument

relies?
A If she is elected mayor, Astorga will not be capable of carrying out the
. campaign promises she has made.
B. The opinion polls on which Astorga’s promises are based do not accurately
reflect what voters want the new mayor to do.
C. Most voters are unlikely to be persuaded by Astorga’s campaign promises to
vote for her in the mayoral election.
D Astorga has no strong opinions of her own about what the new mayor ought to
. do in office.
E. Astorga does not actually intend, if elected, to do what she has learned from the
public opinion polls that voters want the new mayor to do
Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

Cultivation of a single crop on a given tract of land leads eventually to decreased yields.
One reason for this is that harmful bacterial phytopathogens, organisms parasitic on plant
hosts, increase in the soil surrounding plant roots. The problem can be cured by crop
rotation, denying the pathogens a suitable host for a period of time. However, even if
crops are not rotated, the severity of diseases brought on by such phytopathogens often
decreases after a number of years as the microbial population of the soil changes and the
soil becomes “suppressive” to those diseases. While there may be many reasons for this
phenomenon, it is clear that levels of certain bacteria, such as Pseudomonas fluorescens, a
bacterium antagonistic to a number of harmful phytopathogens, are greater in suppressive
than in nonsuppressive soil. This suggests that the presence of such bacteria suppresses
phytopathogens. There is now considerable experimental support for this view. Wheat
yield increases of 27 percent have been obtained in field trials by treatment of wheat seeds
with fluorescent pseudomonads. Similar treatment of sugar beets, cotton, and potatoes has
had similar results.
These improvements in crop yields through the application of Pseudomonas fluorescens

suggest that agriculture could benefit from the use of bacteria genetically altered for
specific purposes. For example, a form of phytopathogen altered to remove its harmful
properties could be released into the environment in quantities favorable to its competing
with and eventually excluding the harmful normal strain. Some experiments suggest that
deliberately releasing altered nonpathogenic Pseudomonas syringae could crowd out the
nonaltered variety that causes frost damage. Opponents of such research have objected
that the deliberate and large-scale release of genetically altered bacteria might have
deleterious results. Proponents, on the other hand, argue that this particular strain is altered
only by the removal of the gene responsible for the strain’s propensity to cause frost
damage, thereby rendering it safer than the phytopathogen from which it was derived.
Some proponents have gone further and suggest that genetic alteration techniques could
create organisms with totally new combinations of desirable traits not found in nature. For
example, genes responsible for production of insecticidal compounds have been
transposed from other bacteria into pseudomonads that colonize corn roots. Experiments
of this kind are difficult and require great care: such bacteria are developed in highly
artificial environments and may not compete well with natural soil bacteria. Nevertheless,
proponents contend that the prospects for improved agriculture through such methods
seem excellent. These prospects lead many to hope that current efforts to assess the risks
of deliberate release of altered microorganisms will successfully answer the concerns of
opponents and create a climate in which such research can go forward without undue
impediment.
35
he author discusses naturally occurrin
seudomonas fluorescens bacteria in the fir
aragraph primarily in order to do which one of th
llowing?
A. prove that increases in the level of such bacteria

the soil are the sole cause of soil suppressivity
B. explain why yields increased after wheat field

were sprayed with altered Pseudomon
fluorescens bacteria
C. detail the chemical processes that such bacteria u
to suppress organisms parasitic to crop plants, suc
as wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes
D. provide background information to support th
argument that research into the agricultural use o
genetically altered bacteria would be fruitful
E. argue that crop rotation is unnecessary, sinc
diseases brought on by phytopathogens diminish
severity and eventually disappear on their own

impediment.
36
can be inferred from the author’s discussion
seudomonas fluorescens bacteria that which one
e following would be true of crops impervious
arasitical organisms?
A. Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria would be abse

from the soil surrounding their roots.
B. They would crowd out and eventually exclud
other crop plants if their growth were not careful
regulated.
C. Their yield would not be likely to be improved b
adding Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria to th
soil.
D. They would mature more quickly than crop plan
that were susceptible to parasitical organisms.
E. Levels of phytopathogenic bacteria in the so

surrounding their roots would be higher compare
with other crop plants.

impediment.
37
can be inferred from the passage that crop rotatio
an increase yields in part because
A. moving crop plants around makes them hardier an

more resistant to disease
B. the number of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria
the soil usually increases when crops are rotated
C. the roots of many crop plants produce compound

that are antagonistic to phytopathogens harmful
other crop plants
D. the presence of phytopathogenic bacteria
responsible for the majority of plant diseases
E. phytopathogens typically attack some plant speci
but find other species to be unsuitable hosts

impediment.
38
ccording to the passage, proponents of the use
enetically altered bacteria in agriculture argue th
hich one of the following is true of the altere
acteria used in the frost-damage experiments?
A. The altered bacteria had a genetic constitutio

differing from that of the normal strain only in th
the altered variety had one less gene.
B. Although the altered bacteria competed effective
with the nonaltered strain in the laboratory, the
were not as viable in natural environments.
C. The altered bacteria were much safer and mo

effective than the naturally occurring Pseudomona
fluorescens bacteria used in earlier experiments.
D. The altered bacteria were antagonistic to sever

types of naturally occurring phytopathogens in th
soil surrounding the roots of frost-damaged crops.
E. The altered bacteria were released into th

environment in numbers sufficient to guarantee th
validity of experimental results.
Q39
Indoor air pollution can threaten the health of closely confined farm animals and
the workers who tend them and perhaps as well impairs the quality of such farm
products like eggs, poultry, and pork.
A perhaps as well impairs the quality of such farm products like

.
B. perhaps as well impairs the quality of such farm products as
C. perhaps also impairs the quality of such farm products like
D may also impair the quality of such farm products like
.
E. may also impair the quality of such farm products as
Q40
One analyst of the liquor industry estimated that this year a few liquor stores have
experienced declining sales of up to fifty percent but predicted that the industry
as a whole will maintain a volume of sales fairly close to last year.
A declining sales of up to fifty percent but predicted that the industry as a whole
. will maintain a volume of sales fairly close to last year
B. declines in sales of up to fifty percent but predicted that the industry as a whole
would have maintained a volume of sales fairly close to last year
C. up to fifty percent in declining sales but predicted that the industry as a whole
would maintain a volume of sales fairly close to last year’s
D sales declines of up to fifty percent but predicted that the industry as a whole
. would maintain a volume of sales fairly close to last year’s
E. declines up to fifty percent of sales but predicted that the industry as a whole
will have maintained a volume of sales fairly close to last year’s
Q41
Prices at the producer level are only 1.3 percent higher now than a year ago and
are going down, even though floods in the Midwest and drought in the south are
hurting crops and therefore raised corn and soybean prices.
A than a year ago and are going down, even though floods in the Midwest and
. drought in the south are hurting crops and therefore raised
B. than those of a year ago and are going down, even though floods in the Midwest
and drought in the south are hurting crops and therefore raising
C. than a year ago and are going down, despite floods in the Midwest and drought
in the south, and are hurting crops and therefore raising
D as those of a year ago and are going down, even though floods in the Midwest
. and drought in the south hurt crops and therefore raise
E. as they were a year ago and are going down, despite floods in the Midwest and
drought in the south, and are hurting crops and therefore raising
Q42
Editor: Many candidates say that if elected they will reduce governmental
intrusion into voters’ lives. But voters actually elect politicians who instead
promise that the government will provide assistance to solve their most pressing
problems. Governmental assistance, however, costs money, and money can come
only from taxes, which can be considered a form of governmental intrusion.
Thus, governmental intrusion into the lives of voters will rarely be substantially
reduced over time in a democracy.
Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the editor’s
argument?
A Politicians who win their elections usually keep their campaign promises.
.
B. Politicians never promise what they really intend to do once in office.
C. The most common problems people have are financial problems.
D Governmental intrusion into the lives of voters is no more burdensome in
. nondemocratic countries than it is in democracies.
E. Politicians who promise to do what they actually believe ought to be done are
rarely elected.
Q43
Reporter: A team of scientists has recently devised a new test that for the first
time accurately diagnoses autism in children as young as 18 months old. When
used to evaluate 16,000 children at their 18-month checkup, the test correctly
diagnosed all 10 children later confirmed to be autistic, though it also wrongly
identified 2 children as autistic. Autistic children can therefore now benefit much
earlier in life than before from the treatments already available.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the reporter's argument

depends?
A No test intended for diagnosing autism at such an early age existed before the
. new test was devised.
B. A diagnostic test that sometimes falsely gives a positive diagnosis can still
provide a reasonable basis for treatment decisions.
C. The new test can be used to evaluate all children regardless of the level of
development of their verbal skills.
D Those children incorrectly identified as autistic will not be adversely affected by
. treatments aimed at helping autistic children.
E. There was no reliable evidence that autism could affect children so young until
the advent of the new test.
Q44
When a group of people starts a company, the founders usually serve as sources
both of funding and of skills in marketing, management, and technical matters. It
is unlikely that a single individual can both provide adequate funding and be
skilled in marketing, management, and technical matters. Therefore, companies
founded by groups are more likely to succeed than companies founded by
individuals.
Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?
A A new company is more likely to succeed if every founding member contributes

. equally to the company’s initial funding than if some members contribute more
funds than others.
B. Some founding members of successful companies can provide both funding and
skills in marketing, management, or technical matters.
C. New companies are more likely to succeed when their founders can provide
adequate funding and skills in marketing, management, and technical abilities
than when they must secure funding or skills from nonfounders.
D Founders of a new company can more easily acquire marketing and
. management abilities than technical abilities.
E. A new company is more likely to succeed if its technical experts are also skilled
in management and marketing than if they lack management or marketing
skills.
Q45
Since Jackie is such a big fan of Moral Vacuum’s music, she will probably like
The Cruel Herd’s new album. Like Moral Vacuum, The Cruel Herd on this album
plays complex rock music that employs the acoustic instrumentation and
harmonic sophistication of early sixties jazz. The Cruel Herd also has very witty
lyrics, full of puns and sardonic humor, like some of Moral Vacuum’s best lyrics.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A Jackie has not previously cared for The Cruel Herd, but on the new album The
. Cruel Herd’s previous musical arranger has been replaced by Moral Vacuum’s
musical arranger.
B. Though The Cruel Herd’s previous albums’ production quality was not great,
the new album is produced by one of the most widely employed producers in
the music industry.
C. Like Moral Vacuum, The Cruel Herd regularly performs in clubs popular with
many students at the university that Jackie attends.
D All of the music that Jackie prefers to listen to on a regular basis is rock music.
.
E. Jackie’s favorite Moral Vacuum songs have lyrics that are somber and marked
by a strong political awareness.
In explaining the foundations of the discipline known as historical sociology—the

examination of history using the methods of sociology—historical sociologist Philip
Abrams argues that, while people are made by society as much as society is made by
people, sociologists’ approach to the subject is usually to focus on only one of these forms
of influence to the exclusion of the other. Abrams insists on the necessity for sociologists
to move beyond these one-sided approaches to understand society as an entity constructed
by individuals who are at the same time constructed by their society. Abrams refers to this
continuous process as “structuring”.
Abrams also sees history as the result of structuring. People, both individually and as
members of collectives, make history. But our making of history is itself formed and
informed not only by the historical conditions we inherit from the past but also by the
prior formation of our own identities and capacities, which are shaped by what Abrams
calls “contingencies”—social phenomena over which we have varying degrees of control.
Contingencies include such things as the social conditions under which we come of age,
the condition of our household’s economy, the ideologies available to help us make sense
of our situation, and accidental circumstances. The ways in which contingencies affect our
individual or group identities create a structure of forces within which we are able to act,
and that partially determines the sorts of actions we are able to perform.
In Abrams analysis, historical structuring, like social structuring, is manifold and

unremitting. To understand it, historical sociologists must extract from it certain
significant episodes, or events, that their methodology can then analyze and interpret.
According to Abrams, these events are points at which action and contingency meet,
points that represent a cross-section of the specific social and individual forces in play at a
given time. At such moments, individuals stand forth as agents of history not simply
because they possess a unique ability to act, but also because in them we see the force of
the specific social conditions that allowed their actions to come forth. Individuals can
“make their mark” on history, yet in individuals, one also finds the convergence of wider
social forces. In order to capture the various facets of this mutual interaction, Abrams
recommends a fourfold structure to which he believes the investigations of historical
sociologists should conform: first, description of the event itself; second, discussion of the
social context that helped bring the event about and gave it significance; third, summary
of the life history of the individual agent in the event; and fourth, analysis of the
consequences of the event both for history and for the individual
46
Which one of the following most accurately stat
e central idea of the passage?
A. Abrams argues that historical sociology rejects th

claims of sociologists who assert that th
sociological concept of structuring cannot b
applied to the interactions between individuals an
history.
B. Abrams argues that historical sociology assume
that, despite the views of sociologists to th
contrary, history influences the social contingenci
that affect individuals.
C. Abrams argues that historical sociolog
demonstrates that, despite the views of sociologis
to the contrary, social structures both influence an
are influenced by the events of history.
D. Abrams describes historical sociology as
discipline that unites two approaches taken b
sociologists to studying the formation of societi
and applies the resulting combined approach to th
study of history.
E. Abrams describes historical society as an attem
to compensate for the shortcoming of tradition
historical methods by applying the method
established in sociology.


47
iven the passage’s argument, which one of th
llowing sentences most logically completes the la
aragraph?
A. Only if they adhere to this structure, Abram

believes, can historical sociologists conclude wi
any certainty that the events that constitute th
historical record are influenced by the actions o
individuals
B. Only if they adhere to this structure, Abram
believes, will historical sociologists be able
counter the standard sociological assumption th
there is very little connection between history an
individual agency.
C. Unless they can agree to adhere to this structur
Abrams believes, historical sociologists risk havin
their discipline treated as little more than a
interesting but ultimately indefensible adjunct
history and sociology.
D. By adhering to this structure, Abrams believe
historical sociologists can shed light on issues th
traditional sociologists have chosen to ignore
their one-sided approaches to the formation
societies.
E. By adhering to this structure, Abrams believe
historical sociologists will be able to better portra
the complex connections between human agenc
and history.

48
Which one of the following is most analogous to th
eal work of a historical sociologist as outlined b
brams?
A. In a report on the enactment of a bill into law,

ournalist explains why the need for the bill aros
sketches the biography of the principal legislat
who wrote the bill, and ponders the effect that th
bill’s enactment will have both one society and o
the legislator’s career.
B. In consultation with a patient, a doctor reviews th
patient’s medical history, suggests possible reason
for the patient’s current condition, and recommend
steps that the patient should take in the future
ensure that the condition improves or at least do
not get any worse.
C. In an analysis of a historical novel, a critic provid
information to support the claim that details of th
work’s setting are accurate, explains why th
subject of the novel was of particular interest to th
author, and compares the novel with some of th
author’s other books set in the same period.
D. In a presentation to stockholders, a corporation
chief executive officer describes the corporation
most profitable activities during the past yea
introduces the vice president largely responsible f
those activities, and discusses new projects the vic
president will initiate in the coming year.
E. In developing a film based on a historical event,
filmmaker conducts interviews with participants
the event, bases part of the film’s screenplay on th
interviews, and concludes the screenplay with
sequence of scenes speculating on the outcome o
the event had certain details been different.


49
ased on the passage, which one of the following
e LEAST illustrative example of the effect of
ontingency upon an individual?
A. the effect of the fact that a person experience

political injustice on that person’s decision to wor
for political reform
B. the effect of the fact that a person was raised in a
agricultural region on that person’s decision
pursue a career in agriculture
C. the effect of the fact that a person lives in
particular community on that person’s decision
visit friends in another community
D. the effect of the fact that a person’s paren
practiced a particular religion on that person
decision to practice that religion
E. the effect of the fact that a person grew up
financial hardship on that person’s decision to he
others in financial hardship
Q50
Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's
people is the result of a "population bottleneck"—at some time in the past our
ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers and thus our genetic
variation.
A at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their
. numbers
B. that at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced
their numbers
C. that sometime in the past our ancestors suffered an event so that their numbers
were greatly reduced
D some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event from which their numbers
. were greatly reduced
E. some time in the past, that our ancestors suffered an event so as to reduce their
numbers greatly,
Q51
Financial uncertainties from the accident at Three Mile Island may prove even
more deterring to the nuclear industry than political opposition is.
A from the accident at Three Mile Island may prove even more deterring to the
. nuclear industry than political opposition is
B. from the accident at Three Mile Island may prove to be even more serious a
deterrent to the nuclear industry than political opposition
C. from the accident at Three Mile Island may prove to be an even more serious
deterrent to the nuclear industry than political opposition
D resulting from the accident at Three Mile Island may prove to be an even more
. serious deterrent to the nuclear industry than is political opposition
E. resulting from the accident at Three Mile Island may prove even more deterring
to the nuclear industry than political opposition
Q52
Officials at the United States Mint believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be
used more as a substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because
its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than four quarters, which weigh 5.67 grams
each.
A more as a substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its
. weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than
B. more as a substitute for four quarters than the dollar bill because it weighs only
8.1 grams, far lighter than
C. as a substitute for four quarters more than for the dollar bill because it weighs
only 8.1 grams, far less than
D as a substitute for four quarters more than the dollar bill because its weight of
. only 8.1 grams is far lighter than it is for
E. as a substitute more for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its
weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than it is for
Q53
In astronomy the term “red shift” denotes the extent to which light from a distant
galaxy has been shifted toward the red, or long-wave, end of the light spectrum
by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth.
A to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted

.
B. to which light from a distant galaxy has shifted
C. that light from a distant galaxy has been shifted
D of light from a distant galaxy shifting
.
E. of the shift of light from a distant galaxy
Q54
Although Pluto has an atmosphere and is much larger than any asteroid, Pluto is
not a true planet. Pluto formed in orbit around the planet Neptune and was then
ejected from orbit around Neptune when Triton, Neptune's largest moon, was
captured by Neptune's gravity.
The conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is
assumed?
A No celestial body can simultaneously be a moon and a planet.

.
B. Not all celestial bodies that have an atmosphere and orbit the sun are true
planets.
C. If Pluto had not been ejected from its orbit around Neptune, Pluto would not
have its current orbit around the sun and would still be a moon.
D The size of a celestial body in orbit around the sun is not relevant to
. determining whether or not it is a true planet.
E. For a celestial body to be a true planet it must have formed in orbit around the
sun exclusively.
Q55
Generic drugs contain exactly the same active ingredients as their brand-name
counterparts, but usually cost much less to develop, produce, and market. So,
generic drugs are just as effective as their brand-name counterparts, but cost
considerably less.
Which of of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A The ingredients used in the manufacture of brand-name drugs cost no more than
. the ingredients used to produce their generic counterparts.
B. Generic drugs are no more likely than brand-name drugs to suffer from defects
in composition.
C. Generic drugs are just as likely as brand-name drugs to be readily available in
pharmacies.
D The higher costs of brand-name drugs underwrite drugs companies' heavy
. investment in research.
E. Because of advertising, doctors frequently prescribe brand-name drugs by their
brand name, rather than by their chemical name.
Q56
Some environmentalists question the prudence of exploiting features of the
environment, arguing that there are no economic benefits to be gained from
forests, mountains, or wetlands that no longer exist. Many environmentalists
claim that because nature has intrinsic value it would be wrong to destroy such
features of the environment, even if the economic costs of doing so were
outweighed by the economic costs of not doing so.
Which one of the following can be logically inferred from the passage?
A It is economically imprudent to exploit features of the environment.

.
B. Some environmentalists appeal to a noneconomic justification in questioning
the defensibility of exploiting features of the environment.
C. Most environmentalists appeal to economic reasons in questioning the
defensibility of exploiting features of the environment.
D Many environmentalists provide only a noneconomic justification in
. questioning the defensibility of exploiting features of the environment.
E. Even if there is no economic reason for protecting the environment, there is a
sound noneconomic justification for doing so.
Q57
Letter to the editor: I have never seen such flawed reasoning and distorted
evidence as that which you tried to pass off as a balanced study in the article
“Speed Limits, Fatalities, and Public Policy.” The article states that areas with
lower speed limits had lower vehicle-related fatality rates than other areas.
However, that will not be true for long, since vehicle-related fatality rates are
rising in the areas with lower speed limits. So the evidence actually supports the
view that speed limits should be increased.
The reasoning in the letter writer’s argument is flawed because the argument
A bases its conclusion on findings from the same article that it is criticizing
.
B. fails to consider the possibility that automobile accidents that occur at high
speeds often result in fatalities
C. fails to consider the possibility that not everyone wants to drive faster
D fails to consider the possibility that the vehicle related fatality rates in other
. areas are also rising
E. does not present any claims as evidence against the opposing viewpoint

Recently the focus of historical studies of different ethnic groups in the United States has
shifted from the transformation of ethnic identity to its preservation. Whereas earlier
historians argued that the ethnic identity of various immigrant groups to the United States
blended to form an American national character, the new scholarship has focused on the
transplantation of ethnic cultures to the United States. Fugita and O’Brien’s Japanese
American Ethnicity provides an example of this recent trend; it also exemplifies a problem
that is common to such scholarship.
In comparing the first three generations of Japanese Americans (the Issei, Nisei, and
Sansei), Fugita and O’Brien conclude that assimilation to United States culture increased
among Japanese Americans over three generations, but that a sense of ethnic community
endured. Although the persistence of community is stressed by the authors, their emphasis
in the book could just as easily have been on the high degree of assimilation of the
Japanese American population in the late twentieth century, which Fugita and O’Brien
believe is demonstrated by the high levels of education, income, and occupational
mobility achieved by Japanese Americans. In addition, their data reveal that the character
of the ethnic community itself changed: the integration of Sanseis into new professional
communities and nonethnic voluntary associations meant at the very least that ethnic ties
had to accommodate multiple and layered identities. Fugita and O’Brien themselves
acknowledge that there has been a “weakening of Japanese American ethnic community
life.”
Because of the social changes weakening the bonds of community, Fugita and O’Brien
maintain that the community cohesion of Japanese Americans is notable not for its initial
intensity but because “there remains a degree of involvement in the ethnic community
surpassing that found in most other ethnic groups at similar points in their ethnic group
life cycle.” This comparative difference is important to Fugita and O’Brien, and they
hypothesize that the Japanese American community persisted in the face of assimilation
because of a particularly strong preexisting sense of “peoplehood”. They argue that this
sense of peoplehood extended beyond local and family ties.
Fugita and O’Brien’s hypothesis illustrates a common problem in studies that investigate
the history of ethnic community. Like historians who have studied European ethnic
cultures in the United States, Fugita and O’Brien have explained persistence of ethnic
community by citing a preexisting sense of national consciousness that is independent of
how a group adapts to United States culture. However, it is difficult to prove, as Fugita
and O’Brien have attempted to do, that a sense of peoplehood is a distinct phenomenon.
Historians should instead attempt to identify directly the factors that sustain community
cohesion in generations that have adapted to United States culture and been exposed to the
pluralism of American life.
58
ccording to the passage, Fugita and O’Brien’s da
dicate which one of the following about th
panese American ethnic community?
A. Community bonds have weakened primarily as

result of occupational mobility by Japane
Americans.
B. The community is notable because it h
accommodated multiple and layered identiti
without losing its traditional intensity.
C. Community cohesion is similar in intensity to th
community cohesion of other ethnic groups th
have been in the United States for the same perio
of time.
D. Community involvement weakened during th
second generation, but strengthened as the thir
generation regained an interest in cultur
traditions.
E. The nature of the community has been altered b
Japanese American participation in ne
professional communities and nonethnic volunta
associations.
life.”
59
Which one of the following provides an example
research study that has conclusion most analogou
that argued for by the historians mentioned in blu
ghlighted text?
A. a study showing how musical forms brought fro

other countries have persisted in the United States
B. a study showing the organization and function o

ethnic associations in the United States
C. a study showing how architectural styles broug
from other counties have merged to form a
American style
D. a study showing how cultural traditions have bee
preserved for generations in American eth
neighborhoods
E. a study showing how different religious practic
brought from other countries have been sustaine
in the United States

life.”
60
he author of the passage quotes Fugita and O’Brie
Text In Blue) most probably in order to
A. point out a weakness in their hypothesis about th

strength of community ties among Japane
Americans
B. show how they support their claim about th
notability of community cohesion for Japane
Americans
C. indicate how they demonstrate the high degree o
adaptation of Japanese Americans to United Stat
culture
D. suggest that they have inaccurately compare
Japanese Americans to other ethnic groups in th
United States
E. emphasize their contention that the Japane
American sense of peoplehood extended beyon
local and family ties
Q61
A bill, to be introduced next month, would stipulate that every downtown parking
meter shuts off during the hours when drivers are not required to pay for parking
and refuse drivers’ payments when they are out of paper for receipts.
A would stipulate that every downtown parking meter shuts off during the hours
. when drivers are not required to pay for parking and refuse drivers’ payments
when they are out of paper for receipts.
B. stipulates that every downtown parking meter shuts off during the hours when
drivers are not required to pay for parking and refuse drivers’ payments when it
is out of paper for receipts.
C. stipulates that every downtown parking meter shut off during the hours when
drivers are not required to pay for parking and refuse drivers’ payments when
they are out of paper for receipts.
D would stipulate that every downtown parking meter shut off during the hours
. when drivers are not required to pay for parking and refuse drivers’ payments
when it is out of paper for receipts.
E. would stipulate that every downtown parking meter shuts off during the hours
when drivers are not required to pay for parking and refuses drivers’ payments
when they are out of paper for receipts.
Q62
In addition to the boom in tax revenue, the federal government’s books are being
helped by lower defense spending, a drop in outlays for benefits like Medicaid,
and proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, the automakers that
were taken over by Washington in 2009.
A are being helped by lower defense spending, a drop in outlays for benefits like
. Medicaid, and proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, the
automakers
B. have been helped by lower defense spending, a drop in outlays for benefits like
Medicaid, and by proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler,
automakers
C. have been helped by lower defense spending, a drop in outlays for benefits like
Medicaid, proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, and by the
automakers
D are being helped by lower defense spending, by a drop in outlays for benefits
. like Medicaid, and proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, the
automakers
E. were helped by lower defense spending and a drop in outlays for benefits like
Medicaid, also by proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, the
automakers
Q63
Neanderthals didn't live in Africa, which is why sub-Saharan African populations
have no trace of Neanderthal DNA, but other populations share DNA with
Neanderthals, as discovered by a palaeogenetiscist at the Max Planck Institute in
Germany that sequenced the Neanderthal genome.
A Neanderthals didn't live in Africa, which is why sub-Saharan African

. populations have no trace of Neanderthal DNA, but other populations share
DNA with Neanderthals, as discovered by a paleogeneticist at the Max Planck
Institute in Germany that sequenced the Neanderthal genome.
B. Having sequenced the Neanderthal genome, a paleogeneticist at the Max Planck
Institute in Germany has concluded that any human whose ancestral group
developed outside Africa has inherited DNA from Neanderthals; since
Neanderthals didn't live in Africa, sub-Saharan African populations have no
trace of Neanderthal DNA.
C. Neanderthals didn't live in Africa, which is why sub-Saharan African
populations have no trace of Neanderthal DNA, but a paleogeneticist at the Max
Planck Institute in Germany who sequenced the Neanderthal genome has
concluded that other humans share DNA with Neanderthals.
D After sequencing the Neanderthal genome, the Max Planck Institute in
. Germany where a paleogeneticist researched the Neanderthal-human link, has
concluded that any human whose ancestral group developed outside Africa has
inherited DNA from Neanderthals; since Neanderthals didn't live in Africa,
sub-Saharan African populations have no trace of Neanderthal DNA.
E. The sequencing of the Neanderthal genome by a paleogeneticist at the Max
Planck Institute in Germany has led to the conclusion that humans whose
ancestral group developed outside Africa has inherited DNA from Neanderthals
and sub-Saharan Africans have no trace of Neanderthal DNA due to
Neanderthals not living in Africa.
Q64
Even as it wrestles with the nearly $10 billion of debt that has overwhelmed it,
Stockton had already been billed more than $11 million by firms hired to sort
through that debt, to search for ways to restructure it, and to now guide the city
through legal proceedings.
A Stockton had already been billed more than $11 million by firms hired to sort
. through that debt, to search for ways to restructure it, and to now guide the city
through legal proceedings
B. Stockton is being billed more than $11 million by firms hired to sort through
that debt, search for ways to restructure it, and to now guide the city through
legal proceedings
C. Stockton had already been billed more than $11 million by firms hired to sort
through that debt and search for ways to restructure it, all while guiding the city
D Stockton has already been billed more than $11 million by firms hired to sort
. through that debt, search for ways to restructure it, and now guide the city
E. Stockton has already been billed more than $11 million by firms hired to sort
through that debt and to search for ways to restructure it, and now guide the city
Q65
The number of automobile thefts has declined steadily during the past five years,
and it is more likely now than it was five years ago that someone who steals a car
will be convicted of the crime.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the facts cited above?
A Although there are fewer car thieves now than there were five years ago, the
. proportion of thieves who tend to abandon cars before their owners notice that
they have been stolen has also decreased.
B. Car alarms are more common than they were five years ago, but their
propensity to be triggered in the absence of any criminal activity has resulted in
people generally ignoring them when they are triggered.
C. An upsurge in home burglaries over the last five years has required police
departments to divert limited resources to investigation of these cases.
D Because of the increasingly lucrative market for stolen automobile parts, many
. stolen cars are quickly disassembled and the parts are sold to various buyers
across the country.
E. There are more adolescent car thieves now than there were five years ago, and
the sentences given to young criminals tend to be far more lenient than those
given to adult criminals.
Q66
Deirdre: Many philosophers have argued that the goal of every individual is to
achieve happiness—that is, the satisfaction derived from fully living up to one’s
potential. They have also claimed that happiness is elusive and can be achieved
only after years of sustained effort. But these philosophers have been unduly
pessimistic, since they have clearly exaggerated the difficulty of being happy.
Simply walking along the seashore on a sunny afternoon causes many people to
experience feelings of happiness.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a reasoning flaw in

Deirdre’s argument?
A It dismisses a claim because of its source rather than because of its content.
.
B. It fails to take into account that what brings someone happiness at one moment
may not bring that person happiness at another time.
C. It allows the key term “happiness” to shift in meaning illicitly in the course of
the argument.
D It presumes, without providing justification, that happiness is, in fact, the goal
. of life.
E. It makes a generalization based on the testimony of a group whose views have
not been shown to be representative.
Q67
The simple concept of personal computing, hatched by several Silicon Valley
entrepreneurs and permeating almost all of modern society, remains perhaps the
most important technological idea of the last 50 years.
A hatched by several Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and permeating almost all of

. modern society
B. which was hatched by several Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and that permeated
almost all of modern society
C. which was hatched by several Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and permeating
D hatched by several Silicon Valley entrepreneurs, and which permeates almost all
. of modern society
E. a concept hatched by several Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and that permeated

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Q1

What is the average salary at Company A?

(1) The average salary at Company A and Company B combined is $88,000.

1. Solution X comprises 3/4 of the combined solution

A. −5x+3 < 15−2x

(1) The number of residents who read no newspapers is zero.

(1) Brian took the same route for both segments.

(1) Together they sold 8 shirts yesterday at the event.

(1) pq is a perfect square

(1) b > 5 and a < 5

(1) 0 < √ z < 8

A An abnormal pepper plant flourishing under ideal temperature, humidity, water

In evaluating Yang’s argument it would be most helpful to know whether

A studies of the physical structure of birds provided information crucial to the

Which of the following is a questionable assumption on which the argument

Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

These improvements in crop yields through the application of Pseudomonas fluorescens

A. prove that increases in the level of such bacteria

B. explain why yields increased after wheat field

Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

These improvements in crop yields through the application of Pseudomonas fluorescens

A. Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria would be abse

E. Levels of phytopathogenic bacteria in the so

Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

These improvements in crop yields through the application of Pseudomonas fluorescens

A. moving crop plants around makes them hardier an

C. the roots of many crop plants produce compound

Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

These improvements in crop yields through the application of Pseudomonas fluorescens

A. The altered bacteria had a genetic constitutio

C. The altered bacteria were much safer and mo

D. The altered bacteria were antagonistic to sever

E. The altered bacteria were released into th

A perhaps as well impairs the quality of such farm products like

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the reporter's argument

Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?

A A new company is more likely to succeed if every founding member contributes

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

In explaining the foundations of the discipline known as historical sociology—the

In Abrams analysis, historical structuring, like social structuring, is manifold and

A. Abrams argues that historical sociology rejects th

Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

In explaining the foundations of the discipline known as historical sociology—the

In Abrams analysis, historical structuring, like social structuring, is manifold and

A. Only if they adhere to this structure, Abram

In explaining the foundations of the discipline known as historical sociology—the

A. In a report on the enactment of a bill into law,

Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

In explaining the foundations of the discipline known as historical sociology—the

In Abrams analysis, historical structuring, like social structuring, is manifold and

A. the effect of the fact that a person experience

A to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted

A No celestial body can simultaneously be a moon and a planet.

Which of of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A It is economically imprudent to exploit features of the environment.

Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

A. Community bonds have weakened primarily as

Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

A. a study showing how musical forms brought fro

B. a study showing the organization and function o

Reading Comprehension: read the passage and answer the question.

A. point out a weakness in their hypothesis about th